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Revision as of 22:53, 27 December 2024 by Jackhanma69 (talk | contribs) (Not completely finished yet, still working on it.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Hakkari, or Al-Hakkariyya, was a large medieval Kurdish tribe, That played a significant role in Ayyubid regime and the crusades.
Name
The Hakkari was recorded in Islamic sources, written in Arabic as Al-Hakkāriyya (الهکارية), while in Christian Syriac sources as Hakkarāyē (ܐܹܝܵܪܵܟ ܼܿܗ, Hakkarians).
Region
The Hakkari tribe resided in eastern part of Zozān region, in the district of Jabal Al-Hakkariyya. located Between modern day northeast of Mosul highlands and the Foothills of western Adharbayjan, near the Gulmarkiyya tribe. Their domain included Asheb or Asep, Tushi or Tusi, Judaydla catles, Suri, Harur, Malasi, Babukha, Bakza and Jabal Luhayja to the north of Mosul (in the direction of Nisibis). Ashib was the their capital.
History
Early record
The tribe was probably lived nomadic lifestyle in early 10th century. In 979, The Hakkari tribe moved further westward. Crossing the greater Zab, and taking over the Beth Daseni, an old Nestorian diocese. Massacring the local Christian population. According to 10th century Syriac writer, Joseph Busnaya, over 5,000 Christians were massacred by Hakkari Kurds.
In 980AD, the Buyid ruler, Pana Khosrow sent an expedition against the Hakkari tribe. Probably as punishment as a response their mass murder of Christians in Dasen. The Hakkari chief was besieged by the Buyid army, the Buyids promised the Hakkari chief if he surrender he'll be spared. however when the Hakkari chief surrendered, he was crusified and his body was put on display on the road to Mosul.
Turkic incursions
In 1041AD, after the defeat of the invading Ghuz turks and subsequent massacre in Urmia by Rawadids. They fled to Hakkari where they ravaged it. they were eventually defeated by the Kurds and 1500 Ghuz tribesmen were killed and the survivors were enslaved by Hakkari Kurdish tribe.
Jayush Bag, the Seljuk Governor of Mosul, in 1115-1116, led an expedition against the Hakkari Kurds. as a consequence of Hakkari Banditry on the roads of Mosul.
Zengid era
In 1133, the Hakkari chief, Abu'l-Hayja Al-Hakkari. went to Mosul and pledged his Allegiance to Imad ad-Din Zenki. According to some sources, he never went back to reign over his land and stayed in Mosul, leaving his son Ahmad and his deputy, Baw al-Arji to rule over his domain. He died in Mosul in 1142. In the summer of 1142, Imad ad-Din Zanki he marched with a large force towards Hakkari capital, Ashib. he captured the castle of Julab and killed the Usurper of Hakkari throne, Al-Arji. Imad ad-Din Zenki demolished the Julab castle and rebuild another one carrying his name, Al-'imaddiyya.
Sources
- Wilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. East and West Publishing.
References
- ^ El-Azhari, Taef (2016-03-31). Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The politics of Jihad. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-58938-9.
- ^ Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (2023-01-01). "Geography, Demographics, and the Value of Medieval Syriac Historical Texts: A Case Study of the Vita of Rabbān Joseph Busnāyā (III, Final)". Banipal: Issued by General Directorate of Syriac Culture and Arts.
- Guli, Nizar. "امارة هكاري في العهد العثماني- دراسة وثائقية The Emirate of Hakkari in the Ottoman Era 1514-1849 A Historical Study".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 1137. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
- A.K.S. Lambton, Contributions to the Study of Seljuq Institutions (PhD London, 1939). P. 35.