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Sultanate of Jambiكسلطانن جمبي‎ Kesultanan Jambi
1460 and 1615–1904
Flag of the Sultan and war flag of Jambi Coat of arms
Status	Vassal state of Srivijaya and later disputed by Kingdom of Siam and Dutch East India Company (1460 and 1615-1682) Sovereign state (1682–1904)
Capital	Tanah Pilih
Common languages	Malay Jambi Malay
Religion	Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)	Jambian/Jambinese
Government	Monarchy
Sultans
• 1615–1643	Sultan Abdul Kahar (first)
• 1900–1904	Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin (last)
History
• Established	1460 and 1615
• Disestablished	1904
Currency	Tin coins
Preceded by Succeeded by Sultanate of Malacca Demak Sultanate Srivijaya Indonesia Riau Dutch East Indies Jambi
Today part of	Indonesia

The Sultanate of Jambi (Jawi:كسلطانن جمبي‎, romanized: Kesultanan Jambi), alternatively known as Djambi, was a sultanate that was centered in the modern-day province of Jambi in Indonesia.The Dutch conquered the sultanate and killed its last ruling sultan in 1904. The state's founder was Datuk Puduko Berhalo.

History

In the 600s, There was an early reference to a Malay Kingdom based in Jambi, which was eventually absorbed into the Srivijaya empire as an autonomous trading community or a subject region. An account associated the early history of the sultanate with the Islamization of Sumatra, citing that these two events roughly coincided in the fifteenth century. The sultanate's access to natural resources as well as its strategic location, particularly its proximity to the Strait of Malacca, allowed it to flourish and be involved in international trade. By 1682, Jambi was disputed as a vassal state between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Kingdom of Siam.

The Jambi Sultanate was involved in the Brunei Civil War by selling gunpowder to Muhyiddin, who would later defeat Abdul Hakkul Mubin in Pulau Cermin. In the aftermath of the conflict, Jambi would be a destination for Brunei's troops.

With the defeat of the Gowa Sultanate by the Dutch in 1669, many royal Makassarese refugees fled across the archipelago and into Jambi and Palembang. The Jambi royal family had links with Southern Sulawesi, as the ruler of Jambi, Anom Ingalaga, had a Makassarese wife, Karaeng Fatimah. His mother was also from Makassar.

Sultan Anom honored the Makassarese and gave their leader, a sister of Karaeng Fatimah, Daeng Mangika, the title of Pangeran Sutadilaga. The Makassarese would be equals to the Jambi ruler and would not be governed by Jambian law. However, this arrangement was inherently unstable and was bound to collapse.

Jambi-Johor War

Jambi took advantage of the Acehnese invasion of Johor to seize Tungkal, a disputed district on the border with Johor. Despite a 1629 Johorese attempt to seek its' return, Tungkal remained under Jambian sovereignty until a pro-Johorese rebellion forced them out in 1655. Eventually, it was decided that Jambi and Johor should settle their disagreements through marriage. In 1659, the Raja Muda of Johor, Raja Ibrahim, who himself was the son of a Jambi princess and a previous sultan, was married to the daughter of the Jambi sultan. Their marriage would be a happy one. During his year-long stay in Jambi, he encouraged the Sultan to break from Mataram's overlordship, which would allow Johor and Jambi to come to a long-term peace arrangement.

The Sultan of Johor, Abdul Jalil, became distrustful of Raja Ibrahim and the Jambi elite. He sent a fleet which extradited Raja Ibrahim from Jambi in September 1660.

During the Johorese invasion of Jambi in 1679, Daeng Mangika deserted Sultan Anom, claiming that he did not fulfill the arrangement and treated him more like a governor than a ruler. Daeng Mangika fled to Palembang with a thousand of his followers. In 1680, he would participate in a combined expedition with Palembang against Jambi, but was killed in action, ending Makassarese attempts to form a permanent base in the region.

The Jambi-Johor War caused Jambi to lose it's position as a major pepper-producing port and go on the decline. The Jambi Sultanate had become a vassal to the ruler of Pagaruyung by the end of the 18th century.

Downfall and Dutch Annexation

In the late 19th century the sultanate was slowly annexed by the Dutch, with the sultan degraded to a puppet ruler. This culminated in 1833 with the invasion of the Dutch-controlled Palembang by Jambi's Sultan, Mohammad Fakhruddin, which gave the Dutch the pretext to finally gain control of Jambi, forcing the sultan to accede to their authority and provide significant economic concessions.

In 1855, Sultan Taha ascended to the throne of Jambi. He was a young and energetic sultan. However, by this time the Dutch had become more and more demanding. In 1858, an expedition was launched that deposed Sultan Taha within a day. He fled upstream into the region of Upper Jambi, while his uncle, Ahmad Nazaruddin, became the new ruler of Jambi. This divided Jambi into two competing areas: Upper and Lower, restoring a divide that had not existed since the early 18th century.

Lower Jambi had a succession of Dutch-controlled rulers: Ahmad Nazaruddin from 1858 to 1881, Mohildin from 1882 to 1885, and Zainuddin from 1886 to 1899. In 1899, Sultan Zainuddin was forced to abdicate, but the Jambian nobility refused to elect a new sultan. The resident of Palembang, as a result, took on the position of "Sultan" until 1903, when the sultanate was annexed into the Palembang Residency. The killing of Sultan Taha in 1904 marked the end of the Jambi Sultanate.

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Prehistory Paleolithic Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP Neolithic Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE–500 CE
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Kutai Kingdom 350–1605 Tarumanagara Kingdom 400s–500s Kantoli Kingdom 400s–500s Kalingga Kingdom 500s–600s Melayu Kingdom 600s–1347 Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025 Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s Mataram Kingdom 716–1016 Bali Kingdom 914–1908 Sunda Kingdom 932–1579 Kahuripan Kingdom 1019–1045 Kediri Kingdom 1045–1221 Dharmasraya Kingdom 1183–1347 Pannai Kingdom 1000s–1300s Singhasari Empire 1222–1292 Majapahit Empire 1293–1527
Islamic sultanates Spread of Islam 800–1600 Peureulak Sultanate 840–1292 Aru Kingdom 1225–1613 Ternate Sultanate 1257–1914 Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347–1833 Bruneian Empire 1368–1888 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511 Sultanate of Sulu 1405–1851 Sultanate of Cirebon 1445–1677 Demak Sultanate 1475–1554 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Sultanate of Ternate 1486–1914 Sultanate of Bacan 1515–1946 Sultanate of Tidore 1500s–1967 Sultanate of Jailolo 1496–1903 Banten Sultanate 1526–present Banjar Sultanate 1526–1863 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527–1599 Mataram Sultanate 1586–1755 Johor Sultanate 1528s–1877 Kingdom of Kaimana 1600s–1926 Jambi Sultanate 1604s–1904 Palembang Sultanate 1659–1823 Siak Sultanate 1725–1946 Surakarta Sunanate 1745–present Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755–present Deli Sultanate 1814–1946 Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911
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Chinese Kongsi federations Heshun Confederation 1776–1854 Lanfang Republic 1777–1884 Santiaogou Republic 1777–1853
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Society

As a society, Jambi has a history of being an entrepot and a trading center that is open to outsiders. This is demonstrated in the way Jambi families easily incorporate outsiders, particularly men as well as foreigners (e.g. Chinese and Arab traders) through marriage into the Jambi womenfolk. For instance, a Jambi pengiran (prince) adopted a Dutch official as his son, resulting to kinship obligations between the Dutch and the royal family. The Melayu population was extremely diverse, whose identities were based on suku (lineage groups), usually identified with a certain district headed by local elites.

The Jambian court was heavily influenced by Javanese culture, partly out of desire to ally with Mataram. There is evidence of Jambian coins written in Javanese, which contrasts with the surrounding Malay states (which made coinage in Jawi).

Administration

The Jambi Sultanate's structure was quite decentralised, similar to concentric power circles than a rigid hierarchy. The Sultan owned all lands and in Jambi, in addition to mineral and forest resources. The rights to the lands could be granted or taken away by the Sultan, and a proportion of the yield had to be delivered to him. Land access was traditionally regulated by Adat.

Gallery

• Letter from the Sultan of Jambi containing his credentials
• Engraving of the sultan's residence (1893)
• Surrender of the Crown Prince of the Sultanate of "MartaNingrat", Djambi (Jambi), in Sumatra before the Dutch residency official O.L. Helfrich, who takes the insignia in reception (March 26, 1904)
• Photograph of the Sultan Achmad Nazaruddin (1858-81) taken during a Royal Netherlands Geographical Society expedition from 1877 - 1879, by Daniël David Veth.

References

1. "Jambi Arms". www.hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
2. "Indonesian Traditional States part 1". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
3. Arabic: Zābaj, the pronunciation of the Hokkien dialect is close to the characters 三佛齊 used in the Chinese sources for the country. See G. Schlegel: Catatan Geografis, XVI: Negara-Negara Lama…; T'oung Pao (Ser. ke-2), 2 (1901), pp. 107–138
4. ^ Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth (2018). Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907. Cornell University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-5017-1938-7.
5. Gentle Janus, Merchant Prince at Google Books
6. Asrul, Nurul Nadhirah Ahmad (2017-12-11). "Warkah Kesultanan Brunei yang tertua". Warkah Kesultanan Brunei yang tertua. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
7. ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (1995). "The Bugis-Makassar Diasporas". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 68 (1 (268)): 119–138. ISSN 0126-7353.
8. ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (1971). The Kingdom of Johor, 1641-1728: A Study of Economic and Political Developments in the Straits of Malacca. Cornell University. pp. 81–103.
9. ^ Perdana, Aditya Bayu (2022-09-02). "A Jambi Coin with Kawi Inscription from Indonesia: Re-examination of a coin type formerly attributed to Siak". Indonesia and the Malay World. 50 (148): 358–369. doi:10.1080/13639811.2022.2123155. ISSN 1363-9811.
10. Brown, Iem (2009). The Territories of Indonesia. London: Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-85743-215-2.
11. ^ Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth (July 1993). "Rivals and Rituals in Jambi, South Sumatra (1858–1901)". Modern Asian Studies. 27 (3): 573–591. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010891. ISSN 1469-8099.
12. ^ Janowski, Monica; Kerlogue, Fiona (2007). Kinship and Food in South East Asia. Copenhagen: NIAS Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-87-91114-93-9.
13. ^ Steinebach, S. (2013). ""Today we occupy the plantation, tomorrow Jakarta." Indigeneity, land and oil palm plantations in Jambi". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
14. Kunz, Yvonne; Steinebach, Stefanie; Dittrich, Christoph; Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta; Rosyani, Ir.; Soetarto, Endriatmo; Faust, Heiko (2017-08-01). "'The fridge in the forest': Historical trajectories of land tenure regulations fostering landscape transformation in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia". Forest Policy and Economics. Forest sector trade. 81: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2017.04.005. ISSN 1389-9341.

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