Central Railroad of New Jersey

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Defunct Class I railroad in the U.S. state of New Jersey (1839-1976)

Central Railroad of New Jersey
Overview
Jersey Central, Jersey Central Lines or New Jersey Central


Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal at Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey
Main region(s)	New Jersey
Other region(s)	New York State Pennsylvania
Headquarters	148 Liberty Street New York City, New York, U.S.
Founders	John Taylor Johnston John Kean
Reporting mark	CNJ
Dates of operation	1839 (1839)–1976 (1976)
Successors	Conrail (freight) Raritan Valley Line (passenger)
Technical
Length	693 miles (1,115 kilometres)

The Central Railroad of New Jersey, also known as the Jersey Central, Jersey Central Lines or New Jersey Central (reporting mark CNJ), was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s. It was absorbed into Conrail in April 1976 along with several other prominent bankrupt railroads of the Northeastern United States.

The CNJ's main line had a major presence in New Jersey. Most of the main line is now used by the Raritan Valley Line passenger service. CNJ main line trackage in Phillipsburg, New Jersey became part of the Lehigh Line under Conrail.

History

19th century

The earliest railroad ancestor of the CNJ was the Elizabethtown & Somerville Railroad, incorporated in 1831 and opened from Elizabethport to Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1836. Horses gave way to steam in 1839, and the railroad was extended west, reaching Somerville at the beginning of 1842. The Somerville and Easton Railroad was incorporated in 1847 and began building westward.

In 1849, it purchased the Elizabethtown & Somerville and adopted a new name: Central Railroad Company of New Jersey. The line reached Phillipsburg, on the east bank of the Delaware River, in 1852. It was extended east across Newark Bay to Jersey City in 1864, and it gradually acquired branches to Flemington, Newark, Perth Amboy, Chester, and Wharton.

The New Jersey Southern (NJS) began construction in 1860 at Port Monmouth. The railroad worked its way southwest across lower New Jersey and reached Bayside, New Jersey, on the Delaware River west of Bridgeton, New Jersey in 1871. The NJS came under control of the CNJ in 1879. CNJ's influence briefly extended across the Delaware River in the form of the Baltimore & Delaware Bay Railroad, from Bombay Hook, Delaware, east of Townsend, to Chestertown, Maryland. That line became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) family in 1901.

CNJ's lines in Pennsylvania were built by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company as the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad (L&S). The main line was completed between Phillipsburg, New Jersey and Wilkes-Barre in 1866. A notable feature of the line was the Ashley Planes, a steep stretch of line (maximum grade was 14.65%) operated by cables driven by stationary engines, which remained in service until after World War II (WWII). CNJ leased the L&S in 1871. The line was extended to Scranton in 1888 by a subsidiary of the L&S, the Wilkes-Barre & Scranton; L&S leased the line upon completion and assigned the lease to the CNJ. The bulk of the traffic on the Pennsylvania lines was anthracite coal, much of it produced by subsidiaries of the railroad, until the Commodities Clause of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1920 forbade railroads to haul freight in which they had an interest.

From 1883 to 1887, the CNJ was leased to and operated by the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, with which it formed a New York-Philadelphia route. CNJ resumed its own management after reorganization in 1887.

The primary rolling stock repair shops were located in Elizabethport, New Jersey along Trumbull Avenue. In 1901 the original shops were razed and new, concrete shops took their place, capable of servicing 430 locomotives and 20,000 freight cars annually. With the primary freight and passenger yards at Jersey City, New Jersey opposite Manhattan, a terminal and shop site was also needed in the Communipaw neighborhood. This facility was modernized in 1914 and included two roundhouses and light repair shops.

20th century

In 1901, the Reading Company (RDG), successor to the Philadelphia & Reading, acquired control of the CNJ through purchase of a majority of its stock, and at about the same time Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) acquired control of the RDG, gaining access to New York over RDG and CNJ rails.

In 1929, CNJ inaugurated the Blue Comet, a deluxe coach train operating twice daily between Jersey City and Atlantic City. It was painted blue from the pilot of its 4-6-2 to the rear bulkhead of its observation car, and its refurbished cars offered a level of comfort much higher than the usual day coach of the era. The train was the forerunner of the coach streamliners that blossomed nationwide in the late 1930s and the 1940s. It succumbed to automobile competition in 1941. Also in 1929 CNJ purchased a 30 percent interest in the Raritan River Railroad, a 12-mile (19 km) short line from South Amboy to New Brunswick. In 1931 it acquired total ownership of the Wharton & Northern Railroad and a partial interest in the Mount Hope Mineral Railroad from Warren Foundry & Pipe Corporation.

Revenue freight traffic, in millions of net ton-miles
Year	Traffic
1925	2513
1933	1511
1944	3735
1960	1948
1970	1455

Source: ICC annual reports

Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of passenger-miles.
Year	Traffic
1925	480
1933	337
1944	480
1960	175
1970	124

Source: ICC annual reports

Following World War II, passenger traffic diminished, and was almost entirely commuter business, requiring great amounts of rolling stock for two short periods five days a week. Three-fourths of CNJ's freight traffic terminated on line; the railroad was essentially a terminal carrier, which meant little profit was made, if any. In addition, heavy taxes levied by the state of New Jersey ate up much of CNJ's revenue.

In 1946, the lines in Pennsylvania were organized as the Central Railroad of Pennsylvania (CRP) in an effort to escape taxation by the state of New Jersey. CNJ resumed its own operation of the Pennsylvania lines at the end of 1952. The CRP continued in existence as owner of the Easton & Western, four miles of track in Easton, Pennsylvania.

The merger between the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Norfolk and Western Railway proposed in 1965 sought to counter the impending PRR merger with New York Central Railroad merger was to have included CNJ, but the bankruptcy of Penn Central Transportation Company killed that prospect. CNJ drafted elaborate plans for reorganization; they came to naught as neighboring railroads collapsed. Conrail took over freight operations of the CNJ on April 1, 1976; with passenger routes transferred to the New Jersey Department of Transportation including the present New Jersey Transit North Jersey Coast Line and Raritan Valley Line.

In 1961, the Lehigh and New England Railroad was abandoned, and CNJ acquired a few of its branches and organized them as the Lehigh and New England Railroad. In 1963, Lehigh Coal & Navigation sold its railroad properties to the RDG, but the lease to the CNJ continued.

In 1964, the state of New Jersey began subsidizing commuter service, and the tax situation changed in 1967.

In 1965, CNJ and the Lehigh Valley Railroad consolidated their lines along the Lehigh River in Pennsylvania and portions of each railroad's line were abandoned; the commercial anthracite traffic that had supported both railroads had largely disappeared. CNJ operations in Pennsylvania ended March 31, 1972.

CNJ maintained a small carfloat terminal in The Bronx. It was the site of the first successful Class 1 railroad diesel operation. Over the years CNJ maintained an extensive marine operation on New York Bay, including a steamer line to Sandy Hook.

On April 30, 1967, CNJ's last marine service, the ferry line between Manhattan and CNJ's rail terminal at Jersey City, made its last run, which was also the last day for the terminal itself; the next day CNJ passenger trains began originating and terminating at the PRR station in Newark via the Aldene Connection, where New York City passengers could transfer to either PRR or Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) trains.

In 1979, CNJ emerged from bankruptcy as Central Jersey Industries, later renamed CJI Industries. In 1986, it merged with the packaging company Triangle Industries, owned by Nelson Peltz.

Main initial corridors

CNJ had its northeastern terminus at Elizabethport, New Jersey. In 1864 CNJ extended its railroad across the bay into Bayonne, and north to the Jersey City terminus. It had used a succession of bridges over the years, the last being Newark Bay Bridge, demolished in the 1980s.

From Elizabethport, trains went to different corridors. One headed towards Elizabeth and Plainfield and points west and southwest. The second went south towards Perth Amboy and today's North Jersey Coast Line and different southern New Jersey destinations. CNJ operated several trains into Pennsylvania and other points west or south, in association with the RDG. B&O also used CNJ tracks for the final approach to Jersey City.

Portions still operated

Aldene-High Bridge (Main Line): New Jersey Transit (NJT) Raritan Valley Line
Jersey City-Bayonne (Main Line and Newark and New York Branch): NJT Hudson-Bergen Light Rail
Perth Amboy-Bay Head: NJT North Jersey Coast Line
Elizabethport-Aldene; Elizabethport-Perth Amboy; Red Bank-Lakehurst: Conrail Shared Assets Operations
Lakehurst-Woodmansie: Cape May Seashore Lines
Winslow Junction-Vineland: Southern Railroad of New Jersey
Dover & Rockaway Branch (Wharton-Rockaway); High Bridge Branch (Kenvil-Flanders): Morristown & Erie Railway
White Haven PA - Laurel Run PA: Reading Blue Mountain and Northern -- remnant of the joint operation with the Lehigh Valley post-1965

Gallery

Further information: List of stations on the Central Railroad of New Jersey

Communipaw Terminal, Jersey City
Communipaw Terminal, rear
Map of CNJ and other terminals in New York region, circa 1900
Reproduction of a tablet designator for the Blue Comet
CNJ camelback locomotive built by Baldwin in 1912.
Elizabeth Station
Broad Street station, Newark

Predecessor railroads

Buena Vista Railroad
Carteret & Sewaren Railroad
Carteret Extension Railroad
Cumberland & Maurice River Railroad
Cumberland & Maurice River Extension Railroad
Elizabeth Extension Railroad
Freehold & Atlantic Highlands Railroad
Lafayette Railroad
Manufacturers' Extension Railroad
Middle Brook Railroad
New Jersey Terminal Railroad
New Jersey Southern Railroad
Navesink Railroad
Passaic River Extension Railroad
Raritan North Shore Railroad
Sound Shore Railroad
Toms River Railroad
Toms River & Barnegat Railroad
Vineland Railroad
Vineland Branch Railway
West Side Connecting Railroad
West End Railroad

Named passenger trains

CNJ operated several named trains, most of which were interstate operations:

Blue Comet: Jersey City, New Jersey-Atlantic City, New Jersey
Bullet: Jersey City-Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania via Allentown, Pennsylvania
Crusader: Jersey City-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with RDG)
Interstate Express: Syracuse, New York-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and RDG)
Mermaid: Sandy Hook, New Jersey-Scranton, Pennsylvania
Queen of the Valley: Jersey City-Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (with RDG)
Wall Street: Jersey City-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (with RDG)
Williamsporter: Jersey City, New Jersey-Williamsport, Pennsylvania

Several non-CNJ trains operated over CNJ trackage north of Bound Brook, New Jersey to the Jersey City terminal:

Capitol Limited: Jersey City, New Jersey-Chicago, Illinois (B&O)
National Limited: Jersey City, New Jersey-St. Louis, Missouri (B&O)
Royal Blue: Jersey City, New Jersey-Washington, D.C. (B&O)

Heritage units

To celebrate its 30th anniversary in 2012, Norfolk Southern painted 20 new locomotives with predecessor schemes. NS #1071, an EMD SD70ACe locomotive, was painted with the CNJ orange and blue.

In 2019, NJ Transit painted locomotive 4109 in a heritage scheme based on that of the CNJ GP40P.

References

^ Drury, George H. (1994). The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 56–59. ISBN 0-89024-072-8.
Starr, Timothy (2022). The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 1: Northeast and New England Regions.
Alecknavage II, Albert (July 6, 2003). "Philly NRHS - Reading Company History". Retrieved 2009-12-06.
^ "Jersey Central: Coal, Commuters, and a Comet" Classic Trains, Winter 2011, archived October 6, 2013, from the original.
Joseph Corso, The Central Railroad of New Jersey http://www.jcrhs.org/cnj.html
"The Central Railroad of New Jersey, The Big Little Railroad" AmericanRails.com http://www.american-rails.com/central-railroad-of-new-jersey.html

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