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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unknown–1581 | |||||||
| Capital | Kumintang | ||||||
| Common languages | Tagalog | ||||||
| Ethnic groups | Tagalog | ||||||
| Religion | Tagalog polytheism | ||||||
| Government | Bayan under the rule of a paramount datu | ||||||
| • Datu | Gat Pulintan | ||||||
| History | |||||||
| • Established | unknown | ||||||
| • Arrival of Spanish missionaries into Batangas | 1572 | ||||||
| • Christianization of Kumintang | 1581 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Philippines | ||||||
Kumintang, or Comintan in Spanish orthography, was a precolonial Philippine polity (bayan) situated north of the modern-day downtown of Batangas City in Southern Luzon, around the Calumpang River.(s12)(s19) Its inhabitants were the Tagalog people, and was also claimed to be the place of origin of the song “Kumintang”. Its most commonly known ruler was a legendary figure known as Gat Pulintan, the paramount datu of the region.
Etymology
Sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth century historical narratives of early chroniclers referred to Kumintang not as a musical form, but as a “kingdom” centered around present-day Batangas City. Batangas is still referred to poetically as Kumintang to this day. However, as time went on, the term ‘kumintang’ became associated more with the song. (s11)(s17)
Kumintang as a song
According to folklore, it was said that the Spanish missionaries could only communicate to the natives through hand signs, and because he and the soldiers had no way of communicating to the people to ask the name of the place, they decided to call it “Kumintang”, after the “melodious song sung everywhere by the natives”. The folklore however, did not state as to how the Spaniards knew that the song was called kumintang.(s12)
The term kumintang was often used in the twentieth century urban music circles as a long lost, archaic song of the Tagalogs, that expressed deep emotions and longing, often describing the beauty of nature and the pain of love.(s17)
Kumintang as a song or as a type of song was also mentioned in a 1691 Spanish document from the Ventura del Arco MSS, where it was mentioned that there are ‘several comintans’. (s15)
Sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth century historical narratives of early chroniclers, however, referred to Kumintang not as a musical form, but as a “kingdom” centered around present-day Batangas City. (s17)
Batangas is still referred to poetically as Kumintang to this day.(s11)
Customs
Like the nearby tribes, the early people of Batangan or Kumintang were described to be non-aggressive peoples, partly because most of the tribes in the immediate environs are related to them by blood. However, during war, they would use bakyang (bows and arrows), the bangkaw (spears) and the suwan (bolo). (s11)
Similar to their neighbors, the people of Kumintang were highly superstitious and made use of amulets (talisman). The people believed in the presence of higher beings and other things unseen. Thus, there is a strong connection between the people and nature.(s11)
The people of Kumintang made frequent use of domestic cattles to deliver their goods, and are producers of many cotton hoses. Spanish accounts described them to be ‘healthier and more clever than others’.(s16)
History
Spanish accounts
In 1570, Spanish generals Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo explored the coasts of Batangas and found numerous settlements, but mainly around the Pansipit River in Taal, which they called Bonbon.(s11) In 1572, a large chunk of land from the lake called Bonbon all the way to Batangan was given as an encomienda (repartimiento) to Mariscal (Marshall) Martin de Goiti, who led the first Spanish expedition to explore Batangas and Luzon in 1570 under the orders of Miguel López de Legazpi.(s12) Kumintang was later founded as the town of Batangan on 8 December 1581 by Spanish missionaries under Balayan Province. It was christened Batangan due to the presence of numerous big logs, which were called “batang” by the locals. However the name was not yet official. (s3)(s6)(s12) On the same year, the Batangas parish was founded under Fr. Diego Mexica.(s11) In 1601, Kumintang was officially renamed as Batañgan, with Don Agustin Casulao as its first gobernadorcillo.(s12)(s19)
The story of Gat Pulintan
In an old document from the National Library of the Philippines, supposedly an old oral tradition from Batangas, the old ruler of Kumintang was said to be Gat Pulintan, a brave chieftain and a paramount datu in the region. One day, a Spanish missionary in 1572(s19) went to visit Gat Pulintan, only to find Gat Pulintan outside of his home. However, the Spanish missionary met Princess Kumintang, the daughter of the datu. It was said that the Spanish missionary was so impressed by her beauty that he paid homage to her by kneeling and addressed her as a princess. After the Christianization of Kumintang in 1581, Gat Pulintan and Princess Kumintang fled to the hills to resist the Spanish occupation.(s3)
According to another oral tradition recorded by Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zuñiga, Gat Pulintan ruled over the places around Bulaquin (modern-day Bulakin), Magsalacot, and from the Labasin River and Panghayaan, with the former three being located on or near modern-day San Pablo in Laguna while Panghayaan was described to be located in Batangas. Gat Pulintan was also described to be always at war with his neighbors. (s1) (s2)
Gat Pulintan was mentioned in the “Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala” (1574) by Juan de Noceda as Gat Polintan as an ancient ruler.(s14) He was also mentioned erroneously as Gat Pulentang, who was the ‘ruler of Bulacan’ by Luis Camara Dery. (s4)(s5)
The story of Datu Kumintang
According to the Maragtas by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro of Miagao, Iloilo, after the settlement of the Ten Bornean Datus, some datus left Malandog to head towards Batangas, one of whom was Datu Balensuela. The book also claimed that these datus were the primogenitors of the Tagalog people.(s7) Folk stories in Batangas added that Datu Balensuela established a settlement in Batangas, and later bequeathed it to a leader called Datu Kumintang, in which the settlement or region was named in his honor.(s6)(s11) However, the historicity of the Maragtas is disputed by most scholars as a mere legend,(s8)(s9) and linguistic evidence such as the works of linguist David Zorc state that the origins of the Tagalogs may have not come from Panay, but from Eastern Visayas or Northeastern Mindanao.(s10)
Notes
- Datu Balensuela is sometimes spelled as Balensusa.
References