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Avoiding Immune Destruction
Mechanisms
Many strategies exist for cancer cells to evade immune destruction, such as:
1) Immune mimicry
- Myeloid-derived cells are immune cells that stimulate other immune system components, and cancer cells can mimic their actions. As a result, cancer cells are able to avoid the negative effects of inflammation.
2) Hijacking the PD-1/PDL-1 mechanism
- T lymphocytes are rendered inactive by PD-L1, a ligand that binds to PD-1 on their surface and is produced by cancer cells.
3) Modulating immune checkpoints
- To avoid being discovered and eliminated, cancer cells can take use of immunological checkpoints, which are the immune system's natural regulatory systems.
4) Altering the tumor microenvironment
- The extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, and other cell types that make up the tumor microenvironment can all be modified by cancer cells.