Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by CAPTAIN RAJU (talk | contribs) at 21:21, 17 December 2024 (clean up, typo(s) fixed: north-south → north–south, east-west → east–west, ’s → 's (3)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Mastaba of Kafraankh
Khafraanch
General information
Type	Mastaba
Architectural style	Rock-cut Chapels
Classification	type IV. (Reisner p.87,89, 162)
Location	Khufu Eastern Cemetery
Town or city	Giza
Country	Egypt
Coordinates	29°58′39″N 31°08′19″E / 29.9774667°N 31.1385833°E / 29.9774667; 31.1385833

The Khafraanch's mastabas G 7948 is located in a zone Eastern necropolis of Giza on extrema east ridge of necropolis behind a row of G 7000 mastabas, dated to the end of the 5th dynasty. Initial descriptions of the uncovered mastabas were published by Mariette and more detailed by Nevilla. A copy of the inscriptions in the mastaba was made by De Rouge during his first visit of this mastaba LG75. The architecture and inclusion in the classification of building types, including their mutual comparison in the western and eastern necropolis, were elaborated by Reisner. The decoration of mastaba G 7948 was comprehensively described by Junker. Archaeological, iconographic findings of the expeditions in 1996-2002 were published in the work of E. Kormysheva et all.
The owner of the mastaba was identified as "Khafra-anch", (Ḫˁj=f Rˁ-ˁnh).

The Mastaba

The Mastaba of Khafraankh G 7948 (LG 75) had a hall oriented north–south with an entrance from the east measuring 7.13 x 3 m. In the West wall there were three pairs of niches and a niche for statue in south. Later excavated side room from the North wall of the hall, were decorated with reliefs. The chapel was one large decorated room. Across the side south niche is an inscription on the architrave of the main niche with the name and titles. On the main and side niches is the inscription 'Khafra-ankh', and on the side niche of the middle the name "Herenka the wife of Khafraankh" . There were three shafts and burial chambers, where Khafraankh, his wife Herenka and their relatives Ishepet and probably Herimeru were also buried. The chambers of her wife and relatives of Khafraankh are oriented on the line east–west, and the chamber of the s owner's oriented on the axis north–south. The Khafraankh chapel represents a kind of rock-cut chapel with reliefs in only one room comparable with L-shaped offering room and well decorated rock-cut tombs with reliefs in one room only.The complex is dated to the end of the 4th to the first part of the 5th dynasties.

Interior decoration

The quite well preserved decoration in the mastaba chapel LG75 was recorded by Lepsius. redrawn and lithographically printed. A general description of the chapel decoration was given by Junker and later Kormysheva et all.

Entrance

Entrance door formed of massive blocks 2.2 m high with a cylindrical lintel, which is filled with a list of Khafraankhh titles

The friend of the Great house, the supervisor of wab-priests.
of the Pyramid “Great-is-Khafra”, lord of reverence with great god,
lord of reverence with his lord, whom his lord loves, creating that
his lord likes every day, Royal acquaintance Khafraankh

The title of the inspector of wab priests specifies the concrete duties of Khafraankh to organise their services in the funeral temple at the Khafra pyramid, the second large pyramid of ancient Egypt and accordingly one of the largest funeral temples of Egypt of the Old Kingdom. Wab-priests served in Hwt-nTr (Priest) of the royal pyramid, they also could execute the functions at the moment of death. The great number of the officials carrying these titles, is known from the time of the Dynasties V and VI.

Western wall

Carved out as a palace front, with six doors; to the left of the first southern false door, the tomb owner with staff and sceptre, in front of him his son. To the right of it, the statue of the deceased is carved in a niche, above it two strips of images. Above, a fat hyena is brought in, below, three scribes, with the names of his sons, make records. On the plate of the first false door, the married couple in front of a table with two large loaves of bread and a goose. There is in an above frame the script adoration king and god Anubis.

A boon that the king gives, a boon that Anubis gives, foremost of divine booth to receive
the burial as the lord of reverence with the great god, servant of the Great house Khafraankh

In the upper frame above the false door to burial shaft wife Herenka there is an inscription of her titles.

A boon, which king gives, invocation offerings of bread, beer, for all feast and
for every day for Lady mitre, priestess of Hathor, Mistress of sycamore, Herenka

South wall

The couple in front of a table laden with food, is daughter Uretka crouching under the armchair. Above the table there are three rows of foods on plates and saucers, wine and beer mugs, bouquets of flowers. On the right six rows of images, musicians and singers, behind them crouching the children of the deceased, servants with foods, slaughter scene, geese, servants with dishes, pieces of meat, fish on a spit, two servants with geese, preparation of the food, roasting the goose on a spit.

East wall

Tomb owner leaning comfortably on the staff watching the work in the field, behind him stays his brother Iteti, next to him is his dog, in front of him a servant shielding with a large umbrella. On the right are six registers of images. From above seen rowing and sailing boats, in next is piling up the grain stacks, dragging away the sheaves, donkeys threshing grains, throwing up the stacks, celebrate up stele of the harvest goddess. Scriber handing over the list settling accounts with the shepherds, on the right are the grain harvest which the owner of the tomb is watching. The first holding open papyrus is the Khafraanch's son Khafrauserkau and his brothers Khafraankh and Neferkau typing behind him. On the right sheavs are tieding up in sacks, settling accounts with the shepherds, on the right birds are catching with a dragged net, behind this seen the gutting and carrying away of the fish. In the lower two registers, the herds of castles are listed by their number of heads, the number of bulls is remarkable 837, next goats 2235, donkeys 760 and sheeps 974. Fishing in a drag net show various realistically displayed fishes that may be assigned species markings, as Tilapia nilotica, as Barbus bynni, for example.

Epilog

Each ruler in the old kingdom built his own mortuary complex, in which mortuary rituals took place after his death. Hundreds of priests took an active part in this every day, and their number logically grew as the number of these complexes increased historically. Temple complexes in the 5th dynasty already constituted economic units-estates, the proceeds of which ensured the continuation of the cult of the ruler, in this case Khafra, and the life of priests devoted to the cult of the king in the pyramid city in order to ensure proper spiritual care for the deceased divine king in his temple complex. Khafraankh as inspector of "wab" priests was one of them. Although there is no detailed information available about the duration of the mortuary cult of the king Khafra, his mortuary temple adjacent to the pyramid itself is still one of the best preserved monuments. The richness of the estate presented by Khafraankh is evidenced by the depiction on the southern wall of the mastaba. Abundant influxes of sacrificial animals and a general picture of economic activities can be documented in other temples, such as the Ptah temple in Memphis. The connection between the sun temples and the funerary temples expressed the very ancient ideology of the Egyptian kingship and promoted the power of the kings over their own economic establishments, both during their lifetime, when they built the temples and after their death when their cult was maintained.

Note

1. Kafraanch’s daughter and his husband Herimeru
2. The wab priests performed all necessary rituals and maintained the cult temple
3. Badawey states the kinship of a brother, according to the entry in tomb G7391 "Funerary priest" Iteti
4. GPS 29.9759928N, 31.1325522E

References

1. ^ Georg Andrew Reisner, A History of the Giza Necropolis I. Harvard University Cambridge 1942
2. ^ Giza project
3. Auguste Mariette, Gaston Mospero, Les Mastaba de L’Ancient Empire, Paris 1885
4. Eduardo Neville, Aegypten und Aethopien text, Leipzig 1897
5. Emannuele De Rouge, Inscription Hieéroglyphiques Copies en Egypte, Paris 1877
6. ^ Hermann Junker, Gíza III. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches; Die Mastaba des V. Dyanastie, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky, Leipzig 1938, , p.47
7. ^ Eleonora Kormysheva, The Tomb of Khafraankh G 7948, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 2010
8. ^ Henri Gauthier, Le livre des rois d'Égypte, D'Archeolgie Oriental, Paris 1907, ,
9. Karl Richard Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Ethiopien, Altes Reich Dyn. IV., Band II. Berlin 1853,
10. Lauer Flentye, The Mastabas of Ankh-haf (G7510) and Akhethetep and Meretites (G7650) in the Eastern Cemetery at Giza: A Reassessment,Coneil Supreme des AntiqutésE, Cairo 2007
11. Alexander Badawey, The Tombs of Iteti, Sekhemfankh-Ptah and Kaemnofert at Giza, California, 1976, p.10-11
12. Hana Vymazalová, The economic connection between the royal cult in the pyramid temples and the sun temples in Abusir, in: Nigel Strudwick and Helen Strudwic, Old Kingdom, new Perspectives egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 Bc, Oxford and Oakville, 2011, p 293-303
13. Juan Carlos Moreno García, Estates (Old Kingdom). In: Elizabeth Frood and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles, 2008,.
14. Richard Wilkinson, The Complet Tamples of Ancient Egypt, Thames&Hudson, 2000 ISBN 0-500-05100-3 2000

External links

• Hemiunu
• Mastaba of Kaninisut
• Kagemni
• Nefermaat

• Khafra