Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Geoffrey F (talk | contribs) at 15:59, 29 December 2024 (←Created page with '{{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Franco-Gothic War (508-511) | image = Second Franco-Visigothic War.svg | caption = South-Gaul | partof = | case = | date = 508-511 | place = Gallia Aquitania en Gallia Narbonensis | result = Frankish victory | combatant1 = Franks<br> | combatant2 = Visigoths<br | commander1 = Clovis<br>Theuderic I<br>Gundobad<br>Justin I | commander2 = Alarik II<br>Apollinaris of Clermont|Apo...'). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Franco-Gothic War (508-511)
South-Gaul
Date 508-511 Location Gallia Aquitania en Gallia Narbonensis Result Frankish victory
Belligerents
Franks	Visigoths<br
Commanders and leaders
Clovis Theuderic I Gundobad Justin I	Alarik II Apollinaris Theoderic Gesalic
Strength
10,000-15,000	15,000-25,000
Casualties and losses
	Alarik II

The Franco-Gothic War (507-511) also known as the Second Frankish-Visigotan War was a military conflict between the Franks and the Aquitanian Goths aimed at the hegemony of Gaul. The main opponents in this war were the kings Clovis and Alarik II. In addition, the Burgundian king Gundobad and the Itian Gothic king Theodoric and the Roman Emporor Anastasius I played an important role.

Preamble

The political map of the former West Roman Empire had been drastically changed on the eve of this war. A new player had appeared on the scene with the arrival of Theodoric the Great in Italy, whose Goths in Italy put an end to the reign of Odoaker. The Burgundian Civil War of 500-501 also brought about changes: Clovis was invited by Godigisel to intervene and Gundobad who was besieged by the Franks in Avignon, turned to Theodoric to come and dismay him. In Aquitaine, Alaric kept aside and was busy strengthening Gothic power over the Iberian Peninsula. In the end, the Burgundian civil war was decided in favor of Gundobad, but he had become indebted to the Franks.

Diplomacy and marriages

After the end of the Burgundian Civil War, Clovis and Alarik made peace at a meeting on an island in the Loire River. Both sides had suffered heavy losses in the previous confrontation and Clovis had to give up all his conquests when he was finally beaten back over the Loire.

In addition to new alliances, marriages were also concluded. Theodoric, the new protagonist, was in favor of strengthening ties. He married Audofleda, the sister of Clovis, Clovis married Clothilde, a Burgundian princess, while Alarik II married Theodoric's daughter.

Attack plan

Clovis must have been aware that Theodoric's web of alliances stood hist plan in the way to acquire the hegemony over Gaul for himself. Despite this, his chances increased significantly when another uprising broke out in Spain in 506 and he unexpectedly got two new allies at his side who had everyone's motives to support him. . Gundobad sided with Clovis, because he thought he could make up for losses suffered earlier. And partly thanks to Gundobads' relations, Clovis was able to establish good contacts with emperor Anastatius in Constantinople. Anastasius, also emperor of the former West Roman Empire, feared Theodoric's power in the west and wanted to prevent a new emperor from coming. Theodoric must have been aware that a Roman invasion was imminent, because he kept his troops ready to resist a possible invasion.

Religion

In the run-up to the new war, religion also played a significant role. The Goths were Aryan Christians, while the majority of the Romans believed the Catholic faith. Based on various contemporary sources, it can be seen that it was a publicly widespread tradition that Clovis in Tours made the promise that he would be converted to the Catholic faith. In doing so, he hoped to win over the Catholic population in the south. Alarik II in turn convened a council to obtain support from the bishops in his domain. In addition, it is telling that he published a compilation of legislation tailored to the needs of the Gallo-Roman population. With these actions, he mainly tried to cultivate goodwill. Clovis is known to have sent letters to Aquitanian bishops in which he reported that his predominantly pagan army would not sin in looting.

Size of the armies

Regarding the composition and numerical strength of the armies, we are largely in the dark, only the size of Anastatius' expedition army is known with 8,000 soldiers. The remaining armies all came from the Late Roman army or had been associated with it. The Gothic army had a long track record as did the Frankish army, while Gundobad still bore the title magister militum. A comparison with previous and later decades shows that it is more likely that we are dealing here with armies whose core consisted of several thousand men , with the aristocrats and their entourage forming the heavy cavalry. The armies also had large numbers of archers. With the Armorican army and his own Gallo-Roman and Frankish troops, and supplemented by the Burgundian militias of the army of Clovis was between 10,000-15,000 men strong. The Aquitaine army must have had the same size, while Theodorik had a fixed army of about 10,000 soldiers.

Beginning

In the spring of 507, Clovis began a new Gothic war. It is quite clear that his intention this time was to conquer the south and not a raid like the previous war, because Clovis forbade his men to plunder the country. Clovis had previously strengthened himself with Gallo-Roman troops from Armorica and began his attack by first taking Tours. From there followed the crossing over the Vienne which was difficult, it was swollen by heavy rain showers. Moreover, this time the element of surprise was missing and Clovis struggled to control his troops, a monastery almost went up in flames.

Battle of Vouille

As he marched from Nantes to Poitiers, Clovis' march was interrupted by Alaric II - who was apparently aware of Clovis' support among the Catholics of his subjects - and who decided to defeat the Franks before they could join forces. The outcome of this first major showdown was disastrous for him. Gregory of Tours, the main source on the details of this battle, which is called the Battle of Vouille, reports that the nucleus of the Visigothic army was destroyed and Alarik II was killed (so-called by Clovis in a single battle).

The threat of an invasion by the [[Roman army meant that Theodoric could not interfere in the battle. The raid actually took place in early 508 in the boot of Italy, but the Roman intervention was not aimed at conquest. It did not seek confrontation with Theodoric' army and limited itself only to the conquest and plundering of only cities in the south. Only when Theodoric had the situation under control did he send an army to the south to assist the Aquitan Goths.

Conquest of the East

Stripped of their monarch, the Gothic army fled in dismay, southern Aquitaine was completely open. Clovis sent his eldest son Theuderic east to occupy the Gothic cities in the Auvergne. The Frankish prince morched from Clermont to Rodez and eventually arrived in Albi. Meanwhile, Gundobad had invaded the South with an army. Assisted by the Franks, he besieged Arles. However, after a prolonged siege, the Ostrogoths intervened in 508 and bowed to a high loss, forcing the Burgundians to retreat.

Further course of the war

Clovis sank further south and took all the cities he encountered. At the end of 507, Clovis was able to conquer Bordeaux and spent the winter there. The following year, Clovis was able to seize the enemy capital of Toulouse and the treasury. The Visigothic court had been moved to Narbonne, which is why Clovis sought to take it too, but the city was protected by mountainous terrain, so Clovis was forced to besiege Carcassonne, located between Toulouse and Narbonne. However, the siege ended in failure, as Ostrogothic auxiliary forces also arrived here and managed to expel the Franks. The defeated Clovis returned and took Angoulême, which he initially ignored. To destroy the Ostrogoths' opportunities to recapturn cities, Clovis installed extensive garrisons in the newly captured cities.

After the defeat and death of Alarik, the Goths chose his eldest son Gesalik as his successor. In the south he withstand and received help from the Ostrogoths who recaknoked Narbonne and defended Arles against Frankish conquest, after which a stalemate arose. As far as is known, no major battles were fought after that.

End of the War and meaning

Clovis was baptised in 508 - as he had promised - after the victory over Alarik in Tours. He received the patriciate, the consulate of honor and a golden crown from Emperor Anastasius. That was not the end of the war. Gundobad conducted another campaign against Gesalic in Spain and besieged Barcelona. In 511, the Visigothic kingdom was brought under the direct control of Theodoric. Theodoric set off Gesalec, and formed a Gothic superstate extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Danube. While territories that had been lost to the Franks remained so, Theodoric made a peace arrangement with the heirs of the Frankish kingdom when Clovis was dead.

Sources

• Gregory of Tours, Histories
• Cassiodorus, Variae
• Marcellinus Comes, Annales
• Chronica Gallica of 511
• Magnus Felix Ennodius, Panegyry of Theodoric

Literature

• MacGeorge, Penny (2002). Late Roman Warlords. OUP Oxford. p. 157. ISBN 9780191530913.
• Wijnendaele, Jeroen W.P. (2024), De wereld van Clovis, de val van Rome en de geboorte van het westen
• Mathisen, Ralph W. (2012), The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began, Walter de Gruyter
• Wolfram, Herwig (1988), History of the Goths, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

References

1. the Roman army of Anastasius not included in this
2. the army of Visigoths and Ostrogoths together
3. Gregorius of Tours, History, 2.35
4. Wijnendaele 2024, p. 195. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWijnendaele2024 (help)
5. Chronica Gallica of 511, s.a. 507
6. Magnus Felix Ennodius, 'Panegyric of Theodoric, 69
7. Wijnendaele 2024, p. 177. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWijnendaele2024 (help)
8. Marcellinus Comes, s.a. 508
9. Wijnendale 2024, p. 187. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWijnendale2024 (help)
10. Some modern historians estimate the number of Frankish warriors at approx. 6,000. This is based on reports of Clovis' baptism. Gregory of Tours (Historiae 11, 31) stated that 3,000 Frankish warriors were baptized, and Hincmar reported in the ninth century (Vita Remigii 30) that about half of the Frankish warriors initially converted, hence the estimate of 6,000. This number may indicate the size of the armed forces at that time, with armies of up to three or four thousand.
11. Wijnendaele 2024, p. 202. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWijnendaele2024 (help)
12. Wolfram 1988, p. 269. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWolfram1988 (help)
13. Wijnendaele 2024, p. 200. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWijnendaele2024 (help)
14. ^ Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780816657001.
15. Cassiodorus, Var., 2.5
16. Marcellinus Comes, s.a. 508
17. Mathisen 2012, p. 88. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMathisen2012 (help)
18. Isidore of Seville, Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, chapter 37
19. Wolfram 1988, p. 245. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWolfram1988 (help)

• Wars involving Francia
• Wars involving the Goths