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Flag
Coat of arms of Haiti
Coat of arms
| |
| Motto: "L'Union Fait La Force" (French) "The Union Makes Strength" | |
| Anthem: La Dessalinienne | |
 | |
| Capitaland largest city | Port-au-Prince |
| Official languages | French, Haitian Creole |
| Government | Republic |
| • President | René Préval |
| • Prime Minister | Jacques-Edouard Alexis |
| Formation | |
| • as Saint-Domingue | 1697 |
| • Independence from France | January 1, 1804 |
| • Water (%) | 0.7 |
| Population | |
| • July 2005 estimate | 8,528,000 (88th) |
| • 1982 census | 5,053,792 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate |
| • Total | $12.94 billion (124th) |
| • Per capita | $1,600 (148th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2005 estimate |
| • Total | $4.211 billion (134th) |
| • Per capita | $478 (151st) |
| Gini (2001) | 59.2 high inequality |
| HDI (2004) |  0.482Error: Invalid HDI value (154th) |
| Currency | Gourde (HTG) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 |
| Calling code | 509 |
| ISO 3166 code | HT |
| Internet TLD | .ht |
| |
Haiti (Haïti in French; Ayiti in Haitian Creole; Hayti in nineteenth century English), officially the Republic of Haiti, occupies one-third of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, sharing it with the Dominican Republic. Haiti also includes many smaller islands such as La Gonâve, La Tortue (Tortuga), Les Cayemites, Île de Anacaona, and La Grande Caye. The uninhabited island of Navasse is claimed by both Haiti and the United States. 'Ayiti' (Haiti) was the indigenous Taíno name for the island. Its highest point is Chaine de la Selle, at 2,680 meters. The total area of Haiti is 27,750 km² (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince.
A former French colony, Haiti became the first independent black republic and the only nation ever to form from a successful slave rebellion. Haiti became the second non-native country in the Americas (after the United States) to declare its independence, on January 1, 1804.
Haiti has recently undergone a state of transition following the forced ousting of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide on February 29, 2004. The circumstances surrounding his departure from office are disputed, with Aristide stating that he was kidnapped by US government agents who forcibly put him onto a plane and flew him out of the country. He had been re-elected in 2000 by a strong majority, with most of his support coming from Haiti's poor masses, which comprise a large majority of the country's population. René Préval was elected president in his place on February 7, 2006, and took office in May.
History
The island of Hispaniola, of which Haiti occupies the western third, was originally inhabited by the Taíno and Arawak peoples. Christopher Columbus landed at Môle Saint-Nicolas on December 5, 1492, and claimed the island for Spain. Nineteen days later on Christmas Eve, 1492, the Santa Maria ran aground near the present site of Pen-island Cap-Haitien and Columbus was forced to leave 39 men, founding the settlement of La Navidad . Ayiti, which means "mountainous land", is a name used by its early inhabitants, the Taino-Arawak people, who also called it Bohio, meaning "rich villages", and Quisqueya, meaning "high land".
The Taínos were a seafaring branch of the South American Arawaks. Taíno means "the good" or "noble" in their language. A system of cacicazgos (chiefdoms) existed, called Marien, Maguana, Higuey, Magua and Xaragua, which could be subdivided. The cacicazgos were based on a system of tribute, consisting of the food grown by the Taíno. Among the cultural signs that they left were cave paintings around the country, which have become touristic and nationalistic symbols of Haiti. Xaragua is modern day Leogane, a city in the southwest.
One of the earliest leaders to fight off European conquest was Queen Anacaona, a Taino princess from Xaragua who married Chief Caonabo, a Taino King from Maguana. The two fought hard against the Europeans; she was captured by the Europeans and executed in front of her people. Other noted Taino leaders from Haiti are Chief Guacanagari, Chief Guama and Chief Hatuey (who later fled to Cuba and helped fight the Spaniards there). Cacique Henri, another Taino chief, fought victoriously against the Spaniards in the Bahoruco to gain freedom for himself and his people. The town associated with this history is Anse a Pitres, near the south-eastern town of Jacmel. Most of the Taino-Arawak people are extinct, with majority mixing with African slaves and European conquerors.
Colonial rule
Main article: Saint-DomingueEnslavement, harsh treatment of the native, and especially epidemic diseases such as smallpox caused the Arawak and Taino population to plummet over the next quarter-century. In response, the Spanish began to import African slaves to search for gold on the island. Spanish interest in Hispaniola waned, however, after the 1520s, when vast reserves of gold and silver were discovered in Mexico and South America.
Fearful of pirate attacks, the king of Spain in 1609 ordered all colonists on Hispaniola to move closer to the capital city, Santo Domingo. However, this resulted in British, Dutch and French pirates establishing bases on the island's abandoned northern and western coasts. French settlement of the island began in 1625, and in 1664 France formally claimed control of the western portion of the island. By the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France. France named its new colony Saint-Domingue.
While the Spanish side of the island was largely neglected, the French side prospered and became the richest colony in the Western Hemisphere, exporting large amounts of sugar and coffee. French colonial society contained three population groups: Europeans (about 32,000 in 1790) who held political and economic control; the gens de couleur, some 28,000 free blacks (about half of which had mulatto background) who faced second-class status; and the slaves, who numbered about 500,000. (Living outside French society were the maroons, escaped ex-slaves who formed their own settlements in the highlands.) At all times, a majority of slaves in the colony were African-born, as the very brutal conditions of slavery prevented the population from experiencing growth through natural increase. African cultures thus remained strong among slaves until the end of French rule.
Revolution
Inspired by the French Revolution, the gens de couleur pressed the colonial government for expanded rights. In October 1790, 350 revolted against the government. On May 15, 1791, the French National Assembly granted political rights to all blacks and mulattoes who had been born free - but did not change the status quo regarding slavery. On August 22, 1791, slaves in the north rose against their masters near Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien). This revolution spread rapidly and came under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture. He is commonly referred to as the "Black Napoleon." He soon formed alliances with the gens de couleur and the maroons, whose rights had been revoked by the French government in retailiation for the uprising.
Toussaint's armies defeated the French colonial army, but then joined forces with it in 1794, following a decree by the revolutionary French government that abolished slavery. Under Toussaint's command, the Saint-Domingue army then defeated invading Spanish and British forces. This cooperation between Toussaint and French forces ended in 1802, however, when Napoleon sent a new invasion force designed to subdue the colony; many islanders suspected the army would also reimpose slavery. Napoleon's forces initially were successful at fighting their way onto the island, and persuaded Toussaint to a truce. He was then betrayed, captured and died in a French prison. This backfired on the French, as it motivated Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe, leaders of separate military factions, to resume the rebellion. Napoleon's forces were further troubled by a yellow fever epidemic that swept through the island.
Independence
Dessalines's armies defeated the French forces at the Battle of Vertières on November 18, 1803. On January 1, 1804 the nation declared its independence, securing its position as the second independent country in the New World, and the only successful slave rebellion in world history. Dessalines was its first ruler. The name Haiti was chosen in recognition of the old Arawak name for the island, Ayiti.
The new State of Haiti supported the abolitionist cause wherever possible. Haiti aided Simón Bolívar, allowing him refuge and supporting his revolutionary efforts under the condition he free Latin America's slaves. The slaveholding powers surrounding Haiti isolated the new nation under a cordon sanitaire, fearing slave revolutions of their own. The Haitian Revolution is thought to have inspired numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean and United States. The blockade was virtually total. The Vatican withdrew its priests from Haiti and did not return them until 1860. France refused to recognize Haiti's independence until it agreed to pay an indemnity of 150 million francs, to compensate for the losses of French planters in the revolutions, in 1833. Payment of this indemnity brought the government deeply in debt and crippled the country's economy.
In 1806, Dessalines, by now Emperor, was murdered in a power struggle with political rivals who thought him a tyrant. The nation divided into two parts, a southern republic founded by Alexandre Pétion (mulatto), becoming the first black-led republic in the world and the first Caribbean state to achieve independence, and a northern kingdom under Henri Christophe. The idea of liberty in the southern republic was as license, a fondness for idleness shared by elite and peasant. Christophe believed that liberty was the opportunity to show the world that a black nation might be equal, if not better than the white nations. Consequently he worked the field hands under the same unrelenting military system he developed under Toussaint. He also built for himself eight palaces including his capital Sans Souci and the massive Citadelle Laferrière, the largest fortress in the Western hemisphere.
In August 1820, King Henri I (Henri Christophe) suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. When the news spread of his infirmities, the whispers of rebellion, deceit and treachery began. On October 2, 1820, the military garrison at St. Marc led a mutiny that sparked a revolt. The mutiny preempted a conspiracy of some of Christophe's most loyal generals. Some of his trusted aides took him from the palace of Sans-Souci up to his Citadel, to await the inevitable confrontation with the rebels. Christophe ordered his attendants to dress him in his formal military uniform and for two days desperately tried to raise the strength to lead out his troops. Finally, yelled orders in these last days and finally ordered his doctor to leave the room. Shortly after he left, Christophe raised his pistol and shot himself dead through the heart.
Following Christophe's death the nation was reunited as the Republic of Haiti under Jean-Pierre Boyer, Petion's successor. Boyer invaded the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and united the entire island of Hispaniola under Haitian rule until 1844 when the Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti.
American occupation
Throughout the nineteenth century, the country was ruled by a series of presidents, most of whom remained in office only briefly. Meanwhile, the country's economy was gradually dominated by foreigners, particularly from Germany. Concerned about German influence, and disturbed by the lynching of President Guillaume Sam by an enraged crowd, the United States invaded and occupied Haiti in 1915. The United States imposed a constitution (written by future president Franklin D. Roosevelt) and applied an old system of compulsory corvée labor to everyone. Previously this system had been applied only to members of the poor, black majority. The occupation had many long-lasting effects on the country. United States forces built schools, roads and hospitals, and launched a campaign that eradicated yellow fever from the island.
As their occupation resulted in the centralization of government and industry from the provinces to the capital, destroying the socio-economic fabric of the country and launching an exodus from the countryside, some nationalist rebels, called the Cacos, waged a strong guerilla warfare, headed by Charlemagne Péralte and later Dominique Batraville. As a consequence, the U.S.-controlled government created a National Guard which in future decades would become the Armée d'Haiti and be said to commit many atrocities against its own people. The occupation ended in 1934.
The Duvaliers
The Americans left Haiti in the hands of the mulatto minority, but in 1946 Dumarsais Estimé became the country's first black president since the American occupation began. His efforts at reform sparked disorder, and when he attempted to extend his term of office in 1950 (as most previous presidents had done) there was a coup, followed by the second formal Military Council of Government led by Paul Magloire.
In 1957, Dr. François Duvalier ("Papa Doc") came to power in the country's first universal suffrage election; many believed this outcome was manipulated by the army. In 1964, he declared himself president for life. Duvalier maintained control over the population through his secret police organization, the Volunteers for National Security - nicknamed the Tonton Macoutes ("bogeymen") after a folkloric villain. This organization drew international criticism for its harsh treatment of political adversaries, both real and suspected. Upon Duvalier's death in 1971, he was succeeded by his nineteen year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed "Baby Doc") as Haiti's new president for life. The younger Duvalier regime became notorious for corruption, and was deposed in 1986, ushering in a new period of upheaval.
Roman Catholic pro-democratic movement
The unravelling of the Duvalier regime began with a popular movement supported by the local church and set in motion by the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1983, who before embarking his plane gave a rousing speech ending with an angry exclamation: "Things must change here!" In 1984, anti-government riots broke out throughout the nation and the Haitian Catholic Bishops' Conference initiated a literacy program designed to prepare the Haitian public for participation in the electoral process.
Aristide
The charismatic leader Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president in 1991, but was deposed in a coup shortly after. There followed three years of brutal control by a military junta led by Raoul Cedras, before a second American invasion and occupation in 1994 returned Aristide to power. One of the first acts of the re-installed government of Aristide was to disband the army, to great popular acclaim.
Aristide was succeeded by a close ally and former prime minister, René Préval, in 1996. While Aristide was the first democratically elected president in Haitian history, Préval's administration was most notable for the fact that he was the first person in Haiti's history to constitutionally succeed a president and then serve a complete term, leaving office voluntarily at the prescribed time. Every previous president had either died in office, been assassinated, been deposed, overstayed his prescribed term, or been installed by a foreign power.
(photo by Patrick-André Perron)
Aristide returned to office in 2001 after elections that were boycotted by many of his opponents, who accused his party, Fanmi Lavalas, of counting votes improperly in a previous senatorial election, as well as threatening critics. Aristide denied the charges and accused his opponents of accepting U.S. assistance, and plotting to overthrow his government. The opposition mostly denied this, but many of its members continually called for his early resignation.
In February 2004, violence spread through Haiti, involving conflicts between the government and various rebel groups. Under pressure from both foreign governments and internal sources, Aristide left the country for the Central African Republic on February 29. Aristide claimed that he had been kidnapped by agents of the United States government, while the United States claimed that Aristide had agreed to leave the country willingly and that it had escorted him to Africa for his own protection . As Aristide departed the country, many members of his government fled or went into hiding, and the United States again sent Marines into Port-au-Prince. After Aristide's departure, Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre succeeded to the presidency appointed by a council of elders and supported by the United States, Canada, and France.
In the months following the February Coup, the country was engulfed in violence between the interim government's forces and Lavalas supporters, and many members of the Lavalas party were sent to jail, exiled, or killed. Much of the violence began after police of the interim force began shooting at peaceful Lavalas demonstrations in mid 2004. Over 10,000 workers in Haitian civil enterprises lost their jobs following the coup. A study published in the British medical journal "The Lancet" found through single spatial sampling that 8,000 murders and 35,000 sexual assaults occurred in the greater Port-au-Prince area during the period of the interim regime. Template:PDFlink
Elections were held in February 2006, and René Préval was again elected president. Preval has promised to bring peace and stability to the country. See Haitian elections, 2006.
Politics
Main article: Politics of HaitiThe politics of Haiti takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, and of a pluriform multi-party system, whereby the President of Haiti is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haïti.
Departments, arrondissements, and communes
Haiti is divided into 10 départements:
The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes.
Geography
Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and river valleys. The east and central part is a large elevated plateau. The highest point in Haiti is Chaine de la Selle at 2,680 m (8,793 feet). The 360-km (224-mile) border is shared with the Dominican Republic. Haiti also contains several islands. The famous island of Tortuga (Île de la Tortue) is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The arrondissement of La Gonâve is located on the island of the same name, in the Gulf of Gonave. Gonave Island is a moderately populated of rural villagers. Île à Vache (Island of The Cow) is located off the tip of southwestern Haiti. It is a rather lush island with many beautiful sights. Also part of Haiti are the Cayemites and Ile de Anacaona
In 1925, Haiti was a lush tropical paradise, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Since then, the population has cut down all but 2% of its forest cover, and in the process has destroyed fertile farmland soils while contributing to desertification. Erosion has been severe in the mountainous areas. Pictures from space glaringly show the stark difference in forestation between Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic. Most Haitian logging is done to produce charcoal, the country's chief source of fuel. The plight of Haiti's forests has attracted international attention and has led to numerous reforestation efforts, but these have met with little success to date.
In addition to soil erosion, the deforestation has also caused periodic flooding, as seen on September 17, 2004. Tropical storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of Gonaïves.
Jared Diamond attributes many of Haiti's political problems to its mismanagement of its ecosystems, particularly deforestation; see Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.
There has been a dispute between the United States and Haiti about Navassa Island (Navasse), which both countries claim. The Haitian claim relies on documentation that Navassa became part of Haiti after a 1697 agreement between France and Spain that gave France the western third of Hispaniola plus nearby islands, including Navassa Island. The United States claims the island pursuant to its own Guano Islands Act of 1856.
Economy
Main article: Economy of HaitiHaiti remains the least-developed country in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti now ranks 154th of 177 countries in the UN’s Human Development Index (2006). About 80% of the population lives in abject poverty, ranking the country second-to-last in the world for that metric.
Nearly 70.5% of all Haitians depend on the agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming. The country has experienced little formal job creation over the past decade, although the informal economy is growing. It has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index.
Under the second Aristide administration and the Alexandre-Latortue administration, difficulty in reaching agreements with international sponsors denied Haiti badly needed budget and development assistance. In addition to these geopolitical obstacles, another major impediment to development during the last twenty years has been the repeated episodes of violence that have rocked the country. While there was relative calm under the governments of Fanmi Lavalas, this may not have been sufficiently long-lived to convince foreign investors to commit significant capital to Haiti.
Consequently, the country has experienced shortages, severe trade deficits, and periodic high inflation during this 20-year period. Reports have suggested that most of Haiti's flow of foreign reserves, during at least the last five years, has come from a combination of remittances from the sizeable expatriate community and taxes on incoming phone calls.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Haiti95% of Haitians are of predominately African descent. A significant number of the population also have mixed ancestry between African and native Taino heritage. The numbers of native-descended Haitians are not known. The rest are White or mulatto, including descent from French, Levantine, Spanish, Italian, German, Dominican, Syrian, and East Indian ancestors. There is a very small percentage within the minority who are of Japanese or Chinese origin.
Haitian diaspora
As with many other poor Caribbean nations, there is a large diaspora, which includes a lot of illegal immigration to nearby countries. Millions of Haitians live abroad, largely in the Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Canada, France, and the United States.
In the United States
There are large numbers of Haitians who inhabitate the "Little Haiti" section of Miami. In New York City, the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Flatbush, Crown Heights, and Canarsie are home to many Haitians. In the Borough of Queens, Jamaica, Queens Village and Cambria Heights have large Haitian populations. Many successful Haitians move east to Long Island where Elmont and other towns have seen many new residents. Other enclaves that contain Haitians include Cambridge, Massachusetts and Chicago, Illinois.
Jean-Baptiste Pointe du Sable is a Haitian man who in 1779 built the first permanent settlement at the mouth of the river just east of the present Michigan Avenue Bridge on the north bank of Chicago. Other notable Americans of Haitian descent include: W.E.B. DuBois the famous civil rights activist, whose father was Haitian born; Wyclef Jean, the rapper/producer; Jimmy Jean-Louis, actor and model; Garcelle Beauvais, actress; DJ Whoo Kid, official DJ for G-Unit;Tony Yayo, rapper for G-Unit; David Jolicoeur, better known as Trugoy the Dove of the Rap Group, De La Soul; Edwidge Danticat, author; Jean-Michel Basquiat, artist; CEO of Czar Entertainment, Jimmy "Henchmen" Rosemond.
Culture
Main article: Culture of HaitiLanguage
Haiti's official languages are French and Haitian Creole (Kreyòl Ayisyen). Nearly all Haitians speak the latter, a creole based primarily on French and African languages, with some English, Taíno, Portuguese and Spanish influences. The Haitian Vodoun Culture Language is used as a cultural second language among some communities. Spanish is spoken near the border with the Dominican Republic and is increasingly being spoken in more westward areas as Venezuelan, Cuban, and Dominican trade influence Haitian affairs. Some Haitians also speak English.
Tourism
Due to recent political instability, tourism - once a significant industry in Haiti - has suffered, with the exception of Labadee, a port located on the country's northern coast. Labadee is a resort owned by Royal Caribbean International. Although sometimes described as an island in its own right in advertisements, it is actually contiguous with the island of Hispanola. Labadee is fenced off from the surrounding area. The cruise ships anchor offshore and passengers are tendered to the resort.
Attractions include a Haitian Flea Market, traditional Haitian dance performances, numerous beaches, watersports, and a waterpark.
Religion
Roman Catholicism is the state religion, which the majority of the population professes. An estimated 20 percent of the population practices Protestantism. Protestant churches of numerical strength are Assemblées de Dieu, the Convention Baptiste d'Haïti, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Church of God, the Church of the Nazarene, the Église Episcopale d'Haïti and the Mission Evangelique Baptiste du Sud-Haïti.
A sizeable percentage of the population in Haiti also practices the religion of Vodou (Voodoo), whether exclusively or alongside Roman Catholic observances. Some of Haiti's traditions and artistic styles reflect a unique syncretism, or combination, of Roman Catholicism and the African-derived Vodou (or Vodoun).
Music
Main article: Music of HaitiThe music of Haiti is easily distinguished from other styles. It includes kompa, twobadou, rasin and kadans. Other musical genres popular in Haiti include Trinidadian Soca, merengue (originating in the Dominican Republic), and zouk (a combination of kompa and music from the French Antilles). Musicians such as T-Vice and Carimi perform regularly in the United States and Québec. Sweet Micky is unarguably one of the greatest legends of Kompa music, he is called the President of Kompa. The most successful and well known Haitian artist of this epoch is Wyclef Jean, who is internationally recognized for being one of the first Haitian artists to find commercial success.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Haiti is influenced in a large part by French cuisine as well as some native staples originating from African and Taíno cuisine such as cassava (kasav), yam, and maize (mayi). Haitian food, though unique in its own right, shares much in common with the rest of Latin America. Some popular dishes are:
-
Haitian cuisine.
- Diri ak Pwa: Rice and Beans
- Grillo: Fried Pork
- Tasso: Fried Goat or Beef
- Canard Fri: Fried duck
- Sòs poulet: Chicken in sauce
- Mayi moulen: Cornmeal
- Sòs pwa: a bean sauce
- Legume: Vegetables (Cabbage, choyote, eggplant, spinach, carrots, and your choice of meats)*Poisson: Fish
- La Bouillie: A sort of porridge made from green bananas or fine grain corn meal
- Diri au Let: A dessert composed of sweetened milk, rice and cinnamon
- Bananne Fri/Peze (tostones): (Fried Green Plantains, or also popular in the Dominican Republic)
- Lambi: Conch
- Cribiche: Shrimp
- Diri A Pwa Rouge: Rice with Red Beans
- Langue Beuff: (loosely translated: Cow's Tongue) The tongue of a cow cooked similar to the cooking of chicken. It is also a flaky pastry coated with sugar.
- Casave a Mamba: Casava bread with spicy peanut butter (Peanut butter grinded with Habaneros)
- Akasan: Cornmeal Milk
- Fresco: Similar to the Italian Ice they also serve this in Puerto Rico
- Diri ak Jon jon=Riz Noir au Champions=Black rice with dried mushrooms
- Polet Le Manrango: Baked chicken legs and wings coated with ketchup and parmesan cheese
- Marinade:chicken mixed with flour, and fried in oil.
- Friture/Fritage: a mixture of fried=frit foods; Grillot, marinade, patate, bananne peze/fri, accra, served with piklese= a dressing made of very hot and spicey peppers.
- Beyen: Fried banana dessert: made with very ripe bananas, mixed with some flour, fried into little round patties served with sugar sprinkled on top.
A preferred seasoning known as Epis in Haiti is commonly referred to as Sofrito by the rest of the region, a basic recipe goes as following:
- Celery
- Scallion
- Red peppers
- Green peppers
- Cilantro
- Onion
- Garlic
- Vegetable Oil
- Tomatoes (optional, but used in some provinces)
All of the ingredients are blended together and a dash of sugar or Adobo is added. Salt should not be included or substituted for the recipe. This seasoning is used to condiment or prepare meats, cooked rice and/or stews.
References
- "Slavery and the Haitian Revolution, Chapter 8 Page 2". Retrieved 2006-09-15.
- "Slavery in the Colonial Era". Retrieved 2006-09-15.
- "Slavery and the Haitian Revolution, Chapter 8 Page 2". Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Chapter 6 - Haiti: Historical Setting". Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Country profile: Haiti". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
- "Christophe's Kingdom and Pétion's Republic". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "http://countrystudies.us/haiti/15.htm". Haiti - The U.S. occupation 1915-1934. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
{{cite web}}: External link in|title= - "François Duvalier 1957-1971". Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Growth and structure of the economy". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Key Dates in Haiti's History". Embassy of the Republic of Haiti. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Key Dates in Haiti's History". Embassy of the Republic of Haiti. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Crisis in Haiti". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
- Steve Miller and Joseph Curl (2004). "Aristide accuses U.S. of forcing his ouster". Washington Times.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - "Forestry". Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- "Photo Gallery: Jeanne hits Haiti". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- Edwidge Danticat, The Royal Diaries of Anacoana: Golden Flower, Haiti 1490. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
Further reading
- Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti, Common Courage Press 2003, ISBN 1-56751-242-9
- C. L. R. James: The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (1938, Vintage, ISBN 0-679-72467-2)
- Martin Ros: Night of Fire - The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti, DaCapo Press, New York 1993, ISBN 0-9627613-8-9
- Wade Davis: The Serpent and The Rainbow
- Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5.
- Fick, Carolyn E., The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below, University of Tennessee Press; first ed edition (February 1, 1990), ISBN-10: 0870496670, ISBN-13: 978-0870496677
- Jared Diamond. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03337-5.
- Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22823-5.
See also
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| Table | "col" | Yes | No | {{col-begin}}, {{col-begin-fixed}} or {{col-begin-small}} |
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External links
History
- Key Dates in Haitian History - Embassy of Haiti
- People in Haitian History - Founders and heroes of Haiti
- Bob Corbett's Haitian History Page - in-depth information about Haitian history and literature
- Napoleon's secret orders to General Leclerc
- 1937 massacre - information about the 1937 massacre of 18,000 Haitians by Dominican President Rafael Trujillo
- Library of Congress - A Country Study: Haiti
- The Louverture Project - Haitian History Wiki
- Institut de la Maison Imperiale d'Haiti
- The Imperial and Military Order of Saint Faustin (Ordre Imperial et Militaire de la Croix de Saint-Faustin)
- 1987 Constitution of Haiti - unofficial translation by Georgetown University
- Embassy of Haiti in Washington D.C.
- Haiti Paper Money
Culture
- Music and Video of Rara Festivals in Haiti and New York
- Video: Sculpture marks abolition of slave trade anniversary
The Flag of Haiti
The flag of Haiti was redesigned after the slave revolution over a colonial France. The flag was changed from black and yellow to blue and red.
News
- Yahoo! News Full Coverage
- Encyclpaedia Britannica - Haiti's country page
- Radio Metropole
- Television Nationale d'Haiti
- Telehaiti-Television d'Haiti
- Radio Kiskeya
- VOA kreyol
- Haiti Progre - Lavalas news in several languages
- AlterPresse news briefs in several languages
- IFEX independent news
- Haiti News
- Haiti-news list, Haitian news
- Le Nouvelliste Online, political, social, economics, culture and entertainment, sports news
- IPS Inter Press Service Independent news reports and features about Haiti
Films
- BelFim - Haiti's Internet Movie Database
- Pote Mak Sonje (the Raboteau Trial) (2003)
- Aristide and the Endless Revolution by Nicolas Rossier (2005)
Books
- Let Haiti Live (2004)
- Pathologies of Power (2003)
Haitian events
- Why they had to Crush Aristide, The Guardian
- Operation Zero in Haiti, New Left Review
- Haitian Inspiration, Radical Philosophy
- Haiti 1804 as an Event - Fidelity to Freedom, Why has it been so difficult to achieve?
Advocacy
- Coalition of Organizations in US for Haiti justice
- A 'Child Alert' issued by UNICEF for the country of Haiti
- Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
- Website of Haitian Populat Movement Fanmi Lavalas
- Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
- Invisible Violence: Ignoring Murder in Post-Coup Haiti
- ZMag analysis on current situation in Haiti
- Half-Hour for Haiti Action Alerts to promote justice in and for Haiti
- Haiti Justiceblog
Health Care
- Meds & Food for Kids - Stop malnutrition in Haiti before it takes another life.
- International Child Care - Christian health development organization in Haiti & Grace Children's Hospital
- Konbit Sante A New England based Health Partnership with the people of Cap-Haitien
- Haiti Help Med Plus - Haitian medical aid organization
- Zanmi Lasante - Public health NGO Partners in Health
NGOs
- Hope for Haiti - Educational and grassroots development in rural Haiti.
- Autorite Aeroportuaire Nationale d'Haiti (AAN)
- Fondation Sequin- Advocay for the Ecology of Seguin
- Haiti Innovation - Markets sustainable, development projects in Haiti to an active community of Haiti enthusiasts and aid donors
- Pwof Ansanm - educational initiative in Haiti
- Lambi Fund of Haiti - sustainable grassroots development and reforestation for economic justice
- Akolad.com - home of Haitian community online
- HaitiXchange.com - Haitian people, news, and culture
- Haiti Action
- Haiti Democracy Project
- Haiti Support Group
- Hastings Human Rights Project for Haiti - A student led project which lodged a complaint on behalf of former PM Yvon Neptune
- Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti - News and human rights activism for Haiti with weekly newsletter
- National Coalition for Haitian Rights
- National Palace
- Sakapfet Online
- Second Generation Haitian-American (Interview)
Community
- Pouchons.com Haitian Website Community
- EchodHaiti.com Haitian Cultural Community
- HaitianDiaspora.com Haitian-American Diaspora Community
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