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The following is a list of people who have at one time converted to Christianity.
Important note: This list is known to include some individuals whose initial conversion experience may have since lapsed or reverted. Inclusion on this list is not necessarily an assertion that an individual continued to practice as a Christian throughout his life after his conversion.
List of notable converts to Christianity
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. |
From Agnosticism or Atheism
- Brother Andrew - Dutch Missionary, Author of "God's Smuggler"
- Kirk Cameron - Actor, star of Growing Pains (former Atheist)
- Bruce Cockburn - Canadian folk/rock guitarist and singer/songwriter
- Francis Collins - physician-geneticist, noted for his landmark discoveries of disease genes,and the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (former Atheist)
- Marie Dähnhardt - German intellectual and wife of atheist philosopher Max Stirner
- Ulf Ekman - Swedish pastor and founder of the charismatic church Livets Ord ("Word of Life")
- Tony Fontane - popular recording artist in the 1940s and 1950s (former Atheist)
- René Girard - philosophical anthropologist
- Joy Gresham - American writer and wife of C.S. Lewis (former Atheist)
- Zhang Guotao - former Chinese Communist leader
- Khang Khek Leu (also known as Comrade Duch) - Cambodian director of Phnom Penh's infamous Tuol Sleng detention center
- C. S. Lewis - prolific writer; well known for the The Chronicles of Narnia series, and for his apologetic Mere Christianity
- Gabriel Marcel - French existentialist philosopher.
- Norma McCorvey - "Jane Roe" in Roe v. Wade
- Josh McDowell - Christian apologist
- Alister McGrath - Biochemist and Christian theologian. Founder of 'Scientific theology' and critic of Richard Dawkins in his book Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life
- Alfred Moisiu - First non-Muslim Albanian president. Converted to Greek Orthodoxy
- Malcolm Muggeridge - British journalist/writer
- William J. Murray - author and son of atheist activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair
- Benito Mussolini - Italian Fascist dictator. Baptized in the Roman Catholic Church in 1927 (most likely a political move, Mussolini remained personally atheistic).
- John Newton - author of Amazing Grace
- Barack Hussein Obama - United States Senator from Illinois
- Blaise Pascal - French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher.
- Enoch Powell - British politician
- George R. Price - American population geneticist
- Anne Rice - author of Interview with the Vampire
- Edith Stein - Phenomenologist philosopher
- Lee Strobel - Author of The Case for Christ
- Richard Wagner - German composer
- Keith Ward - British theologian from Oxford and theistic evolutionist. Ordained as Anglican priest.
- Monty White - British Young Earth Creationist
From Buddhism
- David Yonggi Cho - Korean Christian leader; Senior Pastor of the Yoido Full Gospel Church.
- Bảo Đại - last Emperor of Vietnam
- Chiang Kai-shek - Leader of Nationalist China from late 1920s to his death.
- Stephen Kaung - Chinese Christian speaker and writer in Richmond, Virginia
- Jaruvan Maintaka - Auditor-General (Thai: ผู้ว่าการตรวจเงินแผ่นดิน) of the Kingdom of Thailand
- Don Stephen Senanayake - Sri Lankan independence activist
- Talduwe Somarama - assassin of the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka in 1959
- Charlie Soong - Chinese missionary
- Yang Xiuqing - Leader of the Taiping Rebellion
- Feng Yuxiang - warlord during Republican China
- Ling-Sheng Zhang - Chinese Christian activist
- Sun Yat Sen
From Hinduism
- Tal Brooke - Christian apologist
- Mariamma Chedathy - authority on Paraya folklore
- Bobby Jindal - American politician; Republican congressman from Louisiana
- Sister Nirmala- succeeded Mother Teresa as Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity in March 1997.
- Devasahayam Pillai - 18th century Christian martyr in India
- Ramesh Ponnuru- Political columnist for National Review Magazine
- Pandita Ramabai - Indian social reformer and activist
- Gabriel Sharma - Anglican Bishop in Fiji
- Michael Madhusudan Dutt - Bengali kayastha and epic poet
- Anak Agung Pandji Tisna - a novelist and king (1944-1947) of Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia
From Islam
The World Christian Encyclopedia estimates that, within the United States, there may be as many as twenty thousand converts from Islam to Christianity every year. Additionally, Ahmad Al-Katani suggests in an interview on Aljazeera that in Africa, 6 million Muslims convert to Christianity every year. Furthermore, although there are Christian converts in the Middle East, there are currently no definitive figures available as Christian converts are usually persecuted in this region (and may keep their conversion hidden from society), and therefore can not be reliably numbered.
- Sobron Aidit - Indonesian poet and writer
- Hussain Andaryas - Afghani Christian activist
- Martin Bashir - ITV news and documentary reporter
- Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky - Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia (note: was converted under unknown circumstances)
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa - Central African Emperor (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)
- Emir Caner - Dean of the College at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
- Ergun Caner - President of Liberty Theological Seminary at Liberty University
- Eldridge Cleaver - Mormon, former minister of the Nation of Islam
- Djibril Cissé - French soccer player
- Nonie Darwish - freelance writer
- Mehdi Dibaj - Iranian pastor and Christian martyr
- Jeremiah Fard Muhammad - Former Nation of Islam minister, now evangelist and writer
- Mark A. Gabriel - writer on Islamic affairs
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross- converted from Judaism to Islam to Christianity; counter-terrorism expert
- Akbar Gbaja-Biamila - American football player
- Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila - American football player
- Tunch Ilkin - former American football player
- Qadry Ismail - former American football player
- Raghib Ismail - former American football player
- Lina Joy - Malay Muslim convert to Christianity, who is fighting to have the word Islam removed from her identity card
- Alexander Kazembek - Russian Orientalist, historian and philologist of Azeri origin
- Mathieu Kérékou - President of Benin (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)
- Emir Kusturica - Bosnian film director
- Carlos Menem - former President of Argentina
- Yadegar Moxammat of Kazan - last khan of Kazan Khanate
- Michael Nazir-Ali - Anglican Bishop of Rocester
- Abdul Rahman - Afghan convert to Christianity who escaped the death penalty because of foreign pressure
- Emily Ruete - Born Sayyida Salme, Princess of Zanzibar and Oman
- Reza Safa - Founder of The Harvesters World Outreach from Shi'a Islam
- Begum Samru - powerful lady of north India, ruling a large area from Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh
- Hakeem Seriki (AKA Chamillionaire) - American rapper
- Walid Shoebat - author and former member of the PLO
- Amir Sjarifuddin, Indonesian freedom fighter and socialist
- Rev. Hossein Soodmand - Christian martyr, pastor of the Assemblies of God (AOG) Church in Mashad, Iran
- Patrick Sookhdeo - British Anglican canon
- Ghorban Tourani - former Iranian Sunni Muslim who became a Christian minister
- George Weah - Liberian soccer player (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)
- Saye Zerbo - former President of Burkina Faso
From Judaism
The Jewish Encyclopedia gives some statistics on conversion of Jews to Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity (which it calls "Greek Catholicism"). Some 2,000 European Jews converted to Christianity every year during the 19th century, but in the 1890s the number was running closer to 3,000 per year, — 1,000 in Austria Hungary (Galizian Poland), 1,000 in Russia (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania), 500 in Germany (Posen), and the remainder in the English world.
- Michael Solomon Alexander - former Rabbi and first Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem
- Petrus Alphonsi - physician in ordinary to King Alfonso VI of Castile
- Saint Angelus - Jerusalem saint and martyr
- Juan Alfonso de Baena - medieval Castillian troubadour
- Yahia Ben Bakr - Portuguese tax collector
- Eduard Bendemann - German painter
- Sir Julius Benedict - English composer
- Leo de Benedicto Christiano - medieval financier
- Theodor Benfey - German philologist
- Boris Berezovsky - exiled Russian billionaire
- David Berkowitz - serial killer known as Son of Sam
- Michael Bernays - German professor of literature
- Gottfried Bernhardy - German philologist and literary historian
- Anthony Bloom, Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh, Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church
- Ludwig Börne - German political writer and satirist
- John Braham - English tenor opera star
- Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach - German jurist
- David Brody (reporter) - Political reporter for Christian Broadcasting Network
- Otto Maria Carpeaux - Austro-Brazilian literary critic and multilingual scholar
- Morris Cerullo - televangelist
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim - German pathologist
- Isaac da Costa - Dutch language poet
- Jehuda Cresques - Catalan cartographer
- Marcel Dassault - French industrialist.
- Ferdinand David - German virtuoso violinist and composer
- Robert Debré - French pediatrician, father of Michel Debré
- Ludwig Dessoir - German actor
- Benjamin Disraeli - British Prime Minister and leader of the British Conservative Party in the 19th century
- Alfred Döblin - German writer
- Alfred Edersheim - Biblical scholar
- Rachel Felix - French-Swiss theatre actress
- Pero Ferrús - Castilian poet
- Achille Fould - French financier and politician
- Jacob Frank - 18th century Jewish reformer
- Heinrich von Friedberg - German jurist and statesman
- Egon Friedell - Austrian philosopher and journalist
- Ludwig Friedländer - German philologist
- Arnold Fruchtenbaum - founder and director of Ariel Ministries
- Eduard Gans - German philosopher and jurist, exponent of the conservative Right Hegelians
- Kathie Lee Gifford - American singer and talk show host (dubious conversion)
- Tamsin Greig - English actress Tamsin Greig's status as a Jew is disputed (but see Who is a Jew?).
- Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt - German astronomer and painter
- Fritz Haber - German Nobel Prize-winning chemist
- Kurt Hahn - noted German educator
- Heinrich Heine - German writer
- Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle - German physician, pathologist and anatomist
- Samuel Aba of Hungary - Third King of Hungary
- Edmund Husserl - German philosopher, father of phenomenology
- Jorge Isaacs - Colombian writer, politician and soldier
- Heinrich Jacoby - German educator
- Georg Jellinek - German legal philosopher
- Paul S. L. Johnson - american scholar and pastor
- David Kalisch - German playwright and humorist
- Felix Philipp Kanitz - Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist and author of travel notes
- Fritz Kohn - grandfather of Democratic Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts
- Leopold Kronecker - German mathematician and logician
- Lawrence Kudlow - conservative economist and host of Kudlow & Co. on CNBC
- Hermann Lebert - German physician
- Karl Lehrs - German classical scholar
- Osip Mikhailovich Lerner - 19th century Russian intellectual and lawyer
- Steve Levicoff - American writer and educator
- Fanny Lewald - German author
- Jean-Marie Lustiger - Catholic Cardinal and former Archbishop of Paris
- Heinrich Gustav Magnus - German chemist and physicist
- Ludwig Immanuel Magnus - German mathematician
- Gustav Mahler - Austrian composer
- Osip Mandelstam - Russian poet
- Friedrich Mandl - German armaments manufacturer
- Perry March - Convicted murderer, Former Nashville attorney
- Heinrich Marx - Father of Karl Marx
- Felix Mendelssohn - composer (1809-1847)
- Sidney Myer - Australian businessman
- Barry Minkow - Founder of ZZZZ Best - Convicted of Fraud
- Judah Monis - Harvard University Hebrew language instructor
- Edgardo Mortara - Italian Catholic priest
- Rich Nathan - Senior Pastor of the Vineyard Church of Columbus
- Bernard Nathanson - former abortionist turned pro-life activist
- Karl Friedrich Neumann - German orientalist
- Robert Novak - journalist
- Harry Oppenheimer - South African billionaire
- Francis Palgrave - English historian
- St. Paul - author of many New Testament epistles
- Corey Pavin, PGA golfer
- Johannes Pfefferkorn - German Christian theologian
- Friedrich Adolf Philippi - German Lutheran theologian
- Howard Phillips - American conservative activist; founder of U.S. Taxpayers Party / Constitution Party
- Lorenzo Da Ponte - Italian librettist
- Maria Ratisbonne - Catholic priest, visionary and missionary
- Harry Reems - US theater and adult film actor
- Astruc Remoch - proselytizer during the Spanish Inquisition
- David Ricardo - English political economist
- Fernando de Rojas - Renaissance Castilian author
- Daniel Rona - Mormon theologian
- Moishe Rosen - Baptist minister
- Joel C. Rosenberg - author
- Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy - Dartmouth social philosopher
- Joe Rosenthal - American photographer who took the photo of the World War II Battle of Iwo Jima
- Hans Rothfels - German historian
- Anton Rubinstein - Russian pianist, composer, and conductor
- Oswald Rufeisen - Carmelite monk who was denied Israeli citizenship
- Epiphanius of Salamis - Church Father and heresiologist
- Yitzhak Salkinsohn - Hebrew translator
- Allan Sandage - American astronomer
- Max Scheler - German Phenomenologist philosopher
- James R. Schlesinger - United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975
- Alfred Schnittke - Russian composer
- Samuel Scherschewsky - Anglican Bishop of Shanghai, China
- Jay Sekulow - head of conservative legal group ACLJ
- Israel Shamir - writer and journalist
- Helen Shapiro - English singer
- Martin Eduard von Simson - German jurist and politician
- Dan Spitz - lead guitarist of the heavy metal band Anthrax
- Friedrich Julius Stahl - Prussian jurist and conservative thinker
- Edith Stein - German philosopher, nun
- Juan de Valladolid - Renaissance Castilian poet
- Mordechai Vanunu - Israeli nuclear technician
- Rahel Varnhagen (born Rahel Levin) - writer and saloniste
- Heinrich von Friedberg - German jurist and statesman
- John von Neumann - Hungarian/American mathematician and physicist
- Simone Weil - French philosopher and mystic
- Mieczysław Weinberg - Russian composer
- Otto Weininger - Austrian philosopher
- Joseph Wolff - German missionary
- Richard Wurmbrand - Romanian underground church leader; founder of Voice of the Martyrs
- Sir Moses Ximenes - 18th century English merchant
- David Levy Yulee, United States Senator from Florida
- Israel Zolli - former Chief Rabbi of Rome
- The Twelve Apostles
Controversial
- Bob Dylan - popular musician (While it is a generally accepted fact that Dylan converted to Christianity in the late 70's, he has never renounced his Jewish roots and appears comfortable in both Jewish and Christian contexts.)
From Manichaeanism
From Paganism
- Aebbe the Elder - Scottish monastic founder
- Alexander Babatunde Akinyele - first Anglican Diocesan Bishop of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Saint Alban - Christian martyr
- Amphibalus - Early Roman Christian priest
- Saint Apollonius - 2nd century Christian martyr and apologist
- Charles Atangana - paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups in Cameroon, c. 1899
- Francis Cardinal Arinze - Nigerian Roman Catholic cardinal
- Athenagoras of Athens - early Christian apologist
- Saint Barbara - Orthodox Christian martyr
- Saint Bavo - monk during the dark ages
- Borivoj I of Bohemia - Duke of Bohemia (852/853 - 888/889)
- Brigid of Ireland - early Irish saint
- Pertinax of Byzantium - Bishop of Byzantium from 169 until his death in 187
- Seru Epenisa Cakobau - Fijian chief and warrior
- Clovis I - first king of all Franks
- Coelia Concordia - last Roman vestal virgin
- Commodianus - Latin language poet
- Constantine the Great - Emperor of Rome
- Constantine of Cornwall - 6th century King of Cornwall
- Samuel Ajayi Crowther - first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria
- Saint Cyriacus - early Christian saint
- Dionysius the Areopagite - judge of the Areopagus and early Bishop of Athens
- Raedwald of East Anglia - King of East Anglia from about AD 599 to about AD 625
- Sigeberht of East Anglia - King of East Anglia from AD 631 to 634
- Leif Ericson - Icelandic Viking explorer
- Saint Eskil - patron saint of Södermanland, Sweden
- Saint Eustace - legendary Christian martyr
- Evodius - early Bishop of Antioch
- Saint Florian - Roman soldier, patron saint of Poland, Linz, Austria, and firefighters. Catholic martyr.
- Gaius Marius Victorinus - Roman philosopher
- Gelelemend - A prominent Lenape convert to the Moravian Church.
- Sea-King Godfried - Danish Viking leader of most of Friesland between 880 and 885
- Hone Heke - Māori chief and war leader in New Zealand
- Honoratus - former Archbishop of Arles
- Horapollo - one of the last leaders of Ancient Egyptian priesthood
- Jogaila - former King of Poland
- Saint Julius the Veteran - early Christian martyr
- Queen Kaʻahumanu - Hawaiian monarch and wife of King Kamehameha I
- Helen Kalvak - Inuit artist from Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada
- Ethelbert of Kent - King of Kent
- Jomo Kenyatta - first Prime Minister and President of Kenya
- Vladimir I of Kiev - Grand Prince of Kiev
- Kuchug - Pecheneg khan who ruled during the 990s
- Guthrum the Old - King of the Danish Vikings in the Danelaw
- Lactantius - early Christian author
- Aidan of Lindisfarne - founder of the Lindisfarne monastery
- Gediminas of Lithuania - king of Lithuania in the Middle Ages
- Saint Ludmila - Orthodox Christian saint and martyr
- Bernard Mizeki - African Christian misssionary and martyr
- Justin Martyr - early Christian apologist
- Peada of Mercia
- Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba - queen of Ndongo and Matamba in the 16th century
- Leonard of Noblac - Frankish noble in the court of Clovis I
- Rollo of Normandy - Founder of Viking province of Normandy
- Samson Occom - Mohegan minister
- Edwin of Northumbria - King of Deira and Bernicia
- Saint Pancras - early Christian Roman martyr
- Saint Pantaleon - early Christian martyr
- Pocahontas - Native American celebrity in 17th century London
- Polycarp - early Christian bishop
- Rabbula - early Bishop of Edessa
- Ranavalona II - Queen of Madagascar
- Rorik - Danish Viking Leader
- Rumwold - famous "infant saint"
- Sabinian of Troyes - Christian martyr
- Joseph Shabalala - lead singer, founder and musical director of Ladysmith Black Mambazo
- Erling Skjalgsson - early Norwegian political reformer
- Telerig of Bulgaria - ruler of Bulgaria, 768–777
- Uyaquk - Yupik Moravian missionary
- Cenwalh of Wessex - king of Wessex
From Rastafarianism
- Judy Mowatt - Jamaican singer
- Bob Marley - Prominent Jamaican reggae artist, baptised in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church before his death
From Shintoism
- Mitsuo Fuchida - Japanese World War II fighter pilot who led the Attack on Pearl Harbor
- Matsunaga Hisahide - 16th century daimyo of Japan
- Chika Honda - famous criminal defendant in Australia
- Oda Nagamasu - brother of 17th century daimyo Oda Nobunaga
From Sikhism
- Duleep Singh - Maharajah of Punjab (later converted back to Sikhism in 1886)
- Gurmit Singh - popular Singaporean actor and comedy performer
- Sadhu Sundar Singh - Indian Christian http://www.sadhusundarsingh.homestead.com/files/introduction.html
- Bakht Singh - Indian Christian http://www.brotherbakhtsingh.org/webtestimony.html
From Taoism
- Lim Bo Seng - World War II anti-Japanese Resistance fighter
See also
- List of people by belief
- List of notable converts to Hinduism
- List of notable converts to Islam
- List of notable converts to Judaism
- List of notable converts to Sikhism
- List of ex-Christians
- List of former Muslims
Notes and references
- Sin: An Honest Mistake?, by Kirk Cameron
- [http://www.nndb.com/people/069/000098772/
- Interview: Francis Collins
- UlfEkman.org
- Lyric Tenor: The Tony Fontane Story, by Charles Culbertson; Wonderful Words of Life: Hymns in American Protestant History and Theology By Richard J. Mouw, Mark A. Noll
- René Girard:A Biographical Sketch, by James G. Williams
- ;
- http://www.leestrobel.com/bio.html
- http://www.pmoffice.gov.lk/pms1.html#05
- Barret, David, cited in Duin, Julia. "Daring Leaps of Faith". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-13..
- , (Video) for english translation, see ,
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross biography on his website
- Alexander's Apostasy: First Steps to Jerusalem. by Brian Taylor, from the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain
- "Alphonsi, Petrus." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- "Baena, Juan Alfonso De." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV Part 1. 1905.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- www.nndb.com/people/278/000025203/
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- A Breakout Voice in Christian Broadcasting. Denver Post. Apr. 15, 2007.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Hamy, Bulletin de Géographie, 1891, pp. 218-222.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Robert Blake, Disraeli, 3. Norman Gash, reviewing Blake's work, argued that Benjamin's claim to Spanish ancestry could not be entirely dismissed. Norman Gash, review of Disraeli, by Robert Blake. The English Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 327. (Apr., 1968), 360-364.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Brian Dutton, Joaquín González Cuenca (editors), Cancionero de Juan Alfonso de Baena (Madrid: Visor Libros, 1993), 534-544.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Arthur Mandel: The Militant Messiah: The Story of Jacob Frank and the Frankists: Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press: 1979: ISBN 0-391-00973-7.
- Friedberg, Heinrich, von) Jewish Encyclopedia
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Gans, Eduard.
- http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0005/11/lkl.00.html CNN Larry King Live. May 11, 2000. In this interview, Gifford indicates she went to church as a child and was raised in a mixed religious home; http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0405/21/lkl.01.html CNN Larry King Live. May 21, 2004. In this interview, Gifford indicates she never converted, because she is a "fulfilled Jew."
- http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0340067/bio
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Kristó Gyula – Makk Ferenc: Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (I.P.C., 1996, ISBN 963-7930-97-3).
- Carvajal, Mario. Vida y pasión de Jorge Isaacs. Manizales, 1937.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Duncan Kelly, "Revisiting the Rights of Man: Georg Jellinek on Rights and the State". Law and History Review vol. 22, no. 3 (Fall 2004).
- A Brief Biography of Paul S.L. Johnson from the Present Truth Library, which catalogues the works of Paul S.L. Johnson.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=87&letter=K Kanitz, Felix Philipp] Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Lehrs, Karl.
- Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0. p. 200.
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- http://bpsports.net/bpsports.asp?ID=5477
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/yulee.html
- Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: Revisited, Clinton Heylin, pgs. 491-520; Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan, Howard Sounes, pgs. 324-326, 356; The Rough Guide to Bob Dylan (2nd edition), Nigel Williamson, pgs. 112-113; Jewsweek: Bob Dylan's Unshakeable Monotheism -- Part III: The 1980s; Encyclopedia Britannica: Bob Dylan; Bob Dylan Finds His Source, from Christianity Today, Noel Paul Stookey, January 4, 1980; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
- ;