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After the fall of the second Chera dynasty, a lot of independent feudal small kingdoms rose up. The kingdoms of Venad, Kolathunadu, Calicut and Cochin dominated them politically, financially and also in terms of miitary strength. The other kingdoms and their kings were subordinates to these main kingdoms and were usually under their control. Later, the kingdoms of Kochi and Kolathunadu came under the Kingdom of Calicut due to political pressures over time. By the time the British came to India, a lot of these kingdoms had been subsumed into one or the other main kingdoms.
The emergence of a lot of feudal kingdoms started happening when the Nair and Nambudiri lords started breaking up the kingdoms into more smaller kingdoms under their own rule. Namboodiris who had some roles in governing but stayed out of the ruing family started governing the provinces directly. Some lords who were not in the control of the kings even used to murder the common people. These small kingdoms due to their rivalry and political plays, had stagnated, because of which a Kerala which lost its unity, was the sight which awaited the Portuguese when they landed in Kerala in 1498. The list of these kingdoms are given below.
- Travancore
- Perumbadappu Swaroopam
- Calicut kingdom
- Ilayedathu Swaroopam
- Deshinganad Swaroopam
- Attingal Swaroopam
- Karunagapalli Swaroopam
- Karthikapalli Swaroopam
- Kayamkulam kingdom
- Purakkad dynasty
- Pandalam dynasty
- Thekkumkur
- Vadakkumkur
- Poonjar dynasty
- Karappuram kingdom
- Anjikkaimal kingdom
- Idappally Swaroopam
- Paravoor Swaroopam
- Aalangad desham
- Kodungallur kingdom
- Thalappilli
- Mannanar dynasty
- Chengazhinad
- Valluvanad
- Tharur Swaroopam
- Kollengode kingdom
- Kavalappara Swaroopam
- Vettathunadu
- Parappanad
- Kurumbranad
- Kadathanadu
- Mushika dynasty
- Kolathunadu
- Kottayam dynasty
- Kurangoth kingdom
- Randuthara
- Arakkal kingdom
- Neeleswaram kingdom
- Kumbala desham
- Nedunganad
- Kodasseri Swaroopam
- Vilwarvattom
References
- ^ Sreedhara Menon, A.. A Survey of Kerala History. India, Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society ; National Book Stall, 1967.