This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ohconfucius (talk | contribs) at 04:00, 18 July 2024 (Script-assisted style fixes and per CS1, script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 04:00, 18 July 2024 by Ohconfucius (talk | contribs) (Script-assisted style fixes and per CS1, script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Autonomous car technology company
 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Autonomous cars |
| Predecessor | Google Self-Driving Car Project |
| Founded |
|
| Founder | |
| Headquarters | Mountain View, California, U.S. |
| Area served |
|
| Key people |
|
| Number of employees | 2,500 (2023)  |
| Parent |
|
| Website | waymo |
Waymo LLC, formerly known as the Google Self-Driving Car Project, is an American autonomous driving technology company headquartered in Mountain View, California. It is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc, the parent company of Google.
The company traces its origins to the Stanford Racing Team, which competed in the 2005 and 2007 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Grand Challenges. Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 2009, led by Sebastian Thrun, the former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL), and Anthony Levandowski, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots. After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles, the New York Times revealed Google's project in October 2010.
In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads". In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet. In October 2020, Waymo became the first company to offer service to the public without safety drivers in the vehicle. Waymo currently operates commercial robotaxi services in Phoenix, Arizona and San Francisco, with new services planned in Los Angeles and Austin, Texas.
Waymo is run by co-CEOs Tekedra Mawakana and Dmitri Dolgov. The company raised $5.5 billion in multiple outside funding rounds. Waymo has partnerships with multiple vehicle manufacturers, including Stellantis, Mercedes-Benz Group AG, Jaguar Land Rover, and Volvo.
History
See also: History of self-driving carsGround work
Google's development of self-driving technology began on January 17, 2009, at Google X lab, run by co-founder Sergey Brin. The project was launched at Google by Sebastian Thrun, the former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) and Anthony Levandowski, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.
The initial software code and artificial intelligence (AI) design of the effort started before the team worked at Google, when Thrun and 15 engineers, including Dmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, Hendrik Dahlkamp, Sven Strohband, and David Stavens, built Stanley and Junior, Stanford's entries in the 2005 and 2007 DARPA Challenges. Later, aspects of this technology were used in a digital mapping project for SAIL called VueTool. In 2007, Google acqui-hired the entire VueTool team to help advance Google's Street View technology.
As part of Street View development, 100 Toyota Priuses were outfitted with Topcon digital mapping hardware developed by 510 Systems.
In 2008, the Street View team launched project Ground Truth, to create accurate road maps by extracting data from satellites and street views.
Pribot
In February 2008, a Discovery Channel producer for the documentary series Prototype This! phoned Levandowski. The producer requested to borrow Levandowski's Ghost Rider, the autonomous two-wheeled motocycle Levandowski's Berkeley team had built for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge that Levandowski had later donated to the Smithsonian. Since the motorcycle was not available, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius as a self-driving pizza delivery car for the show.
As a Google employee, Levandowski asked Larry Page and Thrun whether Google was interested in participating in the show. Both declined, citing liability issues. However, they authorized Levandowski to move forward with the project, as long as it was not associated with Google. Within weeks Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots to do so. He retrofitted the car with light detection and ranging technology (lidar), sensors, and cameras. The Stanford team (Stanley (vehicle)) provided its code base to the project. The ensuing episode depicting Pribot delivering pizza across the San Francisco Bay Bridge under police escort aired in December 2008.
The project success led Google to greenlight Google's self-driving car program in January 2009. In 2011, Google acquired 510 Systems (co-founded by Levandowski, Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz), and Anthony's Robots for an estimated US$20 million. Levandowski's vehicle and hardware, and Stanford's AI technology and software, became the nucleus of the project.
Project Chauffeur
After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles, the New York Times revealed the existence of Google's project on October 9, 2010. Google announced its initiative later the same day.
Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate autonomous vehicles. A related Nevada law went into effect on March 1, 2012. Google had been lobbying for such laws. A modified Prius was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012. The car was "driven" by Chris Urmson with Levandowski in the passenger seat. This was the first US license for a self-driven car.
In January 2014 Google was granted a patent for a transportation service funded by advertising that included autonomous vehicles as a transport method. In late May, Google revealed an autonomous prototype, which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal. In December, Google unveiled a Firefly prototype that was planned to be tested on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in early 2015.
In 2015, Levandowski left the project. In August 2015, Google hired former Hyundai Motor executive, John Krafcik, as CEO. In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" in Austin, Texas to Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Blind Center, who was a legally blind friend of principal engineer Nathaniel Fairfield. It was the first entirely autonomous trip on a public road. It was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort. The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals. By the end of 2015, Project Chauffeur had covered more than a million miles.
Google spent $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015. For comparison, the acquisition of Cruise Automation by General Motors in March 2016 was for $500 million, and Uber's acquisition of Otto in August 2016 was for $680 million.
Waymo
In May 2016, Google and Stellantis announced an order of 100 Chrysler Pacifica hybrid minivans to test the self-driving technology. In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet. The name was derived from "a new way forward in mobility". In May 2016, the company opened a 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m) technology center in Novi, Michigan.
In 2017, Waymo sued Uber for allegedly stealing trade secrets. Waymo began testing minivans without a safety driver on public roads in Chandler, Arizona, in October 2017. In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that improve visibility, and wipers to clear the lidar system. At the beginning of the self-driving car program, they used a $75,000 lidar system from Velodyne. In 2017, the cost decreased approximately 90 percent, as Waymo converted to in-house built lidar. Waymo has applied its technology to various cars including the Prius, Audi TT, Fiat Chrysler Pacifica, and Lexus RX450h. Waymo partners with Lyft on pilot projects and product development. Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017.
In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of its I-Pace electric SUVs at an estimated cost of more than $1 billion. In late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the fleet. Also in May 2018, Waymo established Huimo Business Consulting subsidiary in Shanghai.
In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle & Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo used vehicle assembler Magna to turn Jaguar I-PACE electric SUVs and Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans into Waymo Level 4 autonomous vehicles. Waymo subsequently reverted to retrofitting existing models rather than a custom design.
In March 2020, Waymo Via was launched after the company's announcement that it had raised $2.25 billion from investors. In May 2020, Waymo raised an additional $750 million. In July 2020, the company announced an exclusive partnership with auto manufacturer Volvo to integrate Waymo technology.
In April 2021, Krafcik was replaced by two co-CEOs: Waymo's COO Tekedra Mawakana and CTO Dmitri Dolgov. Waymo raised $2.5 billion in another funding round in June 2021, with total funding of $5.5 billion. Waymo launched a consumer testing program in San Francisco in August 2021. Geely Holding said it would partner with Waymo to make electric vehicles from its premium electric mobility brand, Zeekr, to be deployed as fully autonomous ride-hailing vehicles across the United States.
In May 2022, Waymo started a pilot program seeking riders in downtown Phoenix, Arizona. In May 2022, Waymo announced that it would expand the program to more areas of Phoenix. In 2023, coverage of the Waymo One area was increased by 45 square miles (120 km), expanding to include downtown Mesa, uptown Phoenix, and South Mountain Village.
In June 2022, Waymo announced a partnership with Uber, under which Waymo will integrate its autonomous technology into Uber's freight truck service. Plans to expand the program to Los Angeles were announced in late 2022. On December 13, 2022, Waymo applied for the final permit necessary to operate fully autonomous taxis, without a backup driver present, within the state of California.
In January 2023, The Information reported that Waymo staff were among those affected by Google's layoffs of around 12,000 workers. TechCrunch reported that Waymo was set to kill its trucking program.
Technology
Google has invested heavily in matrix multiplication and video processing hardware such as the Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) to augment Nvidia's graphics processing units (GPUs) and Intel central processing units (CPUs). Much of this is shrouded in trade secrets, but transformer (machine learning) technology for inference is probably involved.
Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving hardware developed in-house. This includes sensors and hardware-enhanced vision system, radar, and lidar.
Sensors give 360-degree views while lidar detects objects up to 300 metres (980 ft) away. Short-range lidar images objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around other vehicles and track objects in motion.
Riders push buttons to control functions such as "help", "lock", "pull over", and "start ride".
Waymo's deep-learning architecture VectorNet predicts vehicle trajectories in complex traffic scenarios. It uses a graph neural network to model the interactions between vehicles and has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets for trajectory prediction.
Waymo Carcraft is a virtual world where Waymo can simulate driving conditions. The simulator was named after the video game World of Warcraft. With Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas; Mountain View, California; Phoenix, Arizona; and other cities.
Road testing
Chronology
In 2009, Google began testing its self-driving cars in the San Francisco Bay Area.
By December 2013, Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan had passed laws permitting autonomous cars. A law proposed in Texas allowed testing.
In June 2015, Waymo announced that their vehicles had driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km) and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles. Prototype vehicles were driving in Mountain View. Speeds were limited to 25 mph (40 km/h) and had safety drivers aboard. Google took its first driverless ride on public roads in October 2015, when Mahan took a 10-minute ride around Austin in a Google "pod car" with no steering wheel or pedals. Google expanded its road-testing to Texas, where regulations did not prohibit cars without pedals or a steering wheel.
In 2016, road testing expanded to Phoenix and Kirkland, Washington, which has a wet climate. As of June 2016, Google had test driven its fleet of vehicles in autonomous mode a total of 1,725,911 mi (2,777,585 km). In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "total of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were autonomous (i.e., the car was fully in control)".
In 2017, Waymo reported a total of 636,868 miles covered by the fleet in autonomous mode, and the associated 124 disengagements, for the period from December 1, 2015, through November 30, 2016. In November Waymo altered its Arizona testing by removing safety drivers. The cars were geofenced within a 100-square-mile (260 km) region surrounding Chandler, Arizona.
In 2017, Waymo began testing its level 4 cars in Arizona to take advantage of good weather, simple roads, and reasonable laws.
In 2017, Waymo began testing in Michigan. Also, in 2017, Waymo unveiled its Castle test facility in Central Valley, California. Castle, a former airbase, has served as the project's training course since 2012.
In March 2018, Waymo announced its plans for experiments with the company's self-driving trucks delivering freight to Google data centers in Atlanta, Georgia. In October 2018, the California Department of Motor Vehicles issued a permit for Waymo to operate cars without safety drivers. Waymo was the first company to receive a permit that allowed day and night testing on public roads and highways. Waymo announced that its service would include Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Los Altos, and Palo Alto. In July 2019, Waymo received permission to transport passengers.
In December 2018, Waymo launched Waymo One, transporting passengers. The service used safety drivers to monitor some rides, with others provided in select areas without them. In November 2019, Waymo One became the first autonomous service worldwide to operate without safety drivers.
By January 2020, Waymo had completed twenty million miles (32,000,000 km) of driving on public roads.
In August 2021, commercial Waymo One test service started in San Francisco, beginning with a "trusted tester" rollout.
In March 2022, Waymo began offering rides for Waymo staff in San Francisco without a driver.
Crashes
By July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars had been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads. Google maintained that, in all but one case, the vehicle was not at fault because the cars were either driven manually or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.
By July 2021, the NHTSA had found 150 crashes by Waymo. Under NHTSA rules, crashes were reported if the system was in use in the prior 30 seconds, though most crashes did not have injuries.
Waymo regularly publishes safety reports. Waymo is required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents where the safety driver took control for safety reasons. Some incidents were not reported when simulations indicated that the car would have stopped safely on its own. In 2023, Waymo claimed only 3 crashes with injuries over 7.1 million miles driven, nearly twice as safe as a human driver.
A Waymo robotaxi killed a dog in San Francisco while in "autonomous mode" in May 2023.
In February 2024, a driverless Waymo robotaxi struck a cyclist in San Francisco. Later that same month, Waymo issued recalls for 444 of its vehicles after two hit the same truck being towed on a highway.
Limitations
Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, at L4 autonomy with no one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians. Waymo's earlier testing focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme density, or complicated road systems, but it has moved on to test under new conditions. As a result, beginning in 2017, Waymo began testing in areas with harsher conditions, such as its winter testing in Michigan.
In 2014, a critic wrote in the MIT Technology Review that unmapped stoplights would cause problems with Waymo's technology and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes. Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, signal the car to stop, the critic wrote. Waymo has worked to improve how its technology responds in construction zones.
California regulators do not require Waymo to disclose every incident involving erratic behavior in its fleet. In the first five months of 2023, San Francisco officials said they had logged more than 240 incidents in which a Cruise or Waymo vehicle might have created a safety hazard.
In 2021, it was noted that Waymo cars kept routing through the Richmond District of San Francisco, with up to 50 cars each day driving to a dead end street before turning around. In 2023, ABC7 News Bay Area posted a video of a journalist taking a ride in a Waymo vehicle, which notably stopped at a green light and dropped the journalist at the wrong stop twice, despite support intervention.
Backlash
In 2023, the San Francisco group Safe Street Rebels used a practice called "coning" to trap Waymo and Cruise cars with traffic cones as a form of protest after claiming that the cars had been involved in hundreds of incidents. During the 2024 Lunar New Year in San Francisco Chinatown, protestors attacked, graffitied, and set fire to a Waymo car. No one was injured. In 2024, passengers during a Waymo ride described an attack by an onlooker who attempted to cover the car's sensors.
In 2024, a San Francisco city attorney had attempted to sue to prevent expansion of driverless vehicles including Waymo into San Francisco. San Mateo County government soon after also sent a letter to regulators opposing expansion to its county.
In May 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into potential flaws in Waymo vehicles, focusing on 31 incidents that included Waymo vehicles ramming into a closing gate, driving on the wrong side of the road, and at least 17 crashes or fires.
Services
Waymo highlighted four specific business uses for its autonomous tech in 2017: Robotaxis, trucking and logistics, urban public transportation, and passenger cars.
Robotaxis
This section is an excerpt from Robotaxi.| Part of a series on |
| Self-driving cars & self-driving vehicles |
|---|
 |
| Enablers |
| Topics |
| Related topics |
Waymo offers robotaxi services in Phoenix, Arizona and San Francisco, with plans to expand to Los Angeles, California. Waymo's autonomous robotaxi was developed by Zeekr and CEVT.
Trucking and delivery
Waymo Via, launched in 2020 to work with OEMs to get its technology into vehicles. The company is testing Class 8 tractor-trailers in Atlanta, and southwest shipping routes across Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The company operates a trucking hub in Dallas, Texas. It is partnering with Daimler to integrate autonomous technology into a fleet of Freightliner Cascadia trucks.
Waymo operates 48 Class 8 autonomous trucks with safety drivers. In 2023 Waymo issued a joint application along with Aurora Innovation to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for a five-year exemption from rules that require drivers to place reflective triangles or a flare around a stopped tractor-trailer truck, to avoid needing human drivers, in favor of warning beacons mounted on the truck cab.
Waymo tested its technology in commercial delivery vehicles with United Parcel Service. In July 2020 Waymo and Stellantis expanded their partnership, including the development of Ram ProMaster delivery vehicles.
Legal matters
Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.
In February 2017, Waymo sued Uber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company, Otto, alleging trade secret theft and patent infringement. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees, including Anthony Levandowski, had stolen trade secrets, including thousands of files, from Google before joining Uber. The alleged infringement was related to Waymo's proprietary lidar technology, Google accused Uber of colluding with Levandowski. Levandowski allegedly downloaded 9 gigabytes of data that included over a hundred trade secrets; eight of which were at stake during the trial.
An ensuing settlement gave Waymo 0.34% of Uber stock, the equivalent of $245 million. Uber agreed not to infringe Waymo's intellectual property. Part of the agreement included a guarantee that "Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software." In statements released after the settlement, Uber maintained that it received no trade secrets. In May, according to an Uber spokesman, Uber had fired Levandowski, which resulted in the loss of roughly $250 million of his equity in Uber, which almost exactly equaled the settlement. Uber announced that it was halting production of self-driving trucks through Otto in July 2018, and the subsidiary company was shuttered.
California disclosure dispute
In January 2022, Waymo sued the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to prevent data on driverless crashes from being released to the public. Waymo maintained that such information constituted a trade secret. According to The Los Angeles Times, the "topics Waymo wants to keep hidden include how it plans to handle driverless car emergencies, what it would do if a robot taxi started driving itself where it wasn't supposed to go, and what constraints there are on the car's ability to traverse San Francisco's tunnels, tight curves and steep hills."
In February 2022, Waymo was successful in preventing the release of robotaxi safety records. A Waymo spokesperson affirmed that the company would be transparent about its safety record.
References
- ^ "How a robot lover pioneered the driverless car, and why he's selling his latest to Uber". The Guardian. August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ "Google's self-driving-car project becomes a separate company: Waymo". Associated Press. December 13, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Krafcik, John (January 17, 2019). "Our #tenyearchallenge has been building the world's most experienced driver. Thanks to two visionary @Google characters for getting us started & to the @Waymo One riders in #Phoenix we're serving. HBD #Waymo pic.twitter.com/Ew4fdXjM7c". John Krafcik's official Twitter account. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
- ^ "The Unknown Start-up That Built Google's First Self-Driving Car". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. November 19, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
Though Google has portrayed Thrun as its "godfather" of self-driving, a review of the available evidence suggests that the motivating force behind the company's program was actually Levandowski
- ^ "God Is a Bot, and Anthony Levandowski Is His Messenger | Backchannel". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ John Markoff (October 9, 2010). "Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
- ^ Sebastian Thrun (October 9, 2010). "What we're driving at". The Official Google Blog. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
- ^ "Anthony Levandowski pleads guilty to one count of trade secrets theft under plea deal". TechCrunch. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ Team, Waymo (December 13, 2016). "On the road with self-driving car user number one". Medium.
- ^ "Journey". Waymo.
- "Waymo launches its first commercial self-driving car service". Engadget. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- White, Joseph (October 8, 2020). "Waymo opens driverless robo-taxi service to the public in Phoenix". Reuters. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
- "Waymo Relaunches Driverless Ride Sharing". All About Arizona News. October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (December 9, 2019). "Waymo's driverless car: ghost-riding in the back seat of a robot taxi". The Verge.
- "Autonomous Ride-Hailing in Los Angeles, CA". Waymo. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- "Autonomous Ride-Hailing in Austin, Texas". Waymo. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- "Waymo CEO John Krafcik steps aside as co-CEO's take over". CNBC. April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ Fannin, Rebecca (May 21, 2022). "Where the billions spent on autonomous vehicles by U.S. and Chinese giants is heading". CNBC. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
- ^ Andrew J. Hawkins (November 7, 2017). "Waymo is first to put fully self-driving cars on US roads without a safety driver". The Verge. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Daimler Trucks partners with Waymo to build self-driving semi trucks, TechCrunch, October 27, 2020
- Bergen, Mark; Naughton, Keith (April 2, 2018). "Waymo isn't going to slow down now". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Silver, David. "Waymo And Volvo Form Exclusive Self-Driving Partnership". Forbes. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Higgins, Jack Nicas and Tim (May 23, 2017). "Google vs. Uber: How One Engineer Sparked a War". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ "Fury Road: Did Uber Steal the Driverless Future From Google?". Bloomberg.com. March 16, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Hull, Dana (October 30, 2017). "The PayPal Mafia of Self-Driving Cars Has Been at It a Decade". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Duhigg, Charles (October 15, 2018). "Did Uber Steal Google's Intellectual Property?". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- Miller, Greg (December 8, 2014). "The Huge, Unseen Operation Behind the Accuracy of Google Maps". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- Goddard, Megan. "Project Ground Truth: Accurate Maps via Algorithms and Elbow Grease" (PDF). Retrieved November 6, 2023.
- Bilger, Burkhard (November 18, 2013). "Has the Self-Driving Car Arrived at Last?". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ""Ghostrider" Robot Motorcycle". National Museum of American History. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ McCullagh, Declan. "Robotic Prius takes itself for a spin around SF". CNET. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ "How Anthony Levandowski Put Himself at the Center of an Industry". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- "Automated Pizza Delivery". Discovery. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- Ohnsman, Alan. "Anthony Levandowski, The Fallen Self-Driving Tech Star Who Triggered Waymo-Uber Legal Battle, Ordered To Pay Google $179 Million". Forbes. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Mary Slosson (May 8, 2012). "Google gets first self-driven car license in Nevada". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
- "Nevada enacts law authorizing autonomous (driverless) vehicles". Green Car Congress. June 25, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- Alex Knapp (June 22, 2011). "Nevada Passes Law Authorizing Driverless Cars". Forbes. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- John Markoff (May 10, 2011). "Google Lobbies Nevada To Allow Self-Driving Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ Harris, Mark (September 10, 2014). "How Google's Autonomous Car Passed the First U.S. State Self-Driving Test". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- Billy Davies (January 24, 2014). "The future of urban transport: The self-driving car club". zodiacmedia.co.uk. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
- B1 US patent 8630897 B1, Luis Ricardo Prada Gomez; Andrew Timothy Szybalski Sebastian Thrun & Philip Nemec et al., "Transportation-aware physical advertising conversions", published 2014-01-14, assigned to Google Inc
- A First Drive. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
- Liz Gannes (May 27, 2014). "Google Introduces New Self Driving Car at the Code Conference – Re/code". Re/code.
- "Google's 'goofy' new self-driving car a sign of things to come". Mercury News. December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
- Lynch, Jim (June 13, 2017). "Waymo retires Firefly test cars, focuses on Pacificas". The Detroit News. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
- Wakabayashi, Daisuke (December 13, 2016). "Google Parent Company Spins Off Self-Driving Car Business". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- III, Ashley Halsey; Laris, Michael (December 13, 2016). "Blind man sets out alone in Google's driverless car". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- Encalada, Debbie (December 14, 2016). "Google Confirms First Ever Driverless Self-Driving Car Ride". Complex Media.
- Mark Harris (September 15, 2017). "Google Has Spent Over $1.1 Billion on Self-Driving Tech". IEEE spectrum.
- Tommaso Ebhardt (May 3, 2016). "Fiat, Google Plan Partnership on Self-Driving Minivans". Bloomberg.com.
- Etherington, Darrell; Kolodny, Lora. "Google's self-driving car unit becomes Waymo".
- Krafcik, John (October 27, 2017). "Michigan is Waymo's winter wonderland". Medium.com. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- Randazzo, Ryan (January 30, 2018). "Waymo to start driverless ride sharing in Phoenix area this year". Arizona Republic. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Bergen, Mark (May 16, 2017). "Waymo Tests Hardware to Ease Passenger Fears of Driverless Cars". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Dallon Adams (April 26, 2017). "Everything you need to know about Waymo's self-driving car project". Digital Trends. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Ron Amadeo (January 9, 2017). "Google's Waymo invests in LIDAR technology, cuts costs by 90 percent". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Damon Lavrinc (April 16, 2012). "Exclusive: Google Expands Its Autonomous Fleet With Hybrid Lexus RX450h". Wired. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- Gibbs, Samuel (November 7, 2017). "Google sibling Waymo launches fully autonomous ride-hailing service". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
- Isaac, Mike (May 14, 2017). "Lyft and Waymo Reach Deal to Collaborate on Self-Driving Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Higgins, Tim; Dawson, Chester (March 27, 2018). "Waymo Orders Up to 20,000 Jaguar SUVs for Driverless Fleet". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Topham, Gwyn (March 27, 2018). "Jaguar to supply 20,000 cars to Google's self-driving spin-off Waymo". The Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- Andrew J. Hawkins (January 30, 2018). "Waymo strikes a deal to buy 'thousands' more self-driving minivans from Fiat Chrysler". The Verge. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- della Cava, Marco. "Waymo will add up to 62,000 FCA minivans to self-driving fleet". USA Today. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- Bergen, Mark; Spears, Lee (August 24, 2018). "Waymo's Shanghai Subsidiary Gives Alphabet Another Route Back to China". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
- Sage, Alexandria (April 23, 2019). "Waymo picks Detroit factory for self-driving fleet, to be operational by mid-2019". Reuters. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- Korosec, Kirsten. "Waymo picks Detroit factory to build self-driving cars". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- Rudgard, Olivia (August 19, 2019). "Google spin-out Waymo rules out building its own self-driving cars". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ^ LeBeau, Phil (March 2, 2020). "Waymo launches delivery service after raising $2.25 billion". CNBC. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- Miller, Daniel (May 13, 2020). "Waymo Drives an Additional $750 million in Funding". The Motley Fool. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- "Volvo Cars, Waymo partner to build self-driving vehicles". Reuters. June 25, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- Nieva, Richard (April 2, 2021). "Waymo CEO John Krafcik to step down from self-driving car company". CNET. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- Sebastian, Dave (June 16, 2021). "Waymo Raises $2.5 Billion in Funding Round". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- Alamalhodaei, Aria (June 16, 2021). "Waymo, Alphabet's self-driving arm, raises $2.5B in second external investment round". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ Randazzo, Ryan (May 10, 2022). "Waymo to start offering autonomous rides to public in central, downtown Phoenix". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Blye, Andy (May 10, 2022). "Waymo opens autonomous service to select Phoenix passengers". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- "Waymo and China's Zeekr partner to develop driverless taxis". The Star. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- Valencia, Peter. "Waymo to launch self-driving cars program at Phoenix Sky Harbor in next few weeks". Arizona's Family. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
- Vanek, Corina (July 11, 2023). "Waymo expands coverage area in Phoenix. Here's what to know to hail a robotaxi". The Arizona Republic.
- Rice, Wills (July 9, 2023). "Waymo adding 45 square miles of metro Phoenix car service". KTAR-FM.
- Mixer, Kelly (July 15, 2023). "Waymo One expands another 45 square miles in metro Phoenix". City Sun Times.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 7, 2022). "Waymo is teaming up with Uber on autonomous trucking because time really heals all wounds". The Verge. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
- Elias, Jennifer. "Waymo says it plans to launch its self-driving service in Los Angeles". CNBC. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- Dave, Paresh (December 13, 2022). "Waymo seeks permit to sell self-driving car rides in San Francisco". Reuters. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- Bellan, Rebecca (January 24, 2023). "Waymo lays off staff as Alphabet announces 12,000 job cuts". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- "Intel is collaborating with Waymo on self-driving car technology". Business Insider. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
- "Waymo shows off its next truly driverless prototype car". Retrieved November 6, 2023.
- ^ Gibbs, Samuel (November 7, 2017). "Google sibling Waymo launches fully autonomous ride-hailing service". The Guardian. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ della Cava, Marco (October 31, 2017). "Waymo shows off the secret facility where it trains self-driving cars". USA Today. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Walz, Eric (June 20, 2020). "Waymo Develops a Machine Learning Model to Predict the Behavior of Other Road Users for its Self-Driving Vehicles". Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (August 23, 2017). "Inside Waymo's Secret World for Training Self-Driving Cars". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Timothy J. Seppala (August 23, 2017). "'Carcraft' is Waymo's virtual world for autonomous vehicle testing". Engadget. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- "The Test Driven Google Car". April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011 – via YouTube.
- Darrell Etherington (January 12, 2018). "Waymo's self-driving Chrysler Pacifica begins testing in San Francisco". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Muller, Joann. "With Driverless Cars, Once Again It Is California Leading The Way", Forbes, September 26, 2012
- "Legislative Session: 83(R) Bill: HB 2932", Texas Legislature Online, May 30, 2013
- Whittington, Mark. "Law Proposed in Texas to Require Licensed Driver in Self-Driving Vehicles", Yahoo! News, Fri, March 8, 2013
- "Sign in – Google Accounts". Google.
- Murphy, Mike. "Google's self-driving cars are now on the streets of California", Quartz, June 25, 2015
- Smith, Alexander; Hansen, Shelby (November 13, 2015). "Google Self-Driving Car Gets Pulled Over — For Going Too Slowly". NBC News. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
A Google self-driving car was pulled over by police because the vehicle was traveling too slowly, officials said. The officer in Mountain View, California, noticed traffic backing up behind the prototype vehicle, which was traveling 24 mph in a 35 mph zone, the force said.
- ^ Davies, Lex (November 7, 2017). "Wymo has taken the human out of its self-driving cars". Wired. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- "California's Red Tape Slows Google's Self-Driving Roll". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
- David Shepardson (April 7, 2016). "Google expanding self-driving vehicle testing to Phoenix, Arizona". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- "Google Self-Driving Car Project Monthly Report – June 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
- "Google Self-Driving Car Project Monthly Report August 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
- "Autonomous Vehicles". California DMV.
- "Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta". The Verge. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
- "Waymo gets the green light to test fully driverless cars in California". The Verge. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
- Team, Waymo (October 30, 2018). "A Green Light for Waymo's Driverless Testing in California". Medium. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
- "Waymo is now allowed to transport passengers in its self-driving vehicles on California roads". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- Lee, Timothy (November 2, 2019). "Waymo let a reporter ride in a fully driverless car – Waymo has been touting fully driverless operation for almost two years". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- Hawkins, Andrew (December 9, 2019). "Waymo's driverless car: ghost-riding in the back seat of a robot taxi". The Verge. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- Piper, Kelsey (February 28, 2020). "It's 2020. Where are our self-driving cars? – In the age of AI advances, self-driving cars turned out to be harder than people expected". Vox. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- Team, Waymo (October 10, 2018). "Where the next 10 million miles will take us". Waymo. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
- Lee, Timothy (January 7, 2020). "Waymo is way, way ahead on testing miles – that might not be a good thing". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Amadeo, Ron (August 25, 2021). "Waymo expands to San Francisco with public self-driving test – Confidential testing starts in SF, featuring Waymo's 5th-gen Jaguar I-Pace cars". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- Nico Grant; Edward Ludlow (March 30, 2022). "Waymo, Chasing Cruise, Plans Fully Driverless Rides in San Francisco". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
- Charlie Osborne. "Google's autonomous car injuries: Blame the human". ZDNet.
- Urmson, Chris (January 20, 2017). "The View from the Front Seat of the Google Self-Driving Car". Medium.
- JOHN MARKOFF (October 9, 2010). "Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
- "Human Driver Crashes Google's Self Driving Car". Business Insider. August 5, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- Parker, Jordan (August 21, 2023). "Here's how many Waymo and Cruise vehicles have been in crashes in past 2 years". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Laris, Michael (October 23, 2017). "Waymo gives federal officials a detailed safety report on self-driving vehicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Harris, Mark (January 12, 2016). "Google reports self-driving car mistakes: 272 failures and 13 near misses". The Guardian.
- Lee, Timothy B. (December 20, 2023). "7.1 million miles, 3 minor injuries: Waymo's safety data looks good". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
- "Self-driving Waymo car kills dog amid increasing concern over robotaxis". The Guardian. June 7, 2023.
- Mishra, Disha; Rajan, Gnaneshwar (February 7, 2024). "Waymo robotaxi accident with San Francisco cyclist draws regulatory review". Reuters. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
- "Waymo issues recall after 2 of its vehicles strike the same pickup truck". AP News. February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- Cano, Ricardo (February 14, 2024). "Waymo recalls robotaxi software after collisions in Phoenix". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Shepardson, David (February 15, 2024). "Waymo recalls 444 self-driving vehicles over software error". Reuters.
- Darrell Etherington (November 7, 2017). "Waymo now testing its self-driving cars on public roads with no one at the wheel". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Alan Ohnsman (March 2, 2018). "Waymo Is Millions Of Miles Ahead In Robot Car Tests; Does It Need A Billion More?". Forbes. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Lee Gomes (August 28, 2014). "Hidden Obstacles for Google's Self-driving Car". Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
- Alex Castro (May 9, 2018). "Inside Waymo's strategy to grow the best brains for self-driving cars". The Verge. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- Eric Jaffe (April 28, 2014). "The first look at how Google's self-driving car handles city streets". Bloomberg.com. CityLab. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- Liedtke, Michael (August 5, 2023). "Recalling a wild ride with a robotaxi named Peaches as regulators mull San Francisco expansion plan". ABC News. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- Pruitt-Young, Sharon (October 16, 2021). "Self-driving Waymo cars gather in a San Francisco neighborhood, confusing residents". NPR.
- "Journalist documents wild ride inside Waymo self-driving car in SF". ABC7 San Francisco. June 29, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- Kerr, Dana (August 26, 2023). "Armed with traffic cones, protesters are immobilizing driverless cars". NPR.
- Javaid, Maham (February 12, 2024). "San Francisco crowd sets self-driving car on fire". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- Quintana, Sergio (February 13, 2024). "Authorities work to identify people who set Waymo car on fire in San Francisco". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- Pena, Luz (February 8, 2024). "SF couple describes feeling 'trapped' riding in Waymo driverless car that was being attacked". ABC7 San Francisco. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- {{Cite web | |first=Greg Wong | Examiner staff |date=January 24, 2024 |title=SF sues state regulators for robotaxi expansion |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/transit/san-francisco-sues-cpuc-for-authorizing-waymo-expansion/article_7ebe569a-bb03-11ee-9ca3-ff53bee30f57.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=San Francisco Examiner |language=en}}
- "San Mateo County opposes Waymo's driverless-car expansion". The Mercury News. February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- Thadani, Trisha; Duncan, Ian (May 24, 2024). "Major robotaxi firms face federal safety investigations after crashes". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- Korosec, Kirsten (October 19, 2022). "Waymo to launch robotaxi service in Los Angeles". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- Bassett, Abigail (November 21, 2022). "Waymo's new robotaxi is an all-electric people mover with no steering wheel". The Verge. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- Liao, Rita (October 9, 2023). "Waymo-Zeekr robotaxi poised for US testing by end of 2023". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ^ "Waymo Targets Southwest Freight Corridor for Autonomous Truck Tests". Transport Topics. June 30, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- "Waymo Via – Same Driver. Different Vehicle". Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Andrew J. Hawkins (March 9, 2018). "Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta". The Verge. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
- Ohnsman, Alan (August 25, 2020). "Waymo Taps Texas As Its Robot Truck Hub With Dallas Depot". Forbes. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- Hawkins, Andrew (October 27, 2020). "Waymo and Daimler are teaming up to build fully driverless semi trucks – 'A broad, global, strategic partnership'". The Verge. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- Shepardson, David (April 12, 2023). "US union opposes driverless trucks waiver for Waymo, Aurora". Reuters. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
- "Federal Register :: Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Exemption Application From Waymo LLC, and Aurora Operations, Inc". Federal Register. March 9, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
- McFarland, Matt (January 29, 2020). "UPS teams up with Waymo to test self-driving delivery vans". CNN. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- "How the Waymo Driver is revolutionizing shipping – It's not only more efficient. Delivery networks, energy conservation, warehouse design, and more will all be affected—for the better". Fast Company. July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- Gitlin, Jonathan (July 22, 2020). "Waymo is working on autonomous Ram ProMaster Vans for goods deliveries – FCA was Waymo's first OEM partner in 2016, deal will continue post-merger with PSA". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (February 9, 2018). "Uber and Waymo Settle Trade Secrets Suit Over Driverless Cars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- "Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc; Ottomotto LLC; Otto Trucking LLC". Trade Secrets Institute. Brook law. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- "Waymo's Complaint Against Uber". The New York Times. February 23, 2017. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- "Secrets or Knowledge? Uber-Waymo Trial Tests Silicon Valley Culture". The New York Times. January 30, 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- "I'm not so sure Waymo's going to win against Uber". The Verge. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- Larson, Selena (February 7, 2018). "The tech at the center of the Waymo vs. Uber trade secrets case". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- Farivar, Cyrus (February 9, 2018). "Silicon Valley's most-watched trial ends as Waymo and Uber settle". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- Larson 2018.
- Lien, Russ; Mitchell, Tracey (February 10, 2018). "Uber reaches settlement with Waymo in dispute over trade secrets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- Korosec, Kirsten (July 30, 2018). "Uber's self-driving trucks division is dead, long live Uber self-driving cars". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (January 28, 2022). "Waymo sues California DMV to keep driverless crash data under wraps". The Verge. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- Mitchell, Russ (January 28, 2022). "Waymo sues state DMV to keep robotaxi safety details secret". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 23, 2022). "Waymo wins bid to keep some of its robotaxi safety details secret". The Verge. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
Further reading
- Grant, Christian (May 2007). "Episode Exe006: Sebastian Thrun, Director, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory". Executive Talks. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- Lin, Patrick (July 30, 2013). "The Ethics of Saving Lives with Autonomous Cars Are Far Murkier Than You Think". Wired. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- Marcus, Gary (November 27, 2012). "Moral Machines". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- Muller, Joann (May 27, 2013). "Silicon Valley vs. Detroit: The Battle for the Car of the Future". Forbes.
- Stock, Kyle (April 3, 2014). "The Problem with Self-Driving Cars". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
- Walker Smith, Bryant (November 1, 2012), Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States, Stanford Law School, retrieved August 24, 2013
External links
- Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Dataset
- Waymo Self Driving Car Videos – citizen journalist recording Waymo autonomous trips in Phoenix area
Official website Https://www.waymo.com
| Alphabet Inc. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subsidiaries |
| ||||||||||||||
| People |
| ||||||||||||||
| Self-driving cars, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overview and context | |||||
| SAE Levels |
| ||||
| Vehicles |
| ||||
| Regulation |
| ||||
| Liability | Self-driving car liability | ||||
| Enabling technologies | |||||
| Organizations, Projects & People |
| ||||