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Salmas سلماس
City
Salmas
Salmas
Coordinates: 38°12′10″N 44°46′01″E / 38.20278°N 44.76694°E / 38.20278; 44.76694
Country	Iran
Province	West Azerbaijan
County	Salmas
District	Central
Earliest Recognition	224–242 AD
Rebuilt	1930
Government
• Type	Mayor–Council
• Body	Salmas
• Mayor	N/A
Area
• Total	9.26 sq mi (24.0 km)
• Land	9.26 sq mi (24.0 km)
• Water	0 sq mi (0 km)
• Metro	4.75 sq mi (12.3 km)
Elevation	4,532 ft (1,381 m)
Population
• Total	92,811
• Rank	TBA, Iran
• Density	10,000/sq mi (3,900/km)
Demonym(s)	Salmasi, Salmassi
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
ZIP code	58811 ≤ 58XXX ≤ 58991
Area code	44

Salmas (Template:Lang-fa; Template:Lang-hy; Template:Lang-az; Template:Lang-ku; and Template:Lang-syr) is a city in the Central District of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is northwest of Lake Urmia, near Turkey.

At the 2006 census, its population was 79,560 in 19,806 households. The following census in 2011 counted 88,196 people in 23,751 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 92,811 people in 27,115 households. According to the 2019 census, the city's population is 127,864. The majority of the population is composed of Azerbaijanis and Kurds with some Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews.

Etymology

The original name of Salmas was Dilman, which is probably related to the Daylamites who sometimes controlled the region. In the 20th-century, it was known as Shapur.

History

Salmas is located in the historic Azerbaijan region. Its archaeological relics, which date as far back as the Urartian kingdom (860 BC–590 BC), attest to its long human habitation. Salmas was part of the Armenian province of Nor Shirakan (also known as Persarmenia), which was inhabited by Armenians. A rock relief erected during the reign of the Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r. 224–242) is located in the Khan-Takhti village near Salmas. This rock relief illustrates two akin scenarios in which a standing man receives a ring from a man riding a horse.

The standing men's names are subject to interpretation, but the horsemen are typically considered to be Ardashir I and his son and heir, Shapur I. The German orientalist Ferdinand Justi (died 1907) theorized that the relief is meant to show the Armenians' gratitude to Ardashir I and Shapur I, something which some later scholars supported. The Iranologist Ehsan Shavarebi considers this theory to be "logical" but stresses that "we need more investigations on the event depicted on the relief." He suggests that the rock relief is meant to illustrate the probable peace made between Ardashir I and the Kingdom of Armenia. When the Arsacid house of Armenia was abolished and the country was made a Sasanian province in 428, Nor Shirakan and Paytakaran were incorporated into the Sasanian province of Adurbadagan.

Two archeological sites showing inhabitation during the Sasanian era has been found near Salmas. One of them is known as Haftan Tepe, which contains Sasanian-era pottery akin to those found in Takht-e Soleyman. The other is called Qazun Basi, located to the south of Salmas. They were likely used as military and administrative hubs. The 9th-century Muslim historian al-Baladhuri reported that the taxes of Salmas had been long given to Mosul, suggesting that during the Arab conquest of Iran it was Arab armies from Diyar Rabi'a that conquered Salmas. During the reign of Marzuban ibn Muhammad (r. 941/42–957) of the Daylamite Sallarid dynasty, Salmas became subjugated to his rule. In 943/44, Marzuban ibn Muhammad repelled an attack on Salmas by the Hamdanid dynasty, and in 955/56, it was attacked by the Kurdish military leader Daysam. By 975, Salmas was seemingly under the rule of the Kurdish Rawadid dynasty, who after 983/84 ruled all of Azerbaijan.

Salmas is described by the 10th-century Islamic geographers Ibn Hawkal and al-Istakhri as a tiny town in Azerbaijan with a sturdy wall in a fertile location. Another 10th-century Islamic geographer, al-Maqdisi, considers the town to have been part of the administration of Armenia and inhabited by Kurds, which according to the modern scholar and orientalist Clifford Edmund Bosworth must had been part of the Hadhabani tribe. In 1054/55, the Seljuk Empire imposed their rule on the Rawwadids, and in 1070 removed them from power. In 1064, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072) made a military campaign against the Byzantines, Armenians and Georgians, in which the people of Salmas took part.

Salmas was in ruins during the lifetime of the Muslim scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi (died 1229), but according to the geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40), it was once again thriving in the middle of the 14th-century. The vizier Khwaja Taj al-Din Ali Shah Tabrizi had rebuilt the town's 8,000-steps long wall during the reign of Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan (r. 1295–1304), and Salmas's revenues—presumably those of the entire district—amounted to 39,000 dinars, a large amount.

Another mention of the city was made in 1281, when its Assyrian bishop made the trip to the consecration of the Assyrian Church of the East patriarch Yaballaha in Baghdad.

In the Battle of Salmas on 17–18 September 1429, the Kara Koyunlu were defeated by Shah Rukh who was consolidating Timurid holdings west of Lake Urmia. However, the area was retaken by the Kara Koyunlu in 1447 after the death of Shah Rukh.

In March 1915 Cevdet Bey ordered 800 Assyrians of Salmas to be killed. Mar Shimun, the Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East was murdered by the Kurdish chieftain Simko Shikak in Salmas in March 1918.

Around the advent of the 1910s, Imperial Russia started to station infantry and Cossacks in Salmas. The Russians retreated at the time of Enver Pasha's offensive in the Iran-Caucasus region, but returned in early 1916, and stayed up to the wake of the Russian Revolution.

Geography

Salmas in early atlases

The atlases below are some of the earliest maps to have been ever sketched to show the territory and originality of the name of Salmas and are some of the strongest documents providing proofs to some basic facts about the city including its existence and identity.

• Salmas in 1724 Homann Map of "Persian Empire" at the Time of Safavid dynasty • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
• Salmas in 1730 Reiner and Joshua Ottens Map of the "Persian Empire" at the Time of Safavid dynasty • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
• Salmas in 1747 Bowen Map of the "Persian Empire" at the Time of Afsharid dynasty • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
• Salmas in 1814 Thomson Map of the "Persian Empire" at the Time of Qajar dynasty • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
• Salmas in 1818 Pinkerton Map of "Turkey in Asia, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine" (Concurred with the Time of Qajar dynasty) • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, Salmas features a continental climate (Dsa), and is thus one of the few cities in the Middle East and one of the 6 in the country with this categorization.

Notable people

• Stepanos V of Salmast (d. 1567) – Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church
• Yohannan Gabriel (1758–1833) – Chaldean Catholic bishop of Salmas
• Nicholas I Zaya (d. 1855) – Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans
• Raffi (1835–1888) – Armenian novelist
• Paul Bedjan (1838–1920) – Chaldean Catholic priest and orientalist
• Abraham Guloyan (1893–1983) – Politician
• Murad Kostanyan (1902–1989) – Actor
• Hossein Sadaghiani (1903-1982) - The first ever manager and head coach of Iran national football team (1941-1951) and the first ever Iranian soccer player to play for foreign clubs (R. Charleroi S.C. and Fenerbahce SK) and in a European league
• Ardeshir Ovanessian (c. 1905–1990) – Communist leader
• Timur Lakestani (1915–2011) – aka Father of Iranian Electrical Industry
• Jafar Salmasi (1918–2000) – weightlifter
• Emmanuel Agassi (1930–2021) – boxer and father of Andre Agassi
• Hadi Asghari (b. 1981) – football player

Gallery

• Overall View of Imam St. and Shahrdari Sq.
• Islamic Republic Blvd., Near Panahi Technical School
• Khan Takhti-Rd near Salmas
• The Haftvan Church
• Chaldean Catholic Church in Salmas
• 
• Salmas
• An angled front view of Salmas Imam Khomeini Prayer House, 2017
• A view of Nation Park in a Winter night, 2016

See also

• 1930 Salmas earthquake
• Nor Shirakan
• Battle of Dilman
• Assyrian homeland
• Khoy Khanate

References

1. OpenStreetMap contributors (16 February 2024). "Salmas, Salmas County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
2. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
3. "List of all entries". Assyrian Languages. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
4. Habibi, Hassan (7 July 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
5. Bosworth, C. E. (2012). "Salmās". Encyclopedia of Islam. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6560.
6. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
7. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
8. "2016 Population and Housing Census". Statistical Center of Iran. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
9. "..:: شهرداری سلماس ::". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
10. http://thegraduatesocietyla.org/images/author-padia-others.pdf
11. ^ Bosworth 1995.
12. ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 75.
13. ^ Shavarebi 2014, p. 115.
14. Shahinyan 2016, pp. 194–195.
15. Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007, p. 90.
16. ^ Peacock 2017.
17. Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (1993 reprint) "Salmas" E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, page 118, ISBN 90-04-09796-1
18. Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (1993 reprint) "Tabrīz" E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, page 588, ISBN 90-04-09796-1
19. Yuhanon, B. Beth. "The Methods of Killing in the Assyrian Genocide". Sayfo 1915. p. 183. doi:10.31826/9781463239961-013. S2CID 198820452.
20. Brill, E. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. S - Ṭaiba. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09793-3.
21. O'Shea, Maria T. (2004) "Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan Routledge, New York, page 100, ISBN 0-415-94766-9
22. Nisan, Mordechai (2002) Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression (2nd edition) McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, page 187, ISBN 0-7864-1375-1
23. ^ Atabaki 2006, p. 70.
24. "Imperii Persici in omnes suas provincias nova tabula geographica". Library of Congress.
25. "Weather Trends 360". Weather Trends International, Inc. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
26. "Salmas, Iran". Weatherbase. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
27. "World Weather Online". Data provided by WorldWeatherOnline.com. Retrieved 6 June 2017.

Sources

• Atabaki, Touraj (2006). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1860649646.
• Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Salmās". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
• Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2007). "Administrative Geography of the Early Sasanian Period: The Case of Ādurbādagān". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 45 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864720. S2CID 133088896.
• Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2010). "Ādurbādagān during the Late Sasanian Period: A Study in Administrative Geography". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 48 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1080/05786967.2010.11864774. S2CID 163839498.
• Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Shahinyan, Arsen (2016). "Northern Territories of the Sasanian Atropatene and the Arab Azerbaijan". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (2): 191–203. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20160203.
• Shavarebi, Ehsan (2014). "A Reinterpretation of the Sasanian Relief at Salmās". Iran and the Caucasus. 18 (2). Brill: 115–133. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20140203.

External links

• Salmas famous people
• "Salmas Map – Satellite Images of Salmas", Maplandia

v t e West Azerbaijan province, Iran
List of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
Capital	Urmia
Counties and cities	Bukan County Bukan Simmineh Chaldoran County Siah Cheshmeh Avajiq Chaypareh County Qarah Zia od Din Khoy County Khoy Firuraq Ivughli Mahabad County Mahabad Maku County Maku Bazargan Miandoab County Miandoab Baruq Chahar Borj Naqadeh County Naqadeh Mohammadyar Oshnavieh County Oshnavieh Nalus Piranshahr County Piranshahr Gerd Kashaneh Poldasht County Poldasht Salmas County Salmas Tazeh Shahr Sardasht County Sardasht Mirabad Rabat Shahin Dezh County Shahin Dezh Keshavarz Mahmudabad Showt County Showt Marganlar Yowla Galdi Takab County Takab Urmia County Urmia Nushin Qushchi Serow Silvaneh
Tourism	Teppe Hasanlu Kelashin Stele Bastam Citadel Takht-e Soleymān Lake Urmia Zarrineh River Shalmash Falls St. Mary Church St. Thaddeus Monastery Chapel of Dzordzor St. George Church Jameh Mosque of Urmia Baghchejogh museum and palace Segonbad Ghoutour Bridge
Places	List of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province

v t e Salmas County
Capital	Salmas
Districts	Central Cities Salmas Tazeh Shahr Rural Districts and villages Kenarporuzh Abgarm Akhyan Aq Ziarat Kani Sefid Khan Takhti Minas Moghul Qabakh Tappeh Shur Gel Tamar Tizkharab Zindasht Koreh Soni Ayan Chahar Sotun Chichak Deyr Ali Gavlan Gubeh Hadar Kanian Lashgiran Mafi Kandi Pekachuk Qarah Tappeh Rigabad Saray-e Malek Shekar Yazi Sheydan Shirah Ki Shurik Silab Ureban Vardan Yengejeh Lakestan Akhteh Khaneh Bakhsh Kandi Bargoshad Chubanluy-e Olya Chubanluy-e Sofla Habashi Hamzeh Kandi Kangarlu Khaneh Dam Qarah Qeshlaq Qezeljah Sadaqian Soltan Ahmad Yalquz Aghaj Yushanlu Zulachay Abdolabad Aqa Esmail Baghcheh Jik Darzeh Konan Dereshk Gavlan Golozan Haftvan Kalashan Khanaqah Khosrowabad Kuchameshk Malham Moghanjuq Owlaq Patah Vir Pekajik Sarnaq Sureh Ziveh Jik Kuhsar Cities none Rural Districts and villages Chahriq Ajvaj Aslanik Baharabad Bahik Balqazan Barazi Chahriq-e Olya Chahriq-e Sofla Darab Darmandek Elyasi Gardian Garmavich Haqvaran Hasbasheh Hemmatabad Jamalabad Jang-e Sar Kahriz Kalran Katban Lakabad-e Olya Lilus Lulakabad-e Olya Lulakabad-e Sofla Mateh Kharpeh Mazraeh-ye Shenatal-e Sofla Mirabad Qasrik Qazrabad Shenatal-e Olya Shirani Siavan Susanabad Tamrabad Varik Yunjaliq Zangu Zarrin Darreh Zula Shenetal Agh Barzeh Ali Bolaghi Ashnak Berushkhvaran Dergah Derik Deshvan Gabrabad Goleh Dam Guzik Hajji Jafan Haplaran Jandar Kapik Keshkavij Kesis Khvor Khvoreh Kum Kuzehrash Nazarabad Pirmand Qasrik-e Sofla Qezel Kand Senji Shamrin Shiveh Sufiabad-e Sofla Shepiran Balakan Delazi Dustan Guzik Harakian Heshterak Kalik Karikan Kelah Rash-e Bala Kelah Rash-e Pain Khenavin Ostunrash Ostureh Qasrik-e Olya Shirvani Siveh Dar Urtanis

• Cities in West Azerbaijan Province
• Populated places in Salmas County
• Mass murder in 1915
• Kurdish settlements in West Azerbaijan Province