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Alternate uses, see Merlin.

Merlin Ambrosius (Welsh: Myrddin Emrys, also known as Myrddin Wyllt , Merlin Caledonensis , Merlinus, and Merlyn), is the personage best known as the mighty wizard featured in accounts of Arthur of Britain starting with Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Other accounts describe a far different Merlin.

Indeed some texts clearly distinguish two different figures named Merlin. For example the Welsh Triads state there were three baptisimal bards: Taliesin, Chief of Bards, Myrddin Wyllt, and Myrddin Emrys. If these two bards called Myrddin were originally variants of the same figure their stories have become so different in the earliest texts that we have about them that they are best treated as separate characters, even though similar incidents are ascribed to both.

Merlinus Caledonensis, Myrddin Wyllt

This Myrddin had nothing to do with bats (that are up in the hood yo!) and flourished after the Arthurian period. The earliest Welsh poems that concern the Myrddin legend present him as a madman living a wretched existence in the Caledonian Forest, ruminating on his former existence and the disaster that brought him low: the death of his lord Gwenddolau, whom he served as bard. The allusions in these poems serve to sketch out the events of the Battle of Arfderydd, where Rhydderch Hael king of Rheged slaughtered the forces of Gwenddolau, and Merddin went mad watching this defeat. The Annales Cambriae date this battle to AD 573, and name Gwenddolau's adversaries as Gwrgi and Peredur, the sons of Eliffer.

A version of this legend is preserved in a late fifteenth-century manuscript, in a story called Lailoken and Kentigern. In this narrative, St. Kentigern meets in a deserted place with a naked, hairy madman who is called Lailoken, although said by some to be called Merlynum or "Merlin", who declares that he has been condemned for his sins to wander in the company of beasts. He added that he had been the cause for the deaths of all of the persons killed in the battle fought "on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok." Having told his story, the madman lept up and fled from the presence of the saint back into the wilderness. He appears several times more in the narrative until at last asking St. Kentigern for the Sacrament, prophesying that he was about to die a triple death. After some hesitation, the saint granted the madman's wish, and later that day the shepherds of King Meldred captured him, beat him with clubs, then cast him into the river Tweed where his body was pierced by a stake, thus fulfilling his prophecy.

Welsh literature has many examples of a prophetic literature, predicting the military victory of all of the Celtic peoples of Britain who will join together and drive the English -- and later the Normans also -- back into the sea. Some of these works were claimed to be the prophecies of Myrddin; some of it was not, as for example the Armes Prydein.

This wild prophetic Merlin was also treated by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Vita Merlini which looks like a close adaptation of a number of Myrddin poems.

Merlin Ambrosius, Merddin Emrys

It was Geoffrey of Monmouth who introduced Merlin into the mythos of King Arthur. The name Myrddin is altered to Merlin to avoid a resemblance to the obscene French word merde. While Geoffrey is remembered most for his character of Arthur, it was Merlin whom he concentrated on, making the prophetic bard a central character of his three books: Prophetiae Merlini, Historiae Regum Britanniae and Vita Merlini. As a result of this second book, where Merlin appears in the tales of the king Vortigern, Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon who reigned immediately before Arthur, Merlin in some later works also became a character in tales of Arthur.

Geoffrey tells only three tales of Merlin. In the first Geoffrey applies to Merlin the story of the boy without a father which Nennius told of Aurelius Ambrosius. Merlin is begotten on a king's daughter by a demon and the episode is now placed at Carmarthen, in Welsh Caer Myrddin. Geoffrey simply and baldly states that Merlin was also called Ambrosius to cover over his changing of Nennius. A long section of prophecy is added at this point. The second tale tells how Merlin created Stonehenge as a burial place for Aurelius Ambrosius. The third tale tells how by shape-changing magic Merlin enabled Uther Pendragon to enter into Tintagel in disguise and father his son Arthur. These episodes also appear in many later adaptations of Geoffrey's account.

Somewhat later the poet Robert de Boron retold this material in his poem Merlin with many expansions but with details garbled and changed in a way that suggests that the version of Wace, who adapted Geoffrey's account into Anglo-Norman, had entered oral tradition and that this oral tradition was what Robert knew along with some other Merlin tales. Only a few lines of the poem have survived. But a prose retelling became popular and was later incorporated into two other romances.

In Robert's account Merlin is begotten by a devil from hell on a virgin (though she did not miraculously remain virgin) as an intended Antichrist. But his expectant mother, advised by her confessor and counsellor Blaise who realised what was amiss, had the boy baptized at birth to foil this Satanic plot. However, being half-demon, Merlin still had tremendous magical powers to know what was happening past and present and God himself gave him prophetic knowledge of the future.

Robert de Boron lays great emphasis on Merlin's power to change his shape, on his joking personality and on his connection to the Grail. This text introduces Merlin's master Blaise, who is pictured as writing Merlin's deeds which Merlin dictates to him, explaining how they came to be known and preserved. It also connects Merlin with the Holy Grail.

As the Arthurian mythos was retold and embellished upon, Merlin's prophetic aspects were sometimes de-emphasized in favor of portraying Merlin as a wizard and elder advisor to Arthur. On the other hand in Prose Lancelot it is said that Merlin was never baptized and never did any good in his life, only evil. Medieval Arthurian tales abound in inconsistencies.

In the Prose Lancelot and later accounts Merlin's eventual downfall came from his lusting after a woman named Nimue, who coaxed his magical secrets from him, eventually turning the magic he had taught her against him and imprisoning him either in a cave where he died or in a magical and invisible palace where he may live still. This was unfortunate for Arthur, depriving him of Merlin's counsel.

There are three such accounts of Merlin in Arthur's day which also cover the early days of Arthur's reign. The earliest, known as the Vulgate Merlin, includes Robert de Boron's Merlin. It was intended as a sort of prequel to the three romances of the Lancelot Cycle. An incomplete variant version known as The Book of Arthur also exists. The second is sometimes called the Huth Merlin or the Post-Vulgate Suite de Merlin or just the Suite de Merlin or Post-Vulgate Merlin. It is part of a long prose romance that has not survived intact but which is now known as The Book of the Grail or the Post-Vulgate Cycle, intended as an entire history of the Grail and of Arthur and his knights. This also includes Robert de Boron's Merlin. The third work is called The Prophecies of Merlin and contains long prophecies of Merlin (mostly concerned with thirteenth century Italian politics!), some by his ghost after his death. The prophecies are interspersed with episodes relating Merlin's deeds and with various Arthurian adventures in which Merlin does not appear at all.

Fiction about Merlin

(Many of the novels in the article King Arthur also include Merlin as a character. The following works are either told from Merlin's point of view, or are based on the earlier legend of Merlin.)

• Mark Twain made Merlin the villain in his novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.
• C. S. Lewis used the figure of Merlin Ambrosius in his 1946 novel That Hideous Strength, the third book in the Space Trilogy. In it, Merlin has supposedly lain asleep for centuries to be awakened for the battle against the materialistic agents of the devil, able to consort with the angelic powers because he came from a time when sorcery was not yet a corrupt art. Lewis's character of Ransom has apparently inherited the title of Pendragon from the Arthurian tradition. Merlin also mentions "Numinor," a misspelling of Númenor, in a nod to J. R. R. Tolkien.
• Stephen King hinted at Merlin actually being his villain Randall Flagg in his The Dark Tower series. There is also a "Maerlyn" mentioned, though whether or not he is Merlin is unknown.
• Star Trek portrays Merlin as an immortal man known as "Flint", born in the year 3834 BC, who is encountered in the episode "Requiem for Methuselah".
• Merlin Robert Nye , 1978, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0241899524
• T.H. White's Arthurian retelling, The Once and Future King, in which Merlyn, as White calls him, has the curious affliction of living backwards in time to everyone else.
• Dan Simmons used this notion in his Hyperion, the young woman Rachel in this book suffering the "Merlin Sickness", growing progressively younger and forgetting her life day by day.
• Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon retells the Arthurian legend with Morgan Le Fay as protagonist, in the tradition of Grendel. It includes two distinct characters who, in succession, lead the Druids by taking on the tile of "The Merlin of Britain".
• Bernard Cornwell - The Warlord Chronicles retells the Arthurian legends, portraying Merlin as an ambiguous character: is he a Druid, an illusionist, a lunatic or a prophet?
  • The Winter King
  • Enemy of God
  • Excalibur
• Stephen R. Lawhead - Merlin (1988)
• William Rowley, The Birth of Merlin (play, 1622)
• Mary Stewart - The Merlin Trilogy
  • The Crystal Cave (1970)
  • The Hollow Hills (1973)
  • The Last Enchantment (1979)
• Nikolai Tolstoy wrote a non-fiction trilogy covering the life of Merlin the Wild as a magnificently over-the-top comic tour-de-force. The books in this trilogy are:
  • The Coming of the King by Nicolai Tolstoy (Corgi, 1989). ISBN 0553052691
  • The Quest for Merlin ISBN 0316850802
  • Merlin and Arthur ISBN 0593027957 (out of print)
• René Barjavel's L'Enchanteur
• In both the Marvel Universe and the DC Universe, Merlin is usually depicted as a legendary wizard of ultimate power and wisdom who has created many superheroes and encountered and influenced many others.

See also

• Asteroids 2597 Arthur and 2598 Merlin, named after the Arthurian figures

External links

• Vita Merlini, Basil Clarke's English translation from Life of Merlin: Vita Merlini (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973).
  • At Grove of the Great Dragon: Manuscripts
  • At Branwaedd (PDF)
• Merlin: or the early History of King Arthur: a prose romance (Early English Text Society . Original series : 10, 112), edited by Henry Wheatly. (1450s) (The complete prose Middle English translation of the Vulgate Merlin. Chapter I to VI cover Robert de Boron's Merlin.)
• Prose Merlin, Introduction and Text (TEAMS Middle English text series) edited by John Conlea, 1998. (1450s) (A selection of many passages of the prose Middle English translation of the Vulgate Merlin with connecting summary. The sections from The Birth of Merlin to Arthur and the Sword in the Stone cover Robert de Boron's Merlin).
• Of Arthour and Merlin: Auchenlich Manuscipt (National Library of Scotland) (1330s). (A Middle-English verse adaptation of the Vulgate Merlin combined with material closer to Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia. Lines 1-3059 cover approximately Robert de Boron's Merlin).
• The Cry of Merlin the Wise, translated into English by Dorothea Salo from the 1498 Burgos publication of the Portuguese El baladro del sabio Merlin. (The original is essentially a medieval Portuguese adaptation of the Post-Vulgate Merlin. From Prologue 3 to Chapter 18 to the sentence And thus was Arthur king in Londres, and held the land in his power and in peace corresponds to Robert de Boron's Merlin).
• The Beguiling of Merlin, Edward Burne-Jones
• Merlin: Texts, Images, Basic Information, Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. (Numerous further texts and art concerning Merlin.)
• Don Quijote de la Mancha: There are several references to Merlin, specially in Vol. 2, where he is said to be that French enchanter Merlin, who, they say, was the devil's son; but my belief is, not that he was the devil's son, but that he knew, as the saying is, a point more than the devil (II, XXIII).
• Timeless Myths - Merlin

• Arthurian legend
• Fictional magicians
• People with asteroids named after them