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Federal Republic of Germany Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (third stanza) also called Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Location of Germany (orange) – in Europe (tan & white) – in the European Union (tan)  [Legend]
Capitaland largest city	Berlin
Official languages	German
Government	Parliamentary Federal Republic
• President	Horst Köhler
• Chancellor	Angela Merkel (CDU)
Formation
• Eastern Francia	843
• Holy Roman Empire	962
• German Confederation	June 8 1815
• German Empire	January 18 1871
• Federal Republic	May 23 1949
• Reunification	October 3 1990
• Water (%)	2.416
Population
• 2006 estimate	82,310,000 (14th)
• 2000 census	n/a
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	$2.522 trillion (5th)
• Per capita	$30,579 (17th)
GDP (nominal)	2006 estimate
• Total	$3.045 trillion (3rd)
• Per capita	$36,975 (19th)
Gini (2000)	28.3 low inequality
HDI (2004)	0.932 Error: Invalid HDI value (21st)
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code	49
ISO 3166 code	DE
Internet TLD	.de
Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany and Frisian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the ECRML. Treaty of Verdun. Coronation of Otto I. Prior to 1999 (introduction of the euro as legal tender) and 2002 (introduction of euro notes and coins): Deutsche Mark. The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Template:Audio-de, IPA: [ˈbʊndəsrepubliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), is a country in Western-Central Europe. It is bordered on the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea, on the east by Poland and the Czech Republic, on the south by Austria and Switzerland, the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Germany is a parliamentary federal republic of sixteen states ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). The capital city and seat of government is Berlin. The country was first unified as a nation-state amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. After World War II, Germany was divided and became reunified in 1990. It is a founding member of the European Union and with over 82 million people it has the largest population among the EU member states.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a modern great power, and a member state of the United Nations, NATO, the G8 and the G4 nations. Germany is the world's third largest economy by nominal GDP, the world's largest exporter of goods, and the world's second largest importer of goods. In 2007 it holds the rotating presidencies of both the European council and the G8 summits.

Military

Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is a defence force with Heer (Army), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force), Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Central Medical Services) and Streitkräftebasis (Joint Service Support Command) branches. Military Service is compulsory for men at the age of 18, and conscripts serve nine-month tours of duty (conscientious objectors may instead opt for an equal length of Zivildienst (roughly translated as civilian service), or a longer commitment to (voluntary) emergency services like a fire department, the Red Cross or the THW). In 2003, military spending constituted 1.5% of the country's GDP. In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence, currently Franz Josef Jung. If Germany went to war, which according to the constitution is allowed only for defensive purposes, the Chancellor would become commander in chief of the Bundeswehr.

As of October 2006, the German military had almost 9,000 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of various international peacekeeping forces, including 1,180 troops stationed in Bosnia-Herzegovina; 2,844 Bundeswehr soldiers in Kosovo; 750 soldiers stationed as a part of EUFOR in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and 2,800 German troops in the NATO-led ISAF force in Afghanistan. As of February 2007, Germany had about 3000 ISAF troops in Afghanistan, the third largest contingent after the United States (14000) and the United Kingdom (5200).

Administrative divisions

Germany is divided into sixteen states (Länder, singular Land; commonly Bundesländer, singular Bundesland). It is further subdivided into 439 districts (Kreise) and cities (kreisfreie Städte) (2004).

Geography and climate

Germany has the second largest population in Europe (after European Russia) and is seventh largest in area. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 square kilometres (137,850 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 square kilometres (134,835 sq mi) of land and 7,798 square kilometres (3,010 sq mi) of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft)) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the north-west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Because of its central location, Germany shares borders with more European countries than any other country on the continent. Its neighbours are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west.

Most of Germany has a cool, temperate climate in which humid westerly winds predominate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, which is the northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea including the peninsula of Jutland in north Germany and the area along the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea. Consequently in the north-west and the north, the climate is oceanic; rainfall occurs year round with a maximum during summer. Winters there are mild and summers tend to be cool, though temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for prolonged periods. In the east, the climate is more continental; winters can be very cold, summers can be very warm, and long dry periods are often recorded. Central and the southern Germany is a transition region which varies from moderately oceanic to continental. Again, the maximum temperature can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in summer.

Economy

Germany has the largest economy in Europe and the third largest economy in the world, behind the United States and Japan. It is ranked fifth in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. The export of goods is an essential part of the German economy and one of the main factors of its wealth. According to the World Trade Organization, Germany is the world's top exporter with $912 billion exported in 2005 (Germany's exports to other Eurozone countries are included in this total). It has a large trade surplus (160.6 billion euros in 2005). In the service sector, Germany ranks second behind the United States. Most of the country's exports are in engineering, especially in automobiles, machinery, and chemical goods. In terms of total capacity to generate electricity from wind power, Germany is first in the world and it is also the main exporter of wind turbines.

Although problems created by reunification in 1990 have begun to diminish, the standard of living remains higher in the western half of the country. Germans continue to be concerned about a relatively high level of unemployment, especially in the former East German states where unemployment tops 18%. In spite of its extremely good performance in international trade, domestic demand has stalled for many years because of stagnating wages and consumer insecurity. Germany's government runs a restrictive fiscal policy and has cut numerous regular jobs in the public sector. But while regular employment in the public sector shrank, "irregular" government employment such as "one euro" jobs (temporary low-wage positions), government supported self-employment, and job training increased. The national economy has nonetheless shown signs of improvement in recent years, the economics magazine Handelsblatt declaring it one of the most competitive in the Eurozone. Economists for the Institute for Economic Research in Berlin expect Germany's economic growth to increase consistently over the next two years.

Demographics

With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populated country in the European Union. It is, however, facing major demographic change. Its fertility rate of 1.39 children per mother is one of the lowest in the world, and the federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to approximately 75 million by 2050. Chemnitz is thought to be the city with the lowest birth rate in the world. Germany has a number of larger cities, the most populous being Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt and Stuttgart. By far the largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region, including the Düsseldorf-Cologne district and the cities of Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg and Bochum.

Protestants (concentrated in the north and east) and Roman Catholics (concentrated in the south and west) each comprise about 31% of the population. The current Roman Catholic Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Bavaria. In total, more than 55 million people officially belong to a Christian denomination. Non-religious people including atheists and agnostics amount to 28.5% of the population and are especially numerous in the former East Germany. About three million Muslims live in Germany. Most are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shiites. Germany has Western Europe's third-largest Jewish population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total Jewish population to more than 200,000 compared to 30,000 prior to German reunification. Large cities with significant Jewish populations include Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich.

As of December 2004, about 7 million foreign citizens were registered in Germany and 19% of the country's residents were of foreign or partially foreign descent. Most were from Turkey (2.3 million) or from European states such as Italy, Serbia, Greece, Poland, and Croatia. In its State of World Population 2006 report, the United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as hosting the third-highest percentage of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 10 million of all 191 million migrants. As a consequence of restrictions of Germany's formerly rather unrestricted laws on asylum and immigration, the number of immigrants seeking asylum or claiming German ethnicity (mostly from the former Soviet Union) has been declining steadily since 2000. Immigrants to Germany often face integration issues among other difficulties. There has also been a recent surge in right-wing nationalist crimes. According to former Interior Minister Otto Schily, this trend does not necessarily indicate a rise in membership in right-wing groups.

Education and science

Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the federal states individually whilst the government only has a minor role. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least ten years. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage. In contrast, secondary education includes four types of schools based on a pupil's ability as determined by teacher recommendations: the Gymnasium includes the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies and attendance lasts eight or nine years depending on the state; the Realschule has a broader range of emphasis for intermediary students and lasts six years; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education, and the Gesamtschule or comprehensive school combines the three approaches.

In order to enter a university, high school students are required to take the Abitur examination, however students possessing a diploma from a vocational school may also apply to enter. A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung allows pupils in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run school. Although Germany has had a history of a strong educational system, recent PISA student assessments demonstrated a weakness in certain subjects. A test of thirty-one countries in 2000 ranked Germany twenty-first in reading and twentieth in both mathematics and the natural sciences, prompting calls for reform.

In the annual league of top-ranking universities compiled by Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2004, Germany came fourth overall, with seven universities in the top hundred. The highest ranking German university, at forty-five, was the Technical University of Munich. Most German universities are state-owned and until recently did not charge for tuition; a 2006 education reform measure calls for fees of around €500 per semester from each student.

Culture

Germany is often called das Land der Dichter und Denker (the land of poets and thinkers). German culture began long before the rise of Germany as a nation-state and spanned the entire German speaking world. From its roots, culture in Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. As a result, it is difficult to identify a specific German tradition separated from the larger context of European high culture. German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Various German authors and poets have won great renown, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularized German folklore on the international level. Germany's influence on philosophy is historically significant and many notable German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy since the Middle Ages. Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism, Immanuel Kant's establishment of German idealism, Karl Marx's formulation of Communist theory, and Friedrich Nietzsche's development of Perspectivism were especially influential.

Germany claims some of the world's most renowned classical music composers, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. As of 2006, Germany is the fifth largest music market in the world and has influenced pop and rock music through artists such as Kraftwerk or Rammstein. Numerous German painters have enjoyed international prestige through their work in diverse artistic currents. Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer were important artists of the Renaissance, Caspar David Friedrich of Romanticism, and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were important precursors of Romanesque. The region later became the site for significant works in styles such as Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Germany was particularly important in the early modern movement, especially through the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff and Werner Herzog, and films such as Good Bye Lenin! (2003) have enjoyed international success.

Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific fields. The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by physicists such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation were pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication. Through his construction of the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt is credited with the establishment of psychology as an independent empirical science. Alexander von Humboldt's work as a natural scientist and explorer was foundational to biogeography.

Numerous significant mathematicians were born in Germany, including Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Karl Weierstrass and Hermann Weyl. Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of movable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology.

Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport; the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussballbund), with more than 6.3 million members, is the largest sports organisation of this kind worldwide. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television. Germany's national marksmanship and tennis organisations boast more than a million members each. Other popular sports include handball, volleyball, basketball, and ice hockey. Historically, Germany has been one of the strongest contenders in the Olympic Games. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, Germany finished sixth in the medal count, whereas in the 2006 Winter Olympics Germany finished first.

See also

Template:Topics in Germany

References

1. Germany Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. January 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12-07.
2. Levy, Jack S. 1983. War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1974. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
3. Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. 1972. The Wages of War, 1816–1965: A Statistical Handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
4. National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World. Willard, Ohio: RR Donnelley & Sons Company. 2006. pp. 257–70. ISBN Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
5. ^ Germany CIA Factbook. November 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 11-29.
6. Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bundestag.de Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
7. "NATO International Security Assistance Force Placemat" (pdf). Current as of 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-02-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
8. German Climate Handbuch Deutschland. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
9. German Climate and Weather World Travels. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
10. Tran, Mark. German slump points to sluggish eurozone The Guardian. May 15, 2003. Retrieved 2006, 12-31.
11. Rank Order - GDP (purchasing power parity) CIA Factbook 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12-31.
12. ^ Cite error: The named reference cnn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
13. German trade surplus hits record BBC. Feb. 8, 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-03.
14. Wind Power Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany) Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
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16. The German Economy is at the Cyclical Peak Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Retrieved 2006, 11-28.
17. Weber, Tim. German unemployment weighs on voters BBC. Sep. 16, 2005. Retrieved 2006, 11-28.
18. "Deutsche Welle, German economic upswing in 2007". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
19. Cite error: The named reference p2300022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
20. German births decline to new low BBC. Aug. 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-07.
21. Template:De icon Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen Religiosenwissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst. November 4, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
22. Pope Benedict to meet Muslims in Germany. Deccan Herald from Reuters 2005, 08-21. Retrieved 2007, 01-01.
23. Germany Euro-Islam.info. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
24. Blake, Mariah. In Nazi cradle, Germany marks Jewish renaissance Christian Science Monitor. November 10,2006. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
25. The Jewish Community of Germany European Jewish Congress. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
26. Bernstein, Richard. A Quiz for Would-Be Citizens Tests Germans' Attitudes New York Times. March 29, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
27. Foreign population on 31 December 2004 by country of origin Federal Statistical Office Germany January 24, 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-01.
28. State of World Population 2006 United Nations Population Fund. 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-01.
29. Template:De icon Erstmals seit 1990 weniger als 600 000 Ausländer zugezogen, German Federal Statistics Bureau (Statistiches Bundesamt Deutschland), July 6 2006. Retrieved on 2007, 01-01.
30. Integration Debate Rages in Wake of Honor Killing Conviction Deutsche Welle. Apr. 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006, 12-31.
31. 31,800 Islamist radicals in Germany: Schily Euro-Islam.info. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
32. ^ Template:Pdflink U.S. Library of Congress. Dec. 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12-04.
33. Experts: Germany Needs to Step up School Reforms Deutsche Welle. Apr. 12, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-04.
34. Top 500 World Universities Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-04.
35. Tuition Fees in Germany German Academic Exchange Service. Retrieved 2006, 11-30.
36. Wasser, Jeremy. Spätzle Westerns Spiegel Online International. Apr. 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-06.
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50. Turin 2006 Medal Table International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006, 12-28.

External links

• Deutschland.de — Official German portal
• Germany Tourism
• DW-WORLD.DE Deutsche Welle — Germany's international broadcaster
• News Portal of the German Embassy to the USA
• Template:Pdflink
• Germany

• CIA statistics
• Facts about Germany — by the German Federal Foreign Office
• A manual for Germany — Representative for Migration, Refugees and Integration
• Destatis.de — Federal Statistical Office Germany Template:En icon

• Template:Wikitravel
• Germany Travel Info — by the German National Tourist Office

Geographic locale

v t e States of the Federal Republic of Germany States Baden-Württemberg (since 1952) Bavaria (since 1949) Brandenburg (since 1990) Hesse (since 1949) Lower Saxony (since 1949) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990) North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1949) Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1949) Saarland (since 1957) Saxony (since 1990) Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990) Schleswig-Holstein (since 1949) Thuringia (since 1990) City-states Berlin (since 1990) Bremen (since 1949) Hamburg (since 1949) Former states South Baden (1949–1952) Württemberg-Baden (1949–1952) Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1949–1952) v t e Countries and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependent territories Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Sovereign Base Areas) Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory) Crown Dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Alderney Guernsey Sark Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland (autonomous region subject to the Åland convention of 1921) Norway Svalbard (unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty) United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland (country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement) Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent. Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia. Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. Governed by the Holy See which has sovereignty over Vatican City. Category Europe portal v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Åland Lapland Germany Schleswig-Holstein Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Latvia Lithuania Poland West Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship Russia Kaliningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast Sweden Template:Countries and territories bordering the North Sea

International organizations

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