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Huaigan (懷感; died 699) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who was the leading student of the Pure Land patriarch Shandao (613–681) and key systematizer of Chinese Pure land thought. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Hōnen designated Huaigan as the fourth patriarch of Pure Land Buddhism in the Jōdo-shū tradition. According to Ming-wood Liu "his representative and only extant work, the Shì Jìngtǔ Qún Yí Lùn , was a brilliant attempt at Pure Land apologetics, providing replies to virtually all the criticisms which had been raised against Pure Land ideas and practices." This work remained influential well into the Song dynasty, as can be seen by its impact on figures like the Tiantai monk Zunshi (964-1032 C.E.).
Life
Early in his monastic career, Huaigan practiced at Qianfu Temple (千福寺) in Chang'an, studying Yogācāra philosophy and the monastic precepts (Vinaya). Later, he became a follower of Shandao, who strongly encouraged him to devote himself to the practice of Pure Land meditation and the recitation of Amitābha Buddha's name (nianfo). He then meditated on Amitabha for three years and is said to have realized the nianfo samadhi (and a vision of Amitabha).
Huaigan worked on the extensive seven fascicle Treatise on Resolving Doubts About the Pure Land (Shì Jìngtǔ Qún Yí Lùn), which is one of the longest and most comprehensive texts of early Chinese Pure Land. He passed away before fully completing the work, which was later finished by his disciple Huaiyun. The text is organized in a question and answer format and answers numerous questions and critiques about Pure Land practice and theory, especially those which were commonly discussed by critics of Pure Land Buddhism.
References
- ^ Liu; Ming-wood (2002-09-01). "The Life of Huaigan and His Conception of the Nature of the Buddha Amitabha and the Pure Land [懷感的生平和佛身、佛土思想]". Bulletin of the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy (in Chinese) (21): 117–140.
- Marchman, Kendall R. Huaigan and the Growth of Pure Land Buddhism During the Tang Era, Phd Diss. 2015.
- "The Five Pure Land Patriarchs". Koloa Jodo Mission- Buddhist Temple. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- Marchman 2015, pp. 15-16.
- Lopez, Donald (editor). Buddhism in Practice, pp. 274-275. Princeton Readings in Religions, Princeton University Press.
- Marchman 2015, p. 18.
- Liao Minghuo. "Huai Gan’s Treatise on Rebirth". Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 15, (2002) Taipei: The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies ISSN: 1017-7132
- Marchman 2015, p. 16.
- Marchman 2015, pp. 15-20.
Sources
- Marchman, Kendall R. Huaigan and the Growth of Pure Land Buddhism During the Tang Era. Phd Diss. 2015.
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