Castle of La Mota (San Sebastian)

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Revision as of 22:24, 25 December 2024 by Technopat (talk | contribs) (Expanded with wikilinks and refs.; removed "my" "in use" hatnote.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Not to be confused with Castle of San Sebastián (Cádiz). For the castle of the same name in Medina del Campo, Spain, see Castle of La Mota.

La Mota Castle
San Sebastian, in Spain
San Sebastian, with La Mota Castle on the hilltop of Mount Urgull, by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg: Civitates Orbis Terrarum, Band 1, 1572. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg
Site information
Owner	City Council of San Sebastián (since 1921)
Site history
In use	Late 11th century – 19th century
Events	Siege of San Sebastián (1719) Siege of San Sebastián (1813)

La Mota Castle (Castillo de la Mota, Castillo de Santa Cruz de la Mota or Castillo del Santo Christo de la Mota) is an old fortress in San Sebastian, Spain.

The castle's primary defences were its strategic placement on the hilltop of Mount Urgull (Monte Orgullo), its thick walls and, over time, its integration with the city's overall fortifications. Official documents often refer only to the main buildings of the castle itself but sometimes also include the whole of Mount Urgull when referring to the castle. Much of the current structure of the castle dates from between 1863 and 1866, and further restoration work was carried out in 1965. The castle was declared a Monumento Históricoartístico de Carácter Nacional (national monument) in 1984.

History

It is thought that the castle was originally constructed in 1194 by the King of Navarre, Sancho the Strong (1194 1234), over a simpler construction, possibly a mere watchtower, built in the previous century by Sancho the Great of Navarra (1000-1035). In any case, it was included on the list of Navarran fortresses that were transferred to the King of Castile in 1200.

In 1520, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, ordered the restoration of the ruined castle. The works were carried out according to the plans drawn up by Gabriele Tadino di Martinengo, recently appointed Capitán General de la Artillería de España y Aragón, in 1524. In 1535, a bastion was added to the castle and at the gate to the docks. In 1542, Charles V ordered the construction of the "cubo Imperial" (Imperial bastion), probably projected by Luis Pizano, to replace the existing heart-shaped defensive structure to the town, and incorporated two bastions (Ingente and Gobernador) on either side of it, to make up what was known as the "frente real" ("royal front") to protect it from attacks coming from the south.

The inner castle wall, designed by the captain general of Guipúzcoa, Sancho de Leyva, was completed around 1551.

Following the report by Juan Bautista Antonelli in 1574, Philip II commissioned Jacobo Palear Fratín to plan a large bastion (originally called Ingente, but later San Felipe), similar to that at Fuenterrabía; works were also carried out on the defences to the castle, including a large battery for six cannon from which to defend the port on the estuary to the River Urumea.

In 1595, the Italian engineer Tiburzio Spannocchi, having already worked on several other fortresses around the Iberian Peninsula, projected works on the fortifications in the north of the country, including those at San Sebastian, before being appointed, in 1601, chief engineer of all the kingdoms of Spain, in charge of all their fortresses. He projected a wall, known as the Spanocchi Wall, which was not completed at the time, to separate, from west to east, the port and the town from Mount Urgull itself. He also agreed with Fratín's recommendation to reinforce the defences to the castle itself rather than to the town and projected a citadel structure around La Mota. However, no drawings have been found for this. Moreover, following the death of Spannocchi, his successor, Jerónimo de Soto, also projected, in 1610, a citadel around La Mota but, again, no information has been found to date regarding its structure.

During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), major works were carried out by Marco Antonio Gandolfo, Pedro Texeira and Jerónimo de Soto, with the latter again insisting on the impregnable nature of La Mota. The three engineers projected moving the front forward, with wide bastions below those of the existing Ingente and Gobernador bastions, a glacis, a large ravelin and a moat, as well as a second moat to separate the old front from the new extension.

In 1640, Juan de Garay proposed major works to the town's defences and the following year, Diego de Isasi presented plans for a citadel to be constructed around Mount Urgull, between the castle and the town. That same year, Marco Antonio Gandolfo gave his favourable opinion and Garay presented a major project with all the previous proposals, including the citadel for the castle. However, the project was not adopted.

In the second half of the 17th century, several works were projected by Alonso de Cepeda, Francisco Domingo y Cueva, Octaviano Meni and Hércules Torelli, the latter also reconstructing the castle keep following the explosion of the magazine in 1688, due to it being struck by lightning.

In 1693, work was concluded on one of the most important projects, the Mirador battery, on the east slope of Mount Urgull, to cover the approach from the sea and from La Zurriola beach.

Siege of San Sebastián (1719)

Main article: Siege of San Sebastián (1719)

Having invested San Sebastian on 30 June, the French, under the Duke of Berwick, began positioning batteries along the Urumea where the city's walls were most vulnerable. Although heavy rain slowed the digging of trenches, by 25 July the French artillery was able to open fire on the walls. The siege guns rapidly created a breach and pounded it until it was practical to be stormed. As was the convention at the time, the Spanish commander Alejandro de la Motte requested a parley and his garrison were allowed to retreat into the castle, leaving the remainder of the city to French control.

Meanwhile, Berwick was able to establish batteries with a clearer range on the castle, and launched fresh bombardments of mortar fire which struck the magazine, and also destroyed the garrison's food provisions. Morale in the garrison rapidly declined, and their commander sought terms from Berwick, finally capitulating 1 August 1719. The French artillery attack had been from the La Zurriola beach on the other side of the Urumea, and the Mirador battery had proved insufficient to repel the attack and had itself suffered major damage. Berwick's attack had left two major breaches: on the old wall between the rounded bastions of Amézqueta and Los Hornos, and a second breach between the latter bastion and that of El Gobernador, to the left of the "royal front", thereby creating a blind spot in the defences.

Jorge de Verboom

Main article: Jorge de Verboom, 1st Marquess of Verboom

In 1725, Verboom directed the projects for the fortification of San Sebastián, Pamplona and Fuenterrabía. He entrusted his son Isidro Próspero with drawing up the project for San Sebastián. As well as repairing the breaches from the siege of 1719, Isidro Verboom strengthened the defences at strategic points, and established a system of batteries at the top of Mount Urgull.

Juan Martín Cermeño

Main article: Juan Martín Cermeño

In 1756, Cermeño drew up plans for the fortifications at San Sebastian, including those of the Frente de Tierra (the stretch of sand and land between the town and Mount Urgull) and projected the defensive works for La Zurriola beach, between the estuary of the Urumea and Mount Ulia.

Peninsular War

Main article: Peninsular War

Siege of San Sebastian (7 July – 8 September 1813)

Main article: Siege of San Sebastian

Fortifications at San Sebastian (early 19th century)

The defences at San Sebastian in 1813 were a combination of natural and man-made features, with the city's fortifications and La Mota castle on Monte Orgullo being distinct but interconnected defences. Thus, the city's location on a narrow peninsula provided some natural protection, with the estuary of the River Urumea to the east and to the west, "a tiny bay about sixteen hundred yards across at its broadest," further limiting access. Its man-made fortifications included a high wall, eight feet thick, with the bastion of St. Elmo at the north-eastern angle, and the two small towers of Los Hornos and Las Miguetas towards the southern end with a bastion in the centre, "covered by a hornwork, with the usual counterscarp, covered way and glacis; but these works were dominated throughout by the neighbouring heights which were in range of cannon". The hornwork further strengthened the defences on the landward side. The bastions, projecting outward, allowed for flanking fire.

Monte Orgullo itself was protected from assault from the north by deep water and cliffs. Although the castle also had seaward-facing batteries, the landward battery of La Mota, together with two batteries to the right and left of it, "were able from their great elevation to sweep the isthmus from end to end", thereby providing artillery support to the city's defences, while the city walls helped protect the lower slopes of Monte Orgullo. On 8 September, sixty-one British guns and mortars began their bombardment of the castle defences and after two hours, in which all the defences had been levelled to the ground, the French governor, General Louis Emmanuel Rey, surrendered his garrison of some 1,300 troops, plus 450 wounded and the almost 350 Portuguese and British prisoners captured on previous assaults.

Barracks

Between 1863 and 1866, the bombproof Santiago barracks, sleeping 200 men, plus sergeants and four officers, were built. They were partially demolished with the demilitarisation of Monte Urgull in 1921.