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In ancient Roman religion, an aedicula (pl.: aediculae) is a small shrine, and in classical architecture refers to a niche covered by a pediment or entablature supported by a pair of columns and typically framing a statue, the early Christian ones sometimes contained funeral urns. Aediculae are also represented in art as a form of ornamentation.
The word aedicula is the diminutive of the Latin aedes, a temple building or dwelling place. The Latin word has been anglicised as "aedicule" and as "edicule". Describing post-antique architecture, especially Renaissance architecture, aedicular forms may be described using the word tabernacle, as in tabernacle window.
Classical aediculae
Many aediculae were household shrines (lararia) that held small altars or statues of the Lares and Di Penates. The Lares were Roman deities protecting the house and the family household gods. The Penates were originally patron gods (really genii) of the storeroom, later becoming household gods guarding the entire house.
Other aediculae were small shrines within larger temples, usually set on a base, surmounted by a pediment and surrounded by columns. In ancient Roman architecture the aedicula has this representative function in the society. They are installed in public buildings like the triumphal arch, city gate, and thermae. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus (c. 2 AD) is a good example.
From the 4th century Christianization of the Roman Empire onwards such shrines, or the framework enclosing them, are often called by the Biblical term tabernacle, which becomes extended to any elaborated framework for a niche, window or picture.
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Aediculae in the Pantheon, Rome
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Aedicula containing a painted Athena and Agathodaemon
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1st century BC interior aedicula from the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, Rome
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Painted aediculae in a fresco from the palaestra of Herculaneum
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Graeco-Punic funerary aedicula from Marsala, with signs of Tanit and caduceus
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Aediculae and figures painted on stucco from Pompeii
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Gothic aediculae
In Gothic architecture, too, an aedicula or tabernacle is a structural framing device that gives importance to its contents, whether an inscribed plaque, a cult object, a bust or the like, by assuming the tectonic vocabulary of a little building that sets it apart from the wall against which it is placed. A tabernacle frame on a wall serves similar hieratic functions as a free-standing, three-dimensional architectural baldaquin or a ciborium over an altar.
In Late Gothic settings, altarpieces and devotional images were customarily crowned with gables and canopies supported by clustered-column piers, echoing in small the architecture of Gothic churches. Painted aediculae frame figures from sacred history in initial letters of illuminated manuscripts.
Renaissance aediculae
Classicizing architectonic structure and décor all'antica, in the "ancient mode", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror during the High Renaissance; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.
Post-Renaissance classicism
Aedicular door surrounds that are architecturally treated, with pilasters or columns flanking the doorway and an entablature even with a pediment over it came into use with the 16th century. In the neo-Palladian revival in Britain, architectonic aedicular or tabernacle frames, carved and gilded, are favourite schemes for English Palladian mirror frames of the late 1720s through the 1740s, by such designers as William Kent.
Aediculae feature prominently in the arrangement of the Saint Peter's tomb with statues by Bernini; a small aedicula directly underneath it, dated ca. 160 AD, was discovered in 1940.
Other aediculae
Similar small shrines, called naiskoi, are found in Greek religion, but their use was strictly religious.
Aediculae exist today in Roman cemeteries as a part of funeral architecture.
Presently the most famous aediculae is situated inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in city of Jerusalem.
Contemporary American architect Charles Moore (1925–1993) used the concept of aediculae in his work to create spaces within spaces and to evoke the spiritual significance of the home.
See also
- Portico
- Similar, but free-standing structures:
Notes
- Also: "ædicule" (pl.: ædiculæ)
References
- ^ "aedicula, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/3077. Accessed 29 September 2020.
- ^ "aedicule, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/3079. Accessed 29 September 2020
- ^ Murray & Murray 1998.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aedicula". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
- Fullerton, Mark D. (2020). Art & Archaeology of The Roman World. Thames & Hudson. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-500-051931.
- Metropolitan Museum: tabernacle frame, Florence, ca 1510
- "National Gallery of Art: Tabernacle frames from the Samuel H. Kress collection". Archived from the original on 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- O'Callaghan, Roger T. "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter." The Biblical Archaeologist 16.4 (1953): 70-87.
Bibliography
- Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1996). Dictionary of Roman Religion. Facts on File, inc. ISBN 0-8160-3005-7.
- Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (1998). "aedicule". The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-860216-3. OCLC 1055176997.