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Benedict XVI, né Joseph Ratzinger (born April 16, 1927) is Pope of the Roman Catholic Church since April 19 2005. In 1981 Cardinal Ratzinger was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II, made a Cardinal Bishop of the episcopal see of Velletri-Segni in 1993, and was elected Dean of the College of Cardinals in 2002, becoming titular bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential men in the Vatican and a close associate of the late Pope John Paul II. He presided over the funeral of John Paul II and also presided over the Conclave in 2005. During the sede vacante, he was the highest-ranking official in the Catholic Church.
Long considered a front-runner to suceed John Paul II, the College of Cardinals elected him pope on April 19, 2005.
Early life and works
Joseph Ratzinger was born in Marktl am Inn, in Bavaria, the son of a police officer who was staunchly anti-Nazi. In 1937 Ratzinger's father retired and settled in the town of Traunstein. When Ratzinger turned 14 in 1941, he was required by law to join the Hitler Youth , but according to his biographer John Allen he was not an enthusiastic member. In 1943, at the age of 16 he was, along with the rest of his class, drafted into the Flak or anti-aircraft corps, responsible for the guarding of a BMW plant outside Munich. He was then sent for basic infantry training and was posted to Hungary, where he worked setting up anti-tank defences until he deserted in April 1944 (an offence punishable by death). In 1945 he was briefly held in an Allied POW camp. By June he was released, and he and his brother (Georg) entered a Catholic seminary. On June 29, 1951, they were ordained by Cardinal Faulhaber of Munich. His dissertation (1953) was on Saint Augustine, his Habilitationsschrift (second dissertation) on Saint Bonaventure.
Ratzinger was a professor at the University of Bonn from 1959 until 1963, when he moved to the University of Münster. In 1966, he took a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tübingen, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng but was confirmed in his traditionalist views by the liberal atmosphere of Tübingen and the Marxist leanings of the student movement of the 1960s. In 1969 he returned to Bavaria, to the University of Regensburg.
At the Second Vatican Council (1962 – 1965), Ratzinger served as a peritus or chief theological expert, to Cardinal Joseph Frings of Cologne, Germany.
Communio and later works
In 1972, he founded the theological journal Communio with Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac and others. Communio, now published in seventeen editions (German, English, Spanish and many others), has become one of the most important journals of Catholic thought.
In March 1977 Ratzinger was named archbishop of Munich and Freising and in the consistory that June was named a Cardinal by Pope Paul VI. Today he is one of only 14 remaining cardinals appointed by Paul VI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80 and so eligible to vote in the conclave of April 2005.
On November 25, 1981 Pope John Paul II named Ratzinger prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, formerly known as the Holy Office of the Inquisition, which was renamed in 1908 by Pope Pius X. He resigned the Munich archdiocese in early 1982, became cardinal-bishop of Velletri-Segni in 1993, vice-dean of the College of Cardinals in 1998, and was elected Dean in 2002. In office, Ratzinger usually takes conservative views on topics such as birth control and inter-religious dialogue. He has been closer to John Paul II than any other cardinal, and Ratzinger and the Pope have been called "intellectual bedfellows".
Recent news and influence
On January 2, 2005, Time quoted unnamed Vatican sources as saying that Ratzinger was a frontrunner to succeed John Paul II should the Pope die or become too ill to continue as Pontiff. His see, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia], has traditionally been an antechamber to the Papal seat.
Piers Paul Read wrote in The Spectactor on March 5, 2005:
- There can be little doubt that his courageous promotion of orthodox Catholic teaching has earned him the respect of his fellow cardinals throughout the world. He is patently holy, highly intelligent and sees clearly what is at stake. Indeed, for those who blame the decline of Catholic practice in the developed world precisely on the propensity of many European bishops to hide their heads in the sand, a pope who confronts it may be just what is required. Ratzinger is no longer young — he is 77 years old: but Angelo Roncalli was the same age when he became Pope as John XXIII. He turned the Church upside-down by calling the Second Vatican Council and was perhaps the best-loved pontiff of modern times. As Jeff Israely, the correspondent of Time, was told by a Vatican insider last month, "The Ratzinger solution is definitely on".
However it is important to note that Ratzinger's election to the Papal office was by no means certain. In conclaves men who are considered papabile often are not elected to office. At times men considered certain to win the election did not win. This is expressed in the saying, "He who enters the conclave as Pope leaves as a Cardinal."
Ratzinger was considered to be Pope John Paul II's "right hand man" and also one of his closest friends, and during the Pope's final illness, he carried out many of the Pope's functions as leader of the Catholic Church.
Ratzinger has repeatedly stated he would like to retire to a Bavarian village and dedicate himself to writing books, but more recently, he told friends he was ready to "accept any charge God placed on him." After the death of John Paul II on April 2, 2005 Ratzinger ceased functioning as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Ratzinger speaks ten languages and has received seven honorary doctorate degrees. He is an accomplished pianist with a preference for Beethoven.
He is the eighth German pope. At 78, Ratzinger is only two years short of the 80-year age limit on popes.
In April, 2005, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine .
On April 19, 2005 he was elected as the successor to Pope John Paul II after 2 days of papal conclave.
Works
- Unterwegs zu Jesus Christus, Augsburg 2003.
- Glaube - Wahrheit - Toleranz. Das Christentum und die Weltreligionen, 2. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2003.
- Gott ist uns nah. Eucharistie: Mitte des Lebens. Hrsg. von Horn, Stephan Otto/ Pfnür, Vinzenz, Augsburg 2001.
- Gott und die Welt. Glauben und Leben in unserer Welt. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Seewald, Köln 2000.
- Der Geist der Liturgie. Eine Einführung, 4. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2000.
- Vom Wiederauffinden der Mitte. Texte aus vformerly known as the Holy Office of the Inquisition, which was renamed in 1908 by Pope Pius X. He resigned the Munich archdiocese in early 1982, became cardinal-bishop of Velletri-Segni in 1993, vice-dean of the College of Cardinals in 1998, and was elected Dean in 2002. In office, Ratzinger usually takes conservative views on topics such as birth control and inter-religious dialogue. He has been closer to John Paul II than any other cardinal, and Ratzinger and the Pope have been called "intellectual bedfellows".
Recent news and influence
On January 2, 2005, Time quoted unnamed Vatican sources as saying that Ratzinger was a frontrunner to succeed John Paul II should the Pope die or become too ill to continue as Pontiff. His see, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia], has traditionally been an antechamber to the Papal seat.
Piers Paul Read wrote in The Spectactor on March 5, 2005:
- There can be little doubt that his courageous promotion of orthodox Catholic teaching has earned him the respect of his fellow cardinals throughout the world. He is patently holy, highly intelligent and sees clearly what is at stake. Indeed, for those who blame the decline of Catholic practice in the developed world precisely on the propensity of many European bishops to hide their heads in the sand, a pope who confronts it may be just what is required. Ratzinger is no longer young — he is 77 years old: but Angelo Roncalli was the same age when he became Pope as John XXIII. He turned the Church upside-down by calling the Second Vatican Council and was perhaps the best-loved pontiff of modern times. As Jeff Israely, the correspondent of Time, was told by a Vatican insider last month, "The Ratzinger solution is definitely on".
However it is important to note that Ratzinger's election to the Papal office was by no means certain. In conclaves men who are considered papabile often are not elected to office. At times men considered certain to win the election did not win. This is expressed in the saying, "He who enters the conclave as Pope leaves as a Cardinal."
Ratzinger was considered to be Pope John Paul II's "right hand man" and also one of his closest friends, and during the Pope's final illness, he carried out many of the Pope's functions as leader of the Catholic Church.
Ratzinger has repeatedly stated he would like to retire to a Bavarian village and dedicate himself to writing books, but more recently, he told friends he was ready to "accept any charge God placed on him." After the death of John Paul II on April 2, 2005 Ratzinger ceased functioning as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Ratzinger speaks ten languages and has received seven honorary doctorate degrees. He is an accomplished pianist with a preference for Beethoven.
He is the eighth German pope. At 78, Ratzinger is only two years short of the 80-year age limit on popes.
In April, 2005, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine .
On April 19, 2005 he was elected as the successor to Pope John Paul II after 2 days of papal conclave.
Works
- Unterwegs zu Jesus Christus, Augsburg 2003.
- Glaube - Wahrheit - Toleranz. Das Christentum und die Weltreligionen, 2. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2003.
- Gott ist uns nah. Eucharistie: Mitte des Lebens. Hrsg. von Horn, Stephan Otto/ Pfnür, Vinzenz, Augsburg 2001.
- Gott und die Welt. Glauben und Leben in unserer Welt. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Seewald, Köln 2000.
- Der Geist der Liturgie. Eine Einführung, 4. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2000.
- Vom Wiederauffinden der Mitte. Texte aus vier Jahrzehnten, Freiburg i. Brsg. 1997.
- Salz der Erde. Christentum und katholische Kirche an der Jahrtausendwende. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Seewald, Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München, 1996, ISBN 3-453-14845-2
- Wahrheit, Werte, Macht. Prüfsteine der pluralistischen Gesellschaft, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1993.
- Zur Gemeinschaft gerufen. Kirche heute verstehen, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1991.
- Auf Christus schauen. Einübung in Glaube, Hoffnung, Liebe, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1989.
- Abbruch und Aufbruch. Die Antwort des Glaubens auf die Krise der Werte, München 1988.
- Kirche, Ökumene und Politik. Neue Versuche zur Ekklesiologie , Einsiedeln 1987.
- Politik und Erlösung. Zum Verhältnis von Glaube, Rationalität und Irrationalem in der sogenannten Theologie der Befreiung (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften: G (Geisteswissenschaften), Bd. 279), Opladen 1986.
- Theologische Prinzipienlehre. Bausteine zur Fundamentaltheologie (= Wewelbuch, Bd. 80), München 1982.
- Das Fest des Glaubens. Versuche zur Theologie des Gottesdienstes, 2. Aufl., Einsiedeln 1981.
- Eschatologie, Tod und ewiges Leben, Leipzig 1981.
- Glaube, Erneuerung, Hoffnung. Theologisches Nachdenken über die heutige Situation der Kirche. Hrsg. von Kraning, Willi, Leipzig 1981.
- Umkehr zur Mitte. Meditationen eines Theologen, Leipzig 1981.
- Zum Begriff des Sakramentes (= Eichstätter Hochschulreden, Bd. 79), München 1979.
- Die Tochter Zion. Betrachtungen über den Marienglaube der Kirche, Einsiedeln 1977.
- Der Gott Jesu Christi. Betrachtungen über den Dreieinigen Gott, München 1976.
- Das neue Volk Gottes. Entwürfe zur Ekklesiologie (Topos-Taschenbücher, Bd. 1) Düsseldorf 1972.
- Die Einheit der Nationen. Eine Vision der Kirchenväter (= Bücherei der Salzburger Hochschulwochen), Salzburg u.a. 1971.
- Das Problem der Dogmengeschichte in der Sicht der katholischen Theologie (= Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschungen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen: Geisteswissenschaften, Bd. 139), Köln u.a. 1966.
- Die letzte Sitzungsperiode des Konzils (= Konzil, Bd. 4), Köln 1966.
- Ereignisse und Probleme der dritten Konzilsperiode (= Konzil, Bd. 3), Köln 1965.
- Die erste Sitzungsperiode des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils. Ein Rückblick (= Konzil, Bd. 1), Köln 1963.
- Das Konzil auf dem Weg. Rückblick auf die 2. Sitzungsperiode des 2. Vatikanischen Konzils (= Konzil, Bd. 2), Köln 1963.
- Die christliche Brüderlichkeit, München 1960.
- Die Geschichtstheologie des heiligen Bonaventura (Habilitationsschrift), München u.a. 1959.
- Volk und Haus Gottes in Augustins Lehre von der Kirche (= Münchner theologische Studien 2/7, zugl. München, Univ., Diss., 1951.), München 1954.
- Dogma und Verkündigung
- Einführung in das Christentum 2000.
Literature
- Allen, John L.: Cardinal Ratzinger : the Vatican's enforcer of the faith. - New York : Continuum, 2000
- Wagner, Karl: Kardinal Ratzinger : der Erzbischof in München und Freising in Wort und Bild. - München : Pfeiffer, 1977
See also
External links
- Cardinal Ratzinger Fan Club website: "As Grand Inquisitor for Mother Rome, Ratzinger keeps himself busy in service to the Truth: correcting theological error, silencing dissenting theologians, and stomping down heresy wherever it may rear its ugly head."
- Analysis: Ratzinger in the ascendance
- Amici di Joseph Ratzinger
Works
- Unterwegs zu Jesus Christus, Augsburg 2003.
- Glaube - Wahrheit - Toleranz. Das Christentum und die Weltreligionen, 2. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2003.
- Gott ist uns nah. Eucharistie: Mitte des Lebens. Hrsg. von Horn, Stephan Otto/ Pfnür, Vinzenz, Augsburg 2001.
- Gott und die Welt. Glauben und Leben in unserer Welt. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Seewald, Köln 2000.
- Der Geist der Liturgie. Eine Einführung, 4. Aufl., Freiburg i. Brsg. 2000.
- Vom Wiederauffinden der Mitte. Texte aus vier Jahrzehnten, Freiburg i. Brsg. 1997.
- Salz der Erde. Christentum und katholische Kirche an der Jahrtausendwende. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Seewald, Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München, 1996, ISBN 3-453-14845-2
- Wahrheit, Werte, Macht. Prüfsteine der pluralistischen Gesellschaft, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1993.
- Zur Gemeinschaft gerufen. Kirche heute verstehen, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1991.
- Auf Christus schauen. Einübung in Glaube, Hoffnung, Liebe, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 1989.
- Abbruch und Aufbruch. Die Antwort des Glaubens auf die Krise der Werte, München 1988.
- Kirche, Ökumene und Politik. Neue Versuche zur Ekklesiologie , Einsiedeln 1987.
- Politik und Erlösung. Zum Verhältnis von Glaube, Rationalität und Irrationalem in der sogenannten Theologie der Befreiung (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften: G (Geisteswissenschaften), Bd. 279), Opladen 1986.
- Theologische Prinzipienlehre. Bausteine zur Fundamentaltheologie (= Wewelbuch, Bd. 80), München 1982.
- Das Fest des Glaubens. Versuche zur Theologie des Gottesdienstes, 2. Aufl., Einsiedeln 1981.
- Eschatologie, Tod und ewiges Leben, Leipzig 1981.
- Glaube, Erneuerung, Hoffnung. Theologisches Nachdenken über die heutige Situation der Kirche. Hrsg. von Kraning, Willi, Leipzig 1981.
- Umkehr zur Mitte. Meditationen eines Theologen, Leipzig 1981.
- Zum Begriff des Sakramentes (= Eichstätter Hochschulreden, Bd. 79), München 1979.
- Die Tochter Zion. Betrachtungen über den Marienglaube der Kirche, Einsiedeln 1977.
- Der Gott Jesu Christi. Betrachtungen über den Dreieinigen Gott, München 1976.
- Das neue Volk Gottes. Entwürfe zur Ekklesiologie (Topos-Taschenbücher, Bd. 1) Düsseldorf 1972.
- Die Einheit der Nationen. Eine Vision der Kirchenväter (= Bücherei der Salzburger Hochschulwochen), Salzburg u.a. 1971.
- Das Problem der Dogmengeschichte in der Sicht der katholischen Theologie (= Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschungen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen: Geisteswissenschaften, Bd. 139), Köln u.a. 1966.
- Die letzte Sitzungsperiode des Konzils (= Konzil, Bd. 4), Köln 1966.
- Ereignisse und Probleme der dritten Konzilsperiode (= Konzil, Bd. 3), Köln 1965.
- Die erste Sitzungsperiode des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils. Ein Rückblick (= Konzil, Bd. 1), Köln 1963.
- Das Konzil auf dem Weg. Rückblick auf die 2. Sitzungsperiode des 2. Vatikanischen Konzils (= Konzil, Bd. 2), Köln 1963.
- Die christliche Brüderlichkeit, München 1960.
- Die Geschichtstheologie des heiligen Bonaventura (Habilitationsschrift), München u.a. 1959.
- Volk und Haus Gottes in Augustins Lehre von der Kirche (= Münchner theologische Studien 2/7, zugl. München, Univ., Diss., 1951.), München 1954.
- Dogma und Verkündigung
- Einführung in das Christentum 2000.
Literature
- Allen, John L.: Cardinal Ratzinger : the Vatican's enforcer of the faith. - New York : Continuum, 2000
- Wagner, Karl: Kardinal Ratzinger : der Erzbischof in München und Freising in Wort und Bild. - München : Pfeiffer, 1977
See also
External links
- Cardinal Ratzinger Fan Club website: "As Grand Inquisitor for Mother Rome, Ratzinger keeps himself busy in service to the Truth: correcting theological error, silencing dissenting theologians, and stomping down heresy wherever it may rear its ugly head."
- Analysis: Ratzinger in the ascendance
- Amici di Joseph Ratzinger