Bernadette Soubirous

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Saint Bernadette

Virgin
Born	Bernadette Soubirous 7 January 1844 Lourdes, Hautes-Pyrénées, Kingdom of France
Died	16 April 1879(1879-04-16) (aged 35) Nevers, Nièvre, France
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Beatified	14 June 1925, Rome by Pope Pius XI
Canonized	8 December 1933, Rome by Pope Pius XI
Major shrine	Saint Gildard (Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers), Nevers
Feast	18 February (France) 16 April (elsewhere)

Bernadette Soubirous (/ˌbɜːrnəˈdɛt ˌsuːbiˈruː/; French: [bɛʁnadɛt subiʁu]; Template:Lang-oc [beɾnaˈðetɔ suβiˈɾus]; 7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879), also known as Bernadette of Lourdes, was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes (Lorda in Occitan), in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in France, and is best known for experiencing apparitions of a "young lady" who asked for a chapel to be built at the nearby cave-grotto. These apparitions occurred between 11 February and 16 July 1858, and the woman who appeared to her identified herself as the "Immaculate Conception".

After a canonical investigation, Soubirous's reports were eventually declared "worthy of belief" on 18 February 1862, and the Marian apparition became known as Our Lady of Lourdes. In 1866, Soubirous joined the Sisters of Charity of Nevers at their convent in Nevers where she spent the last years of her life. Her body is said by the Catholic Church to remain internally incorrupt. The grotto where the apparitions occurred later went on to become a major pilgrimage site and Marian shrine known as the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes, attracting around five million pilgrims of all denominations each year.

Pope Pius XI beatified Bernadette Soubirous on 14 June 1925 and canonized her on 8 December 1933. Her feast day, initially specified as 18 February – the day Mary promised to make her happy, not in this life, but in the other – is now observed in most places on the date of her death, 16 April.

Early life

Marie Bernarde Soubirous was the daughter of François Soubirous (1807–1871), a miller, and his wife Louise (née Casteròt; 1825–1866), a laundress. She was the eldest of nine children—Bernadette, Jean (born and died 1845), Toinette (1846–1892), Jean-Marie (1848–1851), Jean-Marie (1851–1919), Justin (1855–1865), Pierre (1859–1931), Jean (born and died 1864), and a baby named Louise who died soon after her birth (1866).

Soubirous was born on 7 January 1844 and baptized at the local parish church, St. Pierre's, on 9 January, her parents' wedding anniversary. Her godmother was Bernarde Casterot, her mother's sister, a moderately wealthy widow who owned a tavern. Hard times had fallen on France, and the family lived in extreme poverty. Soubirous was a very sick child and possibly due to this only measured 1.4 m (4 ft. 7in.) tall. She contracted cholera as a toddler and suffered severe asthma for the rest of her life. Soubirous attended the day school conducted by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Instruction of Nevers. Contrary to a belief popularized by Hollywood films, Soubirous learned very little French, only studying French in school after age 13. At that time she could read and write very little due to her frequent illness. She spoke the language of Occitan, which was spoken by the local population of the Pyrenees region at that time and to a residual degree today.

Visions

Main article: Lourdes apparitions

By the time of the events at the grotto, the Soubirous family's financial and social status had declined to the point where they lived in a one-room basement, formerly used as a jail, called le cachot, "the dungeon", where they were housed for free by her mother's cousin, André Sajoux.

On 11 February 1858, Soubirous, then aged 14, was out gathering firewood with her sister Toinette and a friend near the grotto of Massabielle (Tuta de Massavielha) when she experienced her first vision. While the other girls crossed the little stream in front of the grotto and walked on, Soubirous stayed behind, looking for a place to cross where she wouldn't get her stockings wet. She finally sat down to take her shoes off in order to cross the water and was lowering her stocking when she heard the sound of rushing wind, but nothing moved. A wild rose in a natural niche in the grotto, however, did move. From the niche, or rather the dark alcove behind it, "came a dazzling light, and a white figure". This was the first of 18 visions of what she referred to as aquerò (pronounced ), Gascon Occitan for "that". In later testimony, she called it "a small young lady" (uo petito damizelo). Her sister and her friend stated that they had seen nothing.

On 14 February, after Sunday Mass, Soubirous, with her sister Marie and some other girls, returned to the grotto. Soubirous knelt down immediately, saying she saw the apparition again. When one of the girls threw holy water at the niche and another threw a rock from above that shattered on the ground, the apparition disappeared. On her next visit, 18 February, Soubirous said that "the vision" asked her to return to the grotto every day for a fortnight.

This period of almost daily visions came to be known as la Quinzaine sacrée, "holy fortnight." Initially, Soubirous's parents, especially her mother, were embarrassed and tried to forbid her to go. The supposed apparition did not identify herself until the seventeenth vision. Although the townspeople who believed she was telling the truth assumed she saw the Virgin Mary, Soubirous never claimed it to be Mary, consistently using the word aquerò. She described the lady as wearing a white veil, a blue girdle and with a yellow rose on each foot – compatible with "a description of any statue of the Virgin in a village church".

Soubirous's story caused a sensation among the townspeople, who were divided in their opinions on whether or not she was telling the truth. Some believed her to have a mental illness and demanded she be put in an asylum.

The other contents of Soubirous's reported visions were simple and focused on the need for prayer and penance. On 25 February she explained that the vision had told her "to drink of the water of the spring, to wash in it and to eat the herb that grew there," as an act of penance. To everyone's surprise, the next day the grotto was no longer muddy but clear water flowed. On 2 March, at the thirteenth apparition, Soubirous told her family that the lady said that "a chapel should be built and a procession formed".

The sixteenth vision, which Soubirous stated went on for over an hour, was on 25 March. According to her account, during that visitation, she again asked the woman for her name but the lady just smiled back. She repeated the question three more times and finally heard the lady say, in Gascon Occitan, "I am the Immaculate Conception" (Que soy era immaculada councepciou in Occitan). Despite being rigorously interviewed by officials of both the Catholic Church and the French government, she stuck consistently to her story.

On 7 April, Soubirous had another vision, during which her hand was apparently not burnt while being in contact with the flame of a candle for several minutes. On 8 June 1858, the mayor of Lourdes decided to barricade the grotto and put guards to prevent public access. On 16 July, Soubirous came back to see the grotto from the other side of the river and experienced her eighteenth and last apparition of the lady.

Results of her visions

After investigation, Catholic Church authorities confirmed the authenticity of the apparitions in 1862. In the 160 years since Soubirous dug up the spring, 70 cures have been verified by the Lourdes Medical Bureau as "inexplicable" – after what the Catholic Church claims are "extremely rigorous scientific and medical examinations" that failed to find any other explanation. The Lourdes Commission that examined Bernadette after the visions ran an intensive analysis on the water and found that, while it had a high mineral content, it contained nothing out of the ordinary that would account for the cures attributed to it. Bernadette said that it was faith and prayer that cured the sick: "One must have faith and pray; the water will have no virtue without faith".

Soubirous's request to the local priest to build a chapel at the site of her visions eventually gave rise to a number of chapels and churches at Lourdes. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes is now one of the major Catholic pilgrimage sites in the world. One of the churches built at the site, the Basilica of St. Pius X, can accommodate 25,000 people and was dedicated by the future Pope John XXIII when he was the Papal Nuncio to France. In 2013, 715,000 and in 2016, 570,000 pilgrims attended pilgrimage events.

Later years

Disliking the attention she was attracting, Bernadette went to the hospice school run by the Sisters of Charity of Nevers where she had learned to read and write. Although she considered joining the Carmelites, her health precluded her entering any of the strict contemplative orders. On 29 July 1866, with 42 other candidates, she took the religious habit of a postulant and joined the Sisters of Charity at their motherhouse, the Saint Gildard Convent at Nevers. Her Mistress of Novices was Sister Marie Therese Vauzou. The Mother Superior at the time gave her the name Marie-Bernarde in honor of her godmother who was named "Bernarde". As Patricia A. McEachern observes, "Bernadette was devoted to Saint Bernard, her patron saint; she copied long texts related to him in notebooks and on bits of paper. The experience of becoming 'Sister Marie-Bernard' marked a turning point for Bernadette as she realized more than ever that the great grace she received from the Queen of Heaven brought with it great responsibilities."

Soubirous spent the rest of her brief life at the motherhouse, working as an assistant in the infirmary and later as a sacristan, creating ornate embroidery for altar cloths and vestments. Her contemporaries admired her humility and spirit of sacrifice. One day, asked about the apparitions, she replied:

"The Virgin used me as a broom to remove the dust. When the work is done, the broom is put behind the door again."

Soubirous had followed the development of Lourdes as a pilgrimage shrine while she still lived at Lourdes but was not present for the consecration of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception there in 1876.

Unfortunately, Soubirous's childhood bout of "cholera left ... with severe, chronic asthma, and eventually she contracted tuberculosis of the lungs and bones." For several months prior to her death, she was unable to take an active part in convent life. She eventually died of her long-term illness at the age of 35 on 16 April 1879 (Easter Wednesday), while praying the Holy Rosary. On her deathbed, as she suffered from severe pain and in keeping with the Virgin Mary's admonition of "Penance, Penance, Penance," Bernadette proclaimed that "all this is good for Heaven!" Her final words were, "Blessed Mary, Mother of God, Pray for me". Soubirous' body was laid to rest in the St Joseph Chapel, in the grounds of her convent.

Sainthood

Soubirous was declared blessed on 14 June 1921 by Pope Pius XI. She was canonized by Pius XI on 8 December 1933, the feast of the Immaculate Conception.

She is celebrated in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church on 16 April. In France, her liturgical celebration is an optional memorial and is held on February 18, which commemorates Bernadette's third vision during which the "lady" told her that she does not promise to make her happy in this world, but in the other.

The body of Bernadette Soubirous

Bishop Gauthey of Nevers and the Catholic Church exhumed the body of Soubirous on 22 September 1909, in the presence of representatives appointed by the postulators of the cause, two doctors and a sister of the community. They claimed that although the crucifix in her hand and her rosary had both oxidized, her body appeared incorrupt – preserved from decomposition. This was cited as one of the miracles to support her canonization. They washed and reclothed her body before re-burial in the Chapel of St Joseph in a new double casket.

The church exhumed the corpse a second time on 3 April 1919, on the occasion of the approval of Bernadette's canonization. Dr. Comte, who examined the body, noted, "The body is practically mummified, covered with patches of mildew and quite a notable layer of salts, which appear to be calcium salts. … The skin has disappeared in some places, but it is still present on most parts of the body." Again, the body was returned to the vault of St Joseph's chapel.

In 1925, the church exhumed the body for a third time. They took relics, which were sent to Rome. A precise imprint of the face was molded to make a wax mask based on the imprints and on some genuine photos to be placed on her body. This was common practice for relics in France as it was feared that the blackish tinge to the face and the sunken eyes and nose would be viewed as corruption by the public. Imprints of the hands were also taken for the presentation of the body and the making of wax casts. The remains were then placed in a gold and crystal reliquary in the Chapel of Saint Bernadette at the main church of the convent

Three years later in 1928, Doctor Comte published a report on the third exhumation of Soubirous in the second issue of the Bulletin de l'Association medicale de Notre-Dame de Lourdes.

"I would have liked to open the left side of the thorax to take the ribs as relics and then remove the heart which I am certain must have survived. However, as the trunk was slightly supported on the left arm, it would have been rather difficult to try and get at the heart without doing too much noticeable damage. As the Mother Superior had expressed a desire for the Saint's heart to be kept together with the whole body, and as Monsignor the Bishop did not insist, I gave up the idea of opening the left-hand side of the thorax and contented myself with removing the two right ribs which were more accessible. ... What struck me during this examination, of course, was the state of perfect preservation of the skeleton, the fibrous tissues of the muscles (still supple and firm), of the ligaments, and of the skin, and above all the totally unexpected state of the liver after 46 years. One would have thought that this organ, which is basically soft and inclined to crumble, would have decomposed very rapidly or would have hardened to a chalky consistency. Yet, when it was cut it was soft and almost normal in consistency. I pointed this out to those present, remarking that this did not seem to be a natural phenomenon."

In 1970, the convent at Nevers was converted into a pilgrimage centre dedicated to Soubirous, run by volunteers and a few sisters and known as Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers.

In the spring of 2015, the town of Lourdes lobbied for Soubirous's remains to be returned to Lourdes, a move opposed by the city of Nevers.

Minor Relics

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes has a few bodily relics which traveled in several European dioceses from 2017 to be exposed for the veneration of people. In 2019, a new reliquary was built for the travel of the relics. In 2022, the reliquary visited the United States and the United Kingdom. The relics first traveled to the United States from April to August 2022, visiting around thirty dioceses. In September and October 2022, the relics where exposed in around fifty places in England, Scotland, and Wales, including in the Westminster Cathedral and at the Carfin Lourdes Grotto.

Places

The town of Lourdes where Bernadette grew up and had her visions has become a major international pilgrimage site attracting millions of visitors each year. Several churches and infrastructures were built around the cave where the apparitions occurred, forming together the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes. The sanctuary is reputed for the Lourdes water streaming inside the cave from a spring discovered by Bernadette during the apparitions, which is said to have healing properties, attracting many sick pilgrims. The most recent church in the sanctuary is the St. Bernadette Church, completed in 1988. The sanctuary also has a museum called the St. Bernadette Museum, dedicated to the history of the apparitions. In the city center of Lourdes, pilgrims can visit the house where Bernadette was born and the room where her family was staying at the time of the apparitions.

Hundreds of Lourdes grottos were built all over the world after the apparitions to allow believers to venerate Our Lady of Lourdes in their own countries, specially those who could not afford to make the expensive and long trip to Lourdes. These replicas of the original cave where the apparitions occurred recreate the scenes of the apparitions, usually with a statue of Our Lady of Lourdes in a niche and a statue of Bernadette on her knees and praying or holding a candle.

The Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers, is dedicated to her memory. This is where her body has been kept after her death. Her body is now exposed for the veneration of visitors. The city of Nevers also has a museum dedicated to the life of Bernadette, called the "Bernadette Museum".

Numerous churches, shrines and catholic schools are named after St. Bernadette all over the world.

Depictions

In 1909, the French short movie Bernadette Soubirous et les Apparitions de Lourdes, directed by Honoré Le Sablais, is the first attempt to tell with the new cinematographic art the story of Bernadette, according to the RAI 3 documentary Lourdes. La storia.
In 1926, the French film La vie merveilleuse de Bernadette directed by Georges Pallu and starring Alexandra as Soubirous.
In 1935, the Portuguese Georges Pallu directed La Vierge du rocher ("The Virgin of the Rock") with Micheline Masson in the role of Bernadette.
In 1941, Soubirous's life was given a fictionalized treatment in Franz Werfel's 1941 novel The Song of Bernadette
In 1943, director Henry King adapted Werfel's novel into a film of the same name, starring Jennifer Jones as Bernadette and the uncredited Linda Darnell as the Immaculate Conception. Jones won the Best Actress Oscar for this portrayal.
On 13 October 1958, the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse presented Song of Bernadette on the CBS television network starring Italian-born film and television actress Pier Angeli as Bernadette Soubirous. The cast also featured Marian Seldes and Norman Alden. The program, hosted by Desi Arnaz, was adapted by Ludi Claire from a story by Margaret Gray Blanton. It was directed by both Ralph Alswang and Claudio Guzmán.
In 1961, Danièle Ajoret [fr] portrayed Bernadette in Bernadette of Lourdes (French title: Il suffit d'aimer [fr] or Love is Enough) of Robert Darène.
In 1961, the German TV movie Bernadette Soubirous directed by Hans Quest and starring Kornelia Boje [de].
Cristina Galbó portrayed Aquella joven de blanco (A Little Maiden in White), Spain, 1965, directed by León Klimovsky.
In 1967, a French TV movie L'affaire Lourdes directed by Marcel Bluwal and starring Marie-Hélène Breillat [fr] as Bernadette.
In 1972, the rock band Yes released 'Close to the Edge' where the lyrics for the "I get up" section were based on the visions of Bernadette.
In 1981, Andrea del Boca portrayed Bernadette in an eponymous Argentine television mini-series directed by her father Nicolás del Boca (4 episodes of 1 hour each).
Bernadette in 1988 and its sequel La Passion de Bernadette (The Passion of Bernadette) in 1990 by Jean Delannoy, starring Sydney Penny in the lead role.
In 1990, the musical Bernadette (Hughes and Hughes) ran for three and a half weeks at the Dominion Theatre, Tottenham Court Road, London. It was directed by Ernest Maxin.
In 1990, Fernando Uribe and Steven Hahn directed a short animated film, Bernadette: La Princesa de Lourdes, produced by John Williams and Jorge Gonzalez, available in English since 1991 with the title Bernadette – The Princess of Lourdes.
Angèle Osinsky portrayed Saint Bernadette in the Italian TV movie Lourdes [it], 2000, by Lodovico Gasparini [it].
In 2002, the musical Vision by Jonathan Smith and Dominic Hartley, depicting the life of Bernadette, debuted in Liverpool. It has been performed in the UK, France, and Nigeria.
In 2007, the Indian film Our Lady of Lourdes directed by V.R. Gopinath and starring Ajna Noiseux.
In 2009, Bernadette, an opera in three acts by Trevor Jones. First performance 2016 in Gloucestershire, England.
In 2011, the French short movie Grotta profunda, les humeurs du gouffre directed by Pauline Curnier Jardin and starring Simon Fravega.
In 2011, the French film Je m'appelle Bernadette [fr] directed by Jean Sagols and starring Katia Cuq (Katia Miran [fr]).
In 2013, the French TV movie Une femme nommée Marie, directed by Robert Hossein and Dominique Thiel, starring Manon Le Moal.
In 2013, Bernadette Kaviyam, a book published by Geetham Publications, Chennai. Bernadette's life explained with poetry by Poet C.P.Sivarasan, Mangalakuntu.
In 2015, "Le Coup de Grâce", an original song about St. Bernadette was published and released on YouTube by American songwriter Orv Pibbs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNieSdjLa2s
In 2023, a new musical, The Song of Bernadette, based on Frank Werfel's novel, will premiere at the Skylight Music Theatre in Milwaukee.

Notes and references

^ Ruggles, Robin (1999). Apparition shrines. Places of pilgrimage and prayer. Boston: Pauline Books & Media. p. 68. ISBN 0-81984799-2.
"The Body of Saint Bernadette". www.catholicpilgrims.com. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
"St. Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ Media, Franciscan (16 April 2016). "Saint Bernadette Soubirous". Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
"UPI Almanac for Monday, Jan, 7, 2019". United Press International. 7 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019. Marie-Bernarde Soubirous, who became St. Bernadette and whose visions led to the foundation of the shrine at Lourdes, France, in 1844
^ ""Saint Bernadette Soubirous", Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc". Retrieved 24 October 2019.
Taylor (2003), p. 42.
Taylor (2003), p. 59-60.
Taylor (2003), p. 62-63.
Taylor (2003), p. 68-69.
Taylor (2003), p. 84.
^ "Biography of Bernadette Soubirous". Biography Online.
Taylor (2003), p. 88-90.
Harris, Ruth (1999). Lourdes : body and spirit in the secular age. New York: Viking. p. 8.
"How do we recognise the 70th miracle of Lourdes". www.lourdes-france.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
"Miraculous cures in Lourdes". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
von Huben, Ellyn (11 February 2015). "10 Things to Know About Our Lady of Lourdes and St Bernadette". Word on Fire. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
Statistica.com Number of pilgrims in Lourdes each year
^ "Religious life". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ McEachern, Patricia (2005). A Holy Life": The Writings of St. Bernadette. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "Our Lady of Lourdes". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 49–50. ISBN 971-91595-4-5.
"St. Bernadette of Lourdes". Britannica. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
"What are the relics?". stbernadetteusa.org. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
"Sainte Bernadette Soubirous". Nominis. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
"18th February – Lourdes celebrates Saint Bernadette". lourdes-france.com. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
^ "The Body of St. Bernadette of Lourdes | EWTN". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network.
Ken Jeremiah, Christian Mummification: An Interpretative History of the Preservation of Saints, Martyrs and Others, McFarland & Company, Jefferson NC, 2012, p. 30
"The Marvelous Preservation of St. Bernadette". National Catholic Register. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
Henri Neuendorf (4 May 2015). "Battle over Remains of St. Bernadette of Lourdes – artnet News". artnet News.
"A New Reliquary for St. Bernadette by Granda Liturgical Arts". Liturgical Arts Journal. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
"A new reliquary of Saint Bernadette". lourdes-france.org. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
Pronechen, Joseph (10 April 2022). "St. Bernadette's Relics Tour the United States". National Catholic Register.
"St Bernadette Relic Tour 2022". Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales.
"St Bernadette's remains set off on UK tour". The Irish World. 2 September 2022.
"Église Sainte Bernadette". en.lourdes-infotourisme.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
"Musée Sainte-Bernadette". en.lourdes-infotourisme.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
"Le cachot". en.lourdes-infotourisme.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
"Moulin de Boly". en.lourdes-infotourisme.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
"Bernadette Museum". City of Nevers. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
Ruiz, Christophe (8 October 2008). "Cinéma: Un festival "Lourdes au cinéma"". La Semaine des Pyrénées (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
(in French) See occurrences on Google.
(in Italian) RAI 3 – Lourdes. La storia.
"La Vierge du rocher", Le Cinema Francais
Experience over nine decades of the Oscars from 1927 to 2024
Theatrical poster.
Christophe Ruiz (21 October 2021). "Cinéma: Un festival "Lourdes au cinéma"". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
"Vie de Ste Bernadette (Vieux film)". YouTube. 30 October 2018.
"Steve Howe (Interview): Close to the Edge | Joining the Stones | Jethro Tull's Prog Parody". YouTube. 5 May 2022.
"Los especiales de ATC" (in Spanish). 1981. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"Forever Andrea Television". Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Theatrical poster.
VHS tape and DVD Release Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Broadcast Productions (7 January 2016). "Home". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
DVD poster Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Official website Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
"The Song of Bernadette". Skylight Music Theatre. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.

Bibliography

Harris, Ruth (1999). Lourdes: body and spirit in the secular age. Viking. ISBN 0-670-87905-3.
Jeremiah, Ken (2012). Christian Mummification: An Interpretative History of the Preservation of Saints, Martyrs and Others. McFarland & Company.
McEachern, Patricia (2005). A Holy Life: St. Bernadette of Lourdes. Ignatius. ISBN 978-1-58617-116-2.
Ruggles, Robin (1999). Apparition shrine Places of pilgrimage and prayer. Pauline Books & Media. ISBN 0-8198-4799-2.
Taylor, Thérèse (2003). Bernadette of Lourdes. Burns and Oates. ISBN 0-86012-337-5.

External links

The Body of Saint Bernadette – Includes reports of her exhumation and photographs of her body and tomb.
Notes on the Investigation, including facsimile of notes taken during an interview with Bernadette
Catholic Encyclopedia: Notre-Dame de Lourdes
Works by Bernadette Soubirous at Open Library
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

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Evangelists	Matthew Mark Luke John
Church Fathers	Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus
Martyrs	Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Compiègne Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Damascus Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
Missionaries	Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius
Patriarchs	Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs
Popes	Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus
Prophets	Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah
Virgins	Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini Josephine Bakhita
See also	Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan
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