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Emperor of Hindustan sometimes also translated as Emperor of India was a imperial title used by the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire to signify their sovereignity over Northern India and later the Indian subcontinent.

The term was simultaneously used for Northern India and the Indian subcontinent.

During the rule of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to Emperor of India, many sources also translate Emperor of Hindustan to Emperor of India.

History

Delhi Sultanate

After the Delhi Sultanate gained independence from the Ghurid Empire, it called it's land Hindustan, representing its sovereignity over Northern India (Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plains) and later the Indian subcontinent.

Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that during periods of Delhi Sultanate, Hindustan simultaneously represented Northern India aswell as the entire Indian subcontinent.

Mughal Empire

The Delhi Sultanate was succeeded by the Mughal Empire, which called it's polity as Hindustan. By this period, Hindustan had come to mean the entirety of the Indian subcontinent rather than only Northern India.

Variations

The title Emperor of India was also used for the Mughal Emperors in some translated sources, a term later used by the British Monarchs.

Other variations were also used:

Sultan of Al-Hind (Salṭan-i-al-Hindīyyah)

Sultanate of Hindustan (Salṭan-i-Hindūstan)

List of Emperors of Hindustan

Mamluk dynasty

Mughal dynasty

Portrait	Titular Name	Birth Name	Birth	Reign	Death
1	Babur بابر	Zahir ud-Din Muhammad ظهیر الدین محمد	14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan	20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 (4 years, 8 months and 6 days)	26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2	Humayun همایوں	Nasir ud-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد	6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan	26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540 (9 years, 4 months and 21 days) 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (11 months and 5 days)	27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3	Akbar اکبر	Jalal ud-Din Muhammad جلال الدین محمد	15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan	11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (49 years, 8 months and 16 days)	27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
4	Jahangir جهانگیر	Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد	31 August 1569 Agra, India	3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years, 11 months and 25 days)	28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India
5	Shah Jahan شاه جهان	Shihab ud-Din Muhammad شهاب الدین محمد	5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years, 6 months and 12 days)	22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6	Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir عالمگیر	Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد	3 November 1618 Gujarat, India	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years, 7 months and 3 days)	3 March 1707 (aged 88 Ahmednagar, India
7	Azam Shah اعظم شاه	Qutb ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد	28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India	14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 (3 months 6 days)	20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8	Bahadur Shah I بهادر شاہ Shah Alam I	Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam مرزا محمد معظم	14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days)	27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9	Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاہ	Muiz ud-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد First Puppet emperor	9 May 1661 Deccan, India	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days)	12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10	Farrukh Siyar فرخ سیر	Muin al-Din Muhammad معین الدین محمد Puppet emperor Under the Sayyids of Barha	20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days)	19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11	Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات	Shams al-Din Muhammad شمس الدین محمد Puppet emperor Under the Sayyids of Barha	1 December 1699	28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days)	6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12	Shah Jahan II شاہ جهان دوم	Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمد Puppet emperor Under the Sayyids of Barha	5 January 1696	6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days)	18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13	Muhammad Shah محمد شاه	Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد Puppet emperor Under the Sayyids of Barha	7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days)	26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14	Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بهادر	Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد	23 December 1725 Delhi, India	29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days)	1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15	Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم	Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد	6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India	3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days)	29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16	Shah Jahan III شاه جهان سوم	Muhi al-Millat محی الملت	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (0 years, 282 days)	1772 (aged 60–61)
17	Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days)	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18	Shah Jahan IV جهان شاه چهارم	Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah  بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ	1749 Delhi, India	31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (0 years, 63 days)	1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
17	Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر Puppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 339 days)	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
19	Akbar Shah II اکبر شاه دوم	Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبر Puppet emperor under the East India Company	22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days)	28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
20	Bahadur Shah II Zafar بهادر شاه ظفر	Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد	24 October 1775 Delhi, India	28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days)	7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar

References and Notes

1. Only during the period of Mughal Empire in/after 16th century.

1. Larned, Josephus Nelson (1895). History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... C.A. Nichols Company.
2. Hindustan), Jahangir (Emperor of (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
3. Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
4. Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1989). The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent. Place Names Society of India.
5. Vanina, Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1.
6. Smithsonian "TIMELINES OF EVERYONE" (1st ed.). U.S. U.K.: DK. 2020. p. 63. ISBN 9781465499967.