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Revision as of 23:09, 3 June 2007 by 69.22.249.79 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Main article: Ron PaulRon Paul is a strict Constitutionalist who professes a libertarian ideology. Accordingly, he opposes presidential autonomy and judicial activism, and rejects a welfare state or nanny state role for the federal government. Paul says that the Republican Party has lost its commitment to limited government and has instead become the party of big government.
He regularly votes against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes. His frequent dissents in otherwise unanimous votes, along with his medical degree, have earned him the nickname “Dr. No.”
Foreign policy
Nonintervention
Congressman Paul advocates a non-interventionist foreign policy that avoids entangling alliances. He believes that when a war must be fought, it must be fought to protect the citizens, be declared by Congress, planned out, won and then left: "The American public deserves clear goals and a definite exit strategy in Iraq."
At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Paul, defining them as an act of "air piracy," introduced the Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001, which would have granted Letters of Marque and Reprisal, as authorized by Article One, Section Eight, against the specific terrorists, instead of warring against a foreign state.
Paul spoke and voted against the Iraq War Resolution, which authorized the war, and continues to condemn the US presence in Iraq, and what he charges is the use of the War on Terror to curtail civil liberties. He says that if the country was going to go to war because of the September 11 attacks, it should have been with the actual perpetrators of the war, al Qaeda, rather than with Iraq, which had no connection to the attacks. He believes that if a war is sought, it must be fully approved by Congress with a complete declaration of war, which would allow total resources to be dedicated to victory; this did not happen for the Iraqi invasion. According to the original authorization (Public Law 107-243) passed in late 2002, the president was authorized to use military force against Iraq to achieve the following two specific objectives only: “(1) defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and (2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq." Accordingly, Paul has recently introduced legislation to add a sunset clause to the original authorization.
Paul has recently spoken against the "dangerous military confrontation approaching with Iran and supported by many in leadership on both sides of the aisle". He has also broken with his party by voting against the Patriot Act in 2001 and again in 2005, and is opposed to reintroduction of the military draft. He opposes political organizations that override U.S. sovereignty such as the International Criminal Court, United Nations, and the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. He thus supports withdrawal of funds and the end of participation in such organizations.
His base of support has been among conservative and libertarian Republicans, but after 9/11 he has gained some strong support from liberal Democrats in central Texas because of his consistent opposition to the War in Iraq. As an example of this shift, the Austin Chronicle newspaper, a liberal alternative weekly newspaper in Austin, Texas, described his views as erratic in 2000. After 9/11, though, the Chronicle took a much more favorable view of Paul, praising him for his strong, principled opposition to the Patriot Act and the Iraq War.
He has spoken out against torture and the abuse of executive authority in the Iraq War to override human rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
In a speech before the House of Representatives, Paul expressed his concern about the possibility of an Iranian War. He claimed that the current circumstances with Iran are similar to those under which the Iraq War began, and urged Congress not to authorize a war with Iran.
Ron Paul has voiced support for re-opening the 9/11 investigation to discover why the FBI did not act on 70 field tips from an agent reporting student pilots (and eventual 9/11 hijackers) who were learning to take off but not land and why the various intelligence agencies could not collaborate on information to possibly prevent the attacks. He has called the 9/11 Commission a "charade" for its intrusive and bureaucratic recommendations and expansion of government. "Yet everything we have done in response to the 9-11 attacks, from the Patriot Act to the war in Iraq, has reduced freedom in America. Spending more money abroad or restricting liberties at home will do nothing to deter terrorists, yet this is exactly what the 9-11 Commission recommends."
Free trade
He is a proponent of free trade, although he has opposed some "free trade agreements". He opposes these agreements as being "managed trade" controlled by an international trade organization; he says they serve special interests and big business, not citizens. He voted against the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), claiming that it increased the size of government, eroded US sovereignty and was unconstitutional. He also believes that the "fast track" powers given by Congress to the President to devise and negotiate free trade agreements on the country's behalf are unconstitutional, and Congress should be constructing free trade agreements rather than the executive branch.
Secure borders and immigration
Ron Paul believes that the federal government has been neglecting its constitutional responsibility to protect its own borders and concentrating instead on unconstitutionally policing foreign countries.
At the height of the Cold War, he supported Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, which was intended to replace the strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction with a strategic defense.
He has taken some positions on immigration issues that are not common among libertarians. He opposes illegal immigration because of the toll they take on the welfare rolls and Social Security. He has expressed concerns that welfare and other aid programs have made the US a magnet for illegal aliens, and that uncontrolled immigration is increasing welfare payments and exacerbating the strain on an already highly unbalanced federal budget.
Paul believes that all immigrants should be treated fairly and equally under the law through a "coherent immigration policy." He has spoken strongly against amnesty for illegal immigrants because it undermines the rule of law and grants pardons to lawbreakers. Paul voted "yes" on the Secure Fence Act of 2006, which authorizes the construction of an additional 700 miles of double-layered fencing between the U.S and Mexico. He believes that it is a folly to spend so much money policing the borders of other countries, such as the border of Iraq and Syria, when the border between the United States and Mexico can be crossed by anyone, including potential terrorists.
Paul also believes that children born in the United States to illegal aliens should not be granted automatic citizenship. He has called for a Constitutional amendment to revise the Fourteenth Amendment, to "end automatic birthright citizenship" in order to address welfare issues.
Economy
Minimize federal interference
Paul opposes virtually all federal interference with the market process. He supports the abolition of the income tax, most Cabinet departments and the Federal Reserve. His opposition to the Federal Reserve is supported by an economic theory known as Austrian Business Cycle Theory, which holds that instead of containing inflation, the Federal Reserve, in theory and in practice, is responsible for causing inflation. In addition to eroding the value of individual savings, this creation of inflation leads to booms and busts in the economy. Thus Paul argues that government, via a central bank (the Federal Reserve), is the primary cause of economic recessions and depressions. He has stated in numerous speeches that most of his colleagues in Congress are unwilling to abolish the central bank because it funds many government activities. He says that to compensate for eliminating the "hidden tax" of inflation, Congress and the president would instead have to raise taxes or cut government services, either of which could be politically damaging to their reputations. He also endorses defederalization of the healthcare system. Paul's campaign slogan for 2004 was "The Taxpayers' Best Friend!".
John Berthoud, president of the National Taxpayers Union, an organization that promotes lower tax rates, has said, "Ron Paul has always proven himself to be a leader in the fight for taxpayer rights and fiscal responsibility... No one can match his record on behalf of taxpayers." He is frequently considered an advocate of small business. Jack Farris, president of the National Federation of Independent Business, has said, "Congressman Ron Paul is a true friend of small business....He is committed to a pro-small-business agenda of affordable health insurance, lower taxes, tort reform, and the elimination of burdensome mandates."
Paul has also been an advocate of Employee-owned corporations (ESOP). In 1999, he co-sponsored a bill titled The Employee Ownership Act of 1999 which would have created a new type employee owned and controlled corporation (EOCC). This new type of corporation would have been exempt from most federal taxes.
Importance of the gold standard
In 1982, Ron Paul was the prime mover in the creation of the U. S. Gold Commission, and in many public speeches Paul has called for the return to a commodity-backed currency through re-introduction of the gold standard. A commodity standard binds currency issue to the value of that commodity rather than fiat, making the value of the currency as stable as the commodity. Ron Paul supports the gold standard to prevent inflation. The Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission states that the federal and state governments are strictly limited in their monetary role by Article One, Section Eight, Clauses 2, 5, and 6, and Section Ten, Clause 1, "The Constitution forbids the states to make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debt, nor does it permit the federal government to make anything a legal tender." The Commission also recommended that the federal government "...restore a definition for the term 'dollar.' We suggest defining a 'dollar' as a weight of gold of a certain fineness, .999 fine."
Paul has also called for the removal of all taxes on gold transactions. In 2002 he proposed legislation abolishing the Federal Reserve Board, enabling “America to return to the type of monetary system envisioned by our Nation's founders: one where the value of money is consistent because it is tied to a commodity such as gold.” Paul's personal financial disclosures reveal extensive private investments in gold and silver, through equities and warrants in companies including Newmont, IAM Gold, Barrick Gold, Golden Star Resources, Golden Cycle Gold Corp, Pan American Silver, Great Basin Gold, Eldorado Gold, Freeport McMoran Gold & Copper, Apollo Gold Corp and Placer Dome.
Paul suggests that current efforts to sustain Dollar hegemony, especially since collapse of the Bretton Woods system following the United States' suspension of the dollar's conversion to gold in 1971, exacerbate a rationale for war. Consequently, when petroleum producing nations like Iraq, Iran, or Venezuela elect to trade in Petroeuro instead of Petrodollar, it devalues an already overly inflated dollar, further eroding its supremacy as a global currency. According to Paul, along with vested American interests in oil and plans to "remake the Middle East," this scenario has proven a contributing factor for the war against Iraq and diplomatic tensions with Iran.
Election law
Ballot access
As a former Libertarian Party candidate for President, Congressman Paul has been a proponent of ballot access law reform, and has spoken out on numerous election law reform issues.
In 2003, he introduced H. R. 1941, the Voter Freedom Act of 2003, that would have created uniform ballot access laws for independent and third political party candidates in Congressional elections. He supported this bill in a speech before Congress in 2004.
Representation
Paul would like to restore State representation in Congress. During a speech in New Hampshire in February of 2007 Paul called for a repeal of the 17th amendment, the one that allows for direct election of U.S. Senators. Instead Paul would have members of state legislatures vote for U.S. Senators as they had done under Article One Section 3. Direct popular representation would be retained in the House. Paul believes that increased representation of State interests at the federal level encourages greater sharing of power between state and Federal government, and that greater state participation serves as a check against a powerful federal government.
Electoral College
In 2004, he spoke out against efforts to abolish the Electoral College, stating that such a reform would weaken the “voting power of pro-liberty states”.
Congressional appointment
In 2003, he spoke out against the enacted law that appoints members of Congress in the event of the death of several members due to an act of terrorism.
Campaign contributions
In 2002, he spoke before the Congress in opposition to campaign finance reforms that place any restrictions on citizens and businesses making campaign contributions to the candidate of their choice. He based his argument on the First Amendment, Separation of Powers, and Constitutional Authority, and the belief that such efforts are also counterproductive in reducing entrenched powers.
Social policies
Abortion
An obstetrician by trade, Paul is pro-life. Paul holds that the United States Constitution does not grant the federal government any authority to legalize or ban abortion. He believes that his pro-life stance aligns with his libertarianism, by viewing abortion as aggression against a person. "Under the 9th and 10th amendments, all authority over matters not specifically addressed in the Constitution remains with state legislatures." Nevertheless, in order to offset the effects of Roe v. Wade, he voted in favor of the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. He has also introduced H.R. 4379 that would prohibit the Supreme Court from ruling on issues relating to abortion, birth control, the definition of marriage and homosexuality and states that the court's precedent in these areas would no longer be binding. He once said, “The best solution, of course, is not now available to us. That would be a Supreme Court that recognizes that for all criminal laws, the several states retain jurisdiction.”
During a May 15, 2007 appearance on the Fox News talk show Hannity and Colmes, Ron Paul argued that his pro-life position was consistent with his libertarian values, asking, "If you can't protect life then how can you protect liberty?" Furthermore, Dr. Paul argued in this appearance that since he believes libertarians believe in non-aggression, libertarians should oppose abortion because abortion is "an act of aggression" against a fetus (which he believes to be alive, human, and possessing legal rights). He also briefly discussed his view of the proper role of the federal government and states in regulating abortion.
Consistent life ethic
Congressman Paul adheres to the consistent life ethic, and therefore opposes all forms of killing not done in self-defense. His pro-life views factor into his support for non-interventionism and opposition to capital punishment and abortion. Paul introduced The Sanctity of Life Act of 2005, which would remove jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in cases involving abortion laws in individual States. This would effectively freeze the current law established by Roe v. Wade, and would allow states to pass laws contrary to Roe v. Wade with little fear of them being overturned through the Federal court system.. He has described partial birth abortion as a "barbaric procedure".
Gay Rights
Congressman Paul is personally opposed to gay marriage and his political position is that defining and recognizing marriages is not a Federal or constitutional matter, but should be left as the States' right. In 1999 he voted for H.R. 2587 which contained an amendment that sought to prevent the use of federal funding for the promotion of adoptions of foster children being used to promote joint adoptions by unrelated, unmarried people. There was no mention of gay adoptions in the bill, but the amendment could have been construed to act negatively upon gay couples adopting children in the District of Columbia, and in any event was not present in the final bill.
He voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment in 2004. In a 2004 speech before Congress he expressed support for the Federal Defense of Marriage Act and expressed his support for the Marriage Protection Act as an alternative to the FMA.
Health care relief
Paul has called for passage of tax relief bills to reduce health care costs for families:
H.R. 3075 allows families to claim a dollar-for-dollar tax credit for health insurance premiums.
H.R. 3076 provides a dollar-for-dollar tax credit that permits consumers to purchase "negative outcomes" insurance prior to undergoing surgery or other serious medical treatments. Negative outcomes insurance is a novel approach that guarantees those harmed receive fair compensation, while reducing the burden of costly malpractice litigation on the health care system. Patients receive this insurance payout without having to endure lengthy lawsuits, and without having to give away a large portion of their award to a trial lawyer. This also drastically reduces the costs imposed on physicians and hospitals by malpractice litigation. Under HR 3076, individuals who pay taxes can purchase negative outcomes insurance at essentially no cost.
H.R. 3077 creates a $500 per child tax credit for medical expenses and prescription drugs that are not reimbursed by insurance. It also creates a $3,000 tax credit for dependent children with terminal illnesses, cancer, or disabilities.
H.R. 3078 waives the employee portion of Social Security payroll taxes (or self-employment taxes) for individuals with documented serious illnesses or cancer. It also suspends Social Security taxes for primary caregivers with a sick spouse or child.
Paul voted for the Medicare Prescription Drug Price Negotiation Act, which would allow the government to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to get the best price for drugs provided in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program.
Environment
Ron Paul believes that polluters are aggressors, and must be held accountable. In a radio interview with Dennis Miller, Paul cited the failure of environmental protection under collectivistic countries that do not respect private property, and the effect of private ownership:
- "...the environment is better protected under private property rights...We as property owners can't violate our neighbors' property. We can't pollute their air or their water. We can't dump our garbage on their property...Too often, conservatives and libertarians fall short on defending environmental concerns, and they resort to saying, 'Well, let's turn it over to the EPA. The EPA will take care of us... We can divvy up the permits that allow you to pollute.' So I don't particularly like that method."
In 2005, supported by Friends of the Earth, he co-sponsored a bill preventing the US from funding nuclear power plants in China. He believes that for the most part, environmentally friendly legislation, such as emissions standards, should be handled at the state level.
He has voted against federal subsidies for the oil and gas industry, saying that without government subsidies to the oil and gas industries, alternative fuels would be more competitive with oil and gas and would come to market on a competitive basis sooner. At the same time, he sponsored an amendment to repeal the federal gas tax for consumers.
He voted against bills in both 2004 and 2005 that would shield a Saudi Arabian royal family-owned group from liability for a possibly cancer-causing gasoline additive that seeped into the groundwater in New England. A Saudi-owned lobbying group spent more than $1.5 million lobbying Congress since 1998 to limit their liability for the additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MBTE), for which cleanup costs in New England would be billions. The bill included $1.8 billion for federally-funded cleanup of New England municipalities and another $2 billion to give to companies to help them phase out the additive. The provision was inserted into President Bush's energy bill of January 2004 by Majority Leader Tom Delay; the bill also included federal subsidies for oil, coal and gas. The Saudi company said that they should not be liable because they had been required to use an additive and it was more expensive to use the other possible additive, ethanol, in New England. Taxpayers for Common Sense said the measure was a "gift horse" for the Saudi-owned company and would subsidize foreign oil regimes in a bill meant to reduce dependence on foreign oil.
Drug laws
Medical marijuana
Dr. Paul was Co-Sponsor of H.R. 2592, the States' Rights to Medical Marijuana and is affirmative to the question "Should marijuana be a medical option?" The federal government's involvement in this industry has led to regulatory conflict with the states that have made it an option, such as California after passage of Proposition 215.
Industrial hemp
In 2005 he introduced H.R. 3037, the Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2005, “to amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude industrial hemp from the definition of marijuana, and for other purposes”. This bill would have given the states the power to regulate farming of hemp. The measure would be a first since the national prohibition of industrial hemp farming in the United States.
On February 13, 2007 Rep. Ron Paul introduced H.R. 1009, the "Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2007," with nine original co-sponsors: Representatives Tammy Baldwin (D-WI), Barney Frank (D-MA), Raúl Grijalva (D-AZ), Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), Jim McDermott (D-WA), George Miller (D-CA), Pete Stark (D-CA), and Lynn Woolsey (D-CA).
Prohibition
Since the Constitution does not enumerate or delegate to Congress the authority to ban or regulate drugs in general, he opposes federal participation in the drug war. He does not advocate a constitutional amendment banning any type of drugs, because he sees prohibition attempts as ineffective.
Internet and technology
In 2006, a "Technology voter guide" by CNET awarded Paul a score of 80%, the highest score out of both houses of Congress. Paul has been criticized for voting against legislation to help catch online child predators, one of the votes used in the CNET guide. In response to critics, Paul said, "I have a personal belief that the responsibility of raising kids, educating kids and training kids is up to the parents and not the state. Once the state gets involved, it becomes too arbitrary." He also believed that the proposed law was unconstitutional.
Second Amendment Rights
The only 2008 Presidential Candidate to earn Gun Owners of America's (GOA) A+ rating, 10-term Texas Congressman Dr. Ron Paul (M.D.) is an enthusiastic author and sponsor of pro-Second Amendment legislation in Congress. In the first chapter of his book, Freedom Under Siege, Paul argued that the purpose of the Second Amendment is to place a check on government tyranny, not to merely grant hunting rights or allow self-defense. He has also fought for the right of pilots to be armed.
Dr. Ron Paul has long been quoted front and center on the Gun Owners of America home page, referring back to the organization as "'The only no-compromise gun lobby in Washington.' -Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX)"
Judge versus Jury
Paul believes that juries deserve the status of tribunals, and that jurors have the right to judge the law as well as the facts of the case. "The concept of protecting individual rights from the heavy hand of government through the common-law jury is as old as the Magna Carta (1215 A.D.). The Founding Fathers were keenly aware of this principle and incorporated it into our Constitution." He notes that this democratic principle is also stated in Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man," Supreme Court decisions by Chief Justice John Jay, and writings of Thomas Jefferson. Paul states that judges were not given the right to direct the trial by "instructing" the jury.
Separation of Church and State
Paul has declared that the principle of the separation of Church and State has no basis in the Constitution, stating that the Founding Fathers wanted a "robustly Christian" America, whose churches would eclipse the state.
Other issues
In order to restrict the federal government to its constitutionally authorized functions, Paul takes positions that are opposed by the majority of his colleagues.
He has been criticized at times for being the only dissenting vote against giving Pope John Paul II, Rosa Parks and Mother Teresa the Congressional Gold Medal. The medals and ceremonies held to bestow them on recipients are expensive. According to Texas Monthly, “When he was criticized for voting against the medal , he chided his colleagues by challenging them to personally contribute $100 to mint the medal . No one did. At the time, Paul observed, ‘It's easier to be generous with other people's money.’”
In a speech on 25 June 2003, criticizing giving Tony Blair a Gold Medal of Honor, Paul said, “These medals generally have been proposed to recognize a life of service and leadership, and not for political reasons — as evidenced by the overwhelming bipartisan support for awarding President Reagan, a Republican, a gold medal. These awards normally go to deserving individuals, which is why I have many times offered to contribute $100 of my own money, to be matched by other members, to finance these medals.” Texas Monthly awarded him the “Bum Steer” award for voting against a congressional honor for cartoonist Charles Schulz.
He views the new American Community Survey questions as “both ludicrous and insulting”, viewing that the information is simply none of the government's business.
On January 22, 2007, Paul was the lone member out of 415 voting to oppose a House measure to create a National Archives exhibit on slavery and Reconstruction, as an unauthorized use of taxpayer money.
External links
- RonPaul2008.com - Issues
- Ron Paul Library index of more than 700 writings by Ron Paul
- LewRockwell.com archived commentaries by Ron Paul
- Speeches and statements
- Ron Paul in "America: Freedom to Fascism"
- The Case For Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission
- The Partial Birth Abortion Ban speech
- Ron Paul at the first republican presidential debate
- Topic pages and databases
- On the Issues issue positions
- Project Vote Smart candidate profile including issue positions
References
- The Therapeutic Nanny State at Lew Rockwell accessed on May 25 2007
- The Republican Congress Wastes Billions Overseas at Lew Rockwell accessed on May 25 2007
- Entangling Alliances Distort our Foreign Policy
- Can We Afford to Occupy Iraq? accessed at Ron Paul Library on May 24, 2007
- Paul offers President New Tool in the War on Terrorism on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, accessed at April 29 2007
- http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec2002/cr090402.htm
- http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec2002/cr100802.htm
- Paul offers President New Tool in the War on Terrorism on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, accessed at May 26 2007
- C-Span Archive of Resolution 114 retrieved May 23, 2007
- Fixing What’s Wrong With Iraq Retrieved from Lew Rockwell on May 23, 200
- Statements on the Iraq War Resolutions on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
- American Independence and Sovereignty accessed at Ron Paul Library on May 24, 2007
- Republican Liberty Caucus Index accessed on May 28, 2007
- Turn Left accessed on May 26, 2007
- Endorsements on the Austin Chronicle accessed at March 4 2007
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- Torture, War, and Presidential Powers at Lew Rockwell accessed April 11 2007
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- "Ron Paul on 9/11 and Eric Dondero" Ron Paul interview at Reason, May 22, 2007, accessed on May 28, 2007
- "The 9-11 Commission Charade" by Rep. Ron Paul, MD
- "CAFTA: More Bureaucracy, Less Free Trade" by Rep. Ron Paul, MD at Lew Rockwell, June 7, 2005, accessed on May 28, 2007
- "LOU DOBBS TONIGHT transcript" April 23, 2007, accessed on May 28, 2007
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- "Crazed Foreign Aid" by Rep. Ron Paul, MD, House speech given October 17, 2003, accessed on May 28, 2007
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- Inflation: Alive and Well on lewrockwell.com accessed at March 4 2007
- A Perennial Gift From Greenspan on lewrockwell.com accessed at March 4 2007
- The Case For Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission accessed from Mises.org on May 24, 2007
- Paper Money and Tyranny on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
- Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX) introduces bill to abolish Federal Reserve on UnderReported.com accessed at March 4 2007
- United States House of Representatives Financial Disclosure Statement for Calender Year 2003 on opensecrets.org accessed at March 4 2007
- The End of Dollar Hegemony on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
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- End the Two-Party Monopoly! on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
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- Public letter by Congressman Ron Paul on the World Trade Organization accessed at March 4 2007
- Hands Off the Electoral College on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
- Let’s Keep All Representatives Elected on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
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- H. R. 776 on the homepage of the Library of Congress accessed at March 4 2007
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- Theology, Not Politics Lew Rockwell.com April 12, 2005
- Does Tony Blair Deserve a Congressional Medal? on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, 110th Congress 1st session accessed at March 4 2007
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