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TRAPPIST-1c

Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1c (June 2023) with TRAPPIST-1b in the background
Discovery
Discovered by	Michaël Gillon et al.
Discovery site	TRAPPIST
Discovery date	May 2, 2016
Detection method	Transit
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis	0.01580±0.00013 AU
Eccentricity	0.00654±0.00188
Orbital period (sidereal)	2.421937±0.000018 d
Inclination	89.778°±0.118°
Argument of periastron	282.45°±17.10°
Star	TRAPPIST-1
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	1.097+0.014 −0.012 R🜨
Mass	1.308±0.056 M🜨
Mean density	5.447+0.222 −0.235 g/cm
Surface gravity	1.086±0.043 g 10.65±0.42 m/s
Temperature	339.7±3.3 K (66.6 °C; 151.8 °F, equilibrium) 380±31 K (107 °C; 224 °F, surface)
Atmosphere
Composition by volume	None or extremely thin

TRAPPIST-1c, also designated as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 c, is a mainly rocky exoplanet orbiting around the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, located 40.7 light-years (12.5 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It is the third most massive and third largest planet of the system, with about 131% the mass and 110% the radius of Earth. Its density indicates a primarily rocky composition, and observations by the James Webb Space Telescope announced in 2023 suggests against a thick CO2 atmosphere, however this does not exclude a thick abiotic oxygen-dominated atmosphere as is hypothesized to be common around red dwarf stars.

Physical characteristics

Mass, radius, and temperature

TRAPPIST-1c was observed with the transit method, which enabled scientists to calculate its radius. Transit-timing variations and computer simulations were able to determine the mass, density, and gravity of the planet. TRAPPIST-1c is the third-largest planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with a radius of 1.097 R_🜨. It is also the third-most massive of the system, with a mass of 1.308 M_🜨, slightly lower than that of the next most massive, TRAPPIST-1g. Initial estimates suggested that TRAPPIST-1c has a lower density (4.89 g/cm) and gravity (0.966g) than Earth, consistent with a rock-based composition and a thick, Venus-like atmosphere. However, refined density estimates show that the planet's density is similar to Earth.

TRAPPIST-1c's atmosphere was expected to be large enough to raise its surface temperature far above the calculated 334.8 K (61.7 °C; 143.0 °F) equilibrium temperature. However, an observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests against a thick CO2 atmosphere, however this does not exclude a thick abiotic oxygen dominated atmosphere as is hypothesized to be Common around Red dwarf stars, with a measured surface temperature of 380 K (107 °C; 224 °F). In addition, the planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see TRAPPIST-1#Resonance and tides for references).

Orbit

The orbit of TRAPPIST-1c is very close to its host star. One year on the planet lasts a mere 2.42 days (58 hours), a fraction as long as that of the Solar System's innermost planet, Mercury, at 176 days. The planet orbits at a distance of 0.0158 AU, which is about 1.6% the distance between Earth and the Sun. At this proximity, TRAPPIST-1c is most likely tidally locked. However, due to the small size of its host star, the planet only receives about 2.1 times the sunlight as Earth (similar to Venus, at 1.9 times). Its orbital eccentricity is very low at 0.00654, similar to that of TRAPPIST-1b.

Host star

TRAPPIST-1c orbits the ultracool red-dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It is 0.121 R☉ and 0.089 M☉, with a temperature of 2511 K and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5778 K and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with about 0.0005 times (0.05%) the luminosity of the Sun. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80.

Atmosphere

The combined transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rules out a cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmosphere for each planet, so they are unlikely to harbor an extended gas envelope. Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectrum.

In 2018, the composition of TRAPPIST-1c was determined, and has been found to be rock-based. The presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed. An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023 rules out a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere like that of Venus. This is similar to JWST results on the inner planet TRAPPIST-1b announced earlier the same year, which suggest that it does not have a thick CO2 dominated atmosphere.

See also

• 55 Cancri e
• GJ 1132 b

References

1. Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuël; Lederer, Susan M.; Delrez, Laetitia; et al. (May 2016). "Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star". Nature. 533 (7602): 221–224. arXiv:1605.07211. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..221G. doi:10.1038/nature17448. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5321506. PMID 27135924.
2. ^ Agol, Eric; Dorn, Caroline; Grimm, Simon L.; Turbet, Martin; et al. (1 February 2021). "Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides". The Planetary Science Journal. 2 (1): 1. arXiv:2010.01074. Bibcode:2021PSJ.....2....1A. doi:10.3847/psj/abd022. S2CID 222125312.
3. ^ Grimm, Simon L.; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; Dorn, Caroline; Agol, Eric; Burdanov, Artem; Delrez, Laetitia; Sestovic, Marko; Triaud, Amaury H.M.J.; Turbet, Martin; Bolmont, Emeline; Caldas, Anthony; de Wit, Julien; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Raymond, Sean N.; Van Grootel, Valerie; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean; Fabrycky, Daniel; Heng, Kevin; Hernandez, David M.; Ingalls, James G.; Lederer, Susan; Selsis, Franck; Queloz, Didier (2018). "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A68. arXiv:1802.01377. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233. S2CID 3441829.
4. Van Grootel, Valerie; Fernandes, Catarina S.; Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuel; Scuflaire, Richard; et al. (2018). "Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 853 (1): 30. arXiv:1712.01911. Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...30V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023. S2CID 54034373.
5. Ducrot, E.; Gillon, M.; Delrez, L.; Agol, E.; et al. (1 August 2020). "TRAPPIST-1: Global results of the Spitzer Exploration Science Program Red Worlds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 640: A112. arXiv:2006.13826. Bibcode:2020A&A...640A.112D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937392. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 220041987.
6. ^ Zieba, Sebastian; Kreidberg, Laura; Ducrot, Elsa; Gillon, Michaël; et al. (June 2023). "No thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c". Nature. 620 (7975): 746–749. arXiv:2306.10150. Bibcode:2023Natur.620..746Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06232-z. S2CID 259200424.
7. ^ "Webb Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for Rocky Exoplanet". webbtelescope.org. STScI. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
8. ^ Delrez, Laetitia; Gillon, Michael; H.M.J, Amaury; Brice-Oliver Demory, Triaud; de Wit, Julien; Ingalls, James; Agol, Eric; Bolmont, Emeline; Burdanov, Artem; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean J.; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Lederer, Susan; Queloz, Didier; Selsis, Franck; Grootel, Valerie Van (2018). "Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3577–3597. arXiv:1801.02554. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3577D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
9. de Wit, Julien; et al. (2016). "A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c". Nature. 537 (7618): 69–72. arXiv:1606.01103. Bibcode:2016Natur.537...69D. doi:10.1038/nature18641. PMID 27437572. S2CID 205249853.
10. Landau, NASA, Liz. "New clues to compositions of TRAPPIST-1 planets". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 21 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. "NASA's Webb Measures the Temperature of a Rocky Exoplanet". webbtelescope.org. STScI. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

v t e Exoplanets
Planet Definition IAU Planetary science
Main topics	Exoplanet Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Planet-hosting stars
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Formation and evolution	Accretion Accretion disk Asteroid belt Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object Disrupted planet Excretion disk Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Extraterrestrial sample curation Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Internal structure Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium Interplanetary space Interstellar cloud Interstellar dust Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules Merging stars Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planetary migration Planetary system Planetesimal Planet formation Protoplanetary disk Ring system Rubble pile Sample-return mission Scattered disc Star formation
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Other	Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet naming convention Exoplanet phase curves Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer Extragalactic planet Extrasolar planets in fiction Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets Neptunian desert Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in globular clusters Small planet radius gap Sudarsky's gas giant classification
Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects

v t e 2016 in space
« 2015 2017 »
Space probe launches	Hitomi (X-ray observatory; Feb 2016) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (Mars orbiter; Mar 2016) OSIRIS-REx (asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016)
Impact events	DN160822 03
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches (85990) 1999 JV6 1994 WR12 2013 TX68 2016 EU85 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 PQ (164121) 2003 YT1
Exoplanets	38 Virginis b atmospheric composition of 55 Cancri e BD+20 594b Gliese 536 b HD 19467 b HD 131399 Ab (retracted in 2022) HD 164922 c HIP 41378 b c d e f K2-33b K2-332 b K2-72 b c d e KELT-9b KELT-11b Kepler-20g Kepler-56d Kepler-737b Kepler-1229b Kepler-1520b Kepler-1625b Kepler-1638b Kepler-1647b OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb Proxima Centauri b Pr0211 c Qatar-3b Qatar-4b Qatar-5b TRAPPIST-1 b c d TW Hydrae b V830 Tauri b 2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB 2MASS J2126–8140 as planet
Discoveries	GW150914 (announced) IDCS 1426 Planet Nine (hypothesized) GN-z11 SDSS J1240+6710 Crater 2 GW151226 (announced) 2015 RR245 (announced) BOSS Great Wall GRB 160625B (471325) 2011 KT19 (announced) 2014 UZ224 (announced) WISE J080822.18-644357.3 Virgo I
Novae	ASASSN-15lh SN 2016aps ASASSN-16kt ASASSN-16ma
Comets	252P/LINEAR 460P/PanSTARRS 53P/Van Biesbroeck C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) 81P/Wild 9P/Tempel 144P/Kushida 43P/Wolf–Harrington 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
Space exploration	Juno (entered Jupiter orbit; Jul 2016) Rosetta / Philae (end of mission to comet 67P; Sep 2016) Schiaparelli EDM (Mars lander; Oct 2016)
Outer space portal Category:2015 in outer space — Category:2016 in outer space — Category:2017 in outer space

v t e 2023 in space
« 2022 2024 »
Space probe launches	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (April 2023) Chandrayaan-3 (July 2023) Luna 25 (August 2023) XRISM (September 2023) SLIM (September 2023) Psyche (October 2023)
Impact events	2023 CX1
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 2023 AV 2023 BU (367789) 2011 AG5 2023 DW 2023 DZ2 2023 GQ2 (164121) 2003 YT1 (341843) 2008 EV5 2023 FW13
Discoveries	F200DB-045 Rings of Quaoar WISE J0336−0143 CEERS 1019 black hole UHZ1 quasar Volcanism on Venus confirmation 3 moons of Jupiter 63 moons of Saturn SN 2023ixf supernova in Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) SN H0pe supernova in Constellation Ursa Major Phosphates on Enceladus Gravitational wave background detection Neutrino Milky Way map GRB 230307A Second-brightest gamma-ray burst 152830 Dinkinesh is a binary Ursa Major III Exoplanets HD 110067 b c d e f g LHS 475 b TOI-672 b TOI-700 e TOI-3235 b WASP-193b Silicates in VHS J1256–1257 b No atmosphere in TRAPPIST-1b No atmosphere in TRAPPIST-1c K2-18b of methane and carbon dioxide
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v t e Constellation of Aquarius
Aquarius in Chinese astronomy Aquarius Stream List of stars in Aquarius
Stars	Bayer α (Sadalmelik) β (Sadalsuud) γ (Sadachbia) δ (Skat) ε (Albali) ζ η θ (Ancha) ι κ (Situla) λ (Hydor) μ ν ξ (Bunda) ο π ρ σ τ τ υ φ χ ψ (91) ψ ψ ω ω A A b b b c c c d e f g g h i i i k α PsA C Flamsteed 1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 26 28 29 30 32 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 51 54 56 58 60 61 64 65 67 70 72 74 75 77 78 81 82 84 85 87 94 96 97 100 Variable R U AE DV EP EW EZ FO HK IL HU IZ LP HR 8017 8056 8121 8263 8363 8453 8500 8507 8581 8612 8629 8645 8716 8783 8836 8856 8879 8924 9014 HD 206610 (Bosona) 210277 212771 (Lionrock) 215152 219617 220466 220689 222093 222582 Other 2MASS J21392676+0220226 BD−22 5866 Gliese 849 K2-21 K2-28 K2-58 K2-72 K2-138 LS IV-14 116 Sneden's Star TRAPPIST-1 WASP-6 (Márohu) WASP-47 WASP-69 WASP-75
Exoplanets ψ Aquarii b Gliese 849 b Gliese 876 b c d e HD 206610 b HD 210277 b HD 212771 b (Victoriapeak) HD 221416 b HD 222582 b K2-66b K2-72b c d e K2-138b TRAPPIST-1b c d e f g h WASP-6b
Star clusters Messier 2 Messier 72 Messier 73
Nebulae Helix Nebula Saturn Nebula
Galaxies	NGC 6975 7001 7010 7047 7051 7065 7069 7077 7081 7184 7222 7252 7257 7301 7302 7393 7492 7585 7592 7600 7606 7723 7727 7759 Other Aquarius Dwarf ESO 603-G21 Lyman-alpha blob 1 PGC 1228197 PHL 293B SMM J2135-0102 WISE J224607.57−052635.0 J2345-0449
Galaxy clusters Abell 2597 RXC J2211.7-0350 XMMXCS 2215-1738
Astronomical events SN 2213-1745
Category

• Astronomy
• Biology
• Space

• Exoplanets discovered in 2016
• Near-Earth-sized exoplanets
• Transiting exoplanets
• TRAPPIST-1
• Aquarius (constellation)
• 2MASS objects