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Revision as of 14:34, 17 December 2024 by Maury Markowitz (talk | contribs) (new article)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Original author(s) | Mike Guzik |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Applied Data Research |
| Initial release | 1964; 60 years ago (1964) |
| Written in | assembler language |
| Platform | mainframes |
| License | proprietary |
Autoflow was an application program from Applied Data Research (ADR) that reads assembly language and produces a flowchart of that code. It is historically notable as one of the first software applications to be offered for sale independent of the system it ran on, as well as the first to receive a software patent in the United States.
Autoflow was introduced in 1964 for the RCA 501. Originally intending to have RCA purchase it and give it to their customers, RCA thought its $25,000 price was too high and declined to buy it. ADR then approached owners of the 501 directly, thereby becoming what is generally accepted to be the first commercial software vendor. The RCA market was small, so ADR then ported it to the IBM 1401 and began sales into that much larger market in 1965. These early versions required the user to indicate the symbol for each chart entry using a numeric code. This was fine for new programs being written, but users had no interest in doing more work on existing ones. ADR then modified Autoflow to decode the type directly from the program code, allowing it to produce a flowchart by reading the program on the system. This version was then ported to the hugely successful System/360, where it saw its most use.
IBM introduced their own system, Flowcharter, but it was a much simpler system where the entire chart had to be specified by hand. Despite the clear advantages of Autoflow, customers felt that IBM would add Autoflow-like features to their program, and give it away for free like other programs in the IBM collection. To stop this from happening, ADR filed for a patent on the concept, which was issued in 1968. By 1970 the company had several thousand customers and by the end of the decade it was one of the top five software companies in the world.
History
Applied Data Research (ADR) was formed in 1959 in Princeton, NJ by seven programmers from Sperry Rand. Their initial concept was to sell programming consulting services. In 1964, RCA approached the company with the idea of a flowcharting application for the RCA 501 computer. Flowcharts were widely used during the design phase of the programming effort at that time, but, as is the case today, the end product rarely followed the original design. By producing a flowchart from the existing code, customers could document their actual programs. When ADR wrote up such a proposal with a $25,000 price tag, RCA expressed little interest, as was the case for some other vendors they approached.
The company had free nighttime use of a 501, so Martin Goetz decided to assign Mike Guzik to write an initial version, which was completed in 4 to 6 months. Once again, RCA declined to take it up. At the time, computer companies generally gave away software they had developed, making their machines more attractive, a policy that continues today as pre-installed software. After spending an estimated 5 to $10,000 on development ($98,240 in 2023), Goetz decided they would market it directly to RCA's customer base of about one hundred 501 users at $2,495. They had two sales.
Goetz then decided to sell into the much larger market for the IBM 1401, which numbered in the thousands. The program was modified so it read IBM's Autocoder programs rather than 501 assembly language in a 10-month effort. Although there was significant interest, there was little uptake. The main problem was that Autoflow required you to mark up the original program with comments containing numeric codes that indicated the type of instruction, processing, branching, etc. The 1401 market already had a huge amount of software written for it and prospective customers showed the most interest in using Autoflow to document these programs, but little interest doing any modification of those programs to make that possible. Once again the program was modified to allow it to decide the type based directly on the Autocoder instructions.
By this point, IBM had introduced their own flowcharting program, Flowcharter. In contrast to Autoflow, this program required the user to describe the entire flowchart using a separate input file, it did not read existing code, and was therefore much more labor intensive to use. But IBM also had a policy of giving away software they had developed, and prospective customers widely believed IBM would add Autoflow-like features at some point and there was no point in licensing Autoflow. At this point Goetz decided to head off this possibility before it happened, and in 1965 he filed for a patent on the concept of reading existing code to produce a flowchart. The patent was issued in 1968, the first software patent issued in the United States.
The huge success of the System/360 led ADR to port to this system, as well as supporting three languages, 360 assembly, Fortran and COBOL. By 1970 they had over 2000 users. By the early 1970s, the company had opened 30 sales and support offices in the US and Europe. Despite this, they still found significant numbers of prospective customers that used the IBM program because it was free. In 1967, ADR filed a complaint with the US Justice Department (DOJ), and after many meetings, the DOJ opened an investigation and found many other companies who faced the same problem of attempting to compete with free products. In April 1969, ADR sued IBM for monopolizing the market, and in June, IBM announced they were dropping bundled software entirely, starting 1 January 1970. ADR's suit continued and was eventually settled with a $1.4 million payment from IBM.
Notes
- Some sources suggest that the Mark IV report generator had filed for a patent in the US the same year but been refused.
References
Citations
- ^ Goetz 1998, p. 1.
- Johnson 1998, p. 37.
- ^ Johnson 1998, p. 38.
- Services 1970, p. 10.
- Campbell-Kelly 2005, p. 213.
- Johnson 1998, p. 39.
- Cray 1970.
Bibliography
- Johnson, Luanne (January 1998). "A View from the 1960s: How the Software Industry Began". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 (1).
- Goetz, Martin (1998). How ADR Got Into the Software Products Business and Found Itself Competing Against IBM (PDF) (Technical report).
- Cray, Douglas (21 August 1970). "ADR Trust Suite Settled by IBM". The New York Times.
- "First EDP Software Patent Granted to Jersey Concern". Management Services: A Magazine of Planning, Systems, and Controls. Vol. 7, no. 5. 1970.
- Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2005). "Not All Bad: An HistoricalPerspective on Software Patents" (PDF). =Michigan Telecommunications Technology Letters Reviews. 11: 191–248.
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External links
- AUTOFLOW, brochure showing the printed output.