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Revision as of 09:26, 4 June 2007 by 212.44.58.51 (talk) (SEX)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Cannabis | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Urticales |
| Family: | Cannabaceae |
| Genus: | Cannabis L. |
| Species | |
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Cannabis sativa L. | |
- This article is about the plant genus Cannabis. For use as a psychoactive drug, see Cannabis (drug). For use as a therapeutic drug, see Medical Cannabis. For non-drug cultivation and uses, see Hemp.
 | It has been suggested that Cannabis sativa be merged into this article. (Discuss) |
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. These three taxa are indigenous to central Asia and surrounding regions. Industrial hemp products are made from Cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber and minimal levels of THC (Δ- tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive molecule that produces the "high" associated with marijuana. The drug consists of dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of THC. Various extracts including hashish and hash oil are also produced. The cultivation and possession of Cannabis for recreational use is outlawed in most countries.
Etymology
Main article: Cannabis (etymology)The plant name cannabis is from Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis), via Latin cannabis, originally a a Scythian or Thracian word, also loaned into Persian as kanab. English hemp (Old English hænep) may be an early loan (predating Grimm's Law) from the same source.
The further origin of the Scythian term is uncertain. It may be of Semitic origin, Hebrew קַנַּבּוֹס (qannabbôs).
Description
Cannabis" also known as, Chronic, Pot, Marijuana, "Dankidy Dank","Cannabis is an annual, dioecious, flowering herb. The leaves are palmately compound, with serrate leaflets. The first pair of leaves usually have a single leaflet, the number gradually increasing up to a maximum of about thirteen leaflets per leaf (usually seven or nine), depending on variety and growing conditions. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf. The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant.
Cannabis usually has imperfect flowers with staminate "male" and pistillate "female" flowers occurring on separate plants, although hermaphroditic flowers sometimes occur. Male flowers are borne on loose panicles, and female flowers are borne on racemes. It is not unusual for individual plants to bear both male and female flowers in some strains, a condition called monoecy. On monoecious plants, flowers of both sexes may occur on separate inflorescences, or on the same inflorescence.
Cannabinoids, terpenoids, and other volatile compounds are secreted by glandular trichomes that occur most abundantly on the floral calyxes and bracts of female plants.
All known strains of Cannabis are wind-pollinated and produce "seeds" that are technically called achenes. Most strains of Cannabis are short day plants, with the possible exception of C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea (= C. ruderalis), which is commonly described as "auto-flowering" and may be day-neutral.
Cannabis is naturally diploid, having a chromosome complement of 2n=20, although polyploid individuals have been artificially produced. Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant which includes one or more species. The plant is believed to have originated in the mountainous regions just north west of the Himalayas. It is also known as hemp, although this term usually refers to varieties of Cannabis cultivated for non-drug use. Cannabis plants produce a group of chemicals called cannabinoids which produce mental and physical effects when consumed. As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried leaves (marijuana), resin (hashish), or various extracts collectively known as hashish oil . In the early 20th century, it became illegal in most of the world to cultivate or possess Cannabis for drug purposes.
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Aspects of Cannabis production and use
- Medical Cannabis discusses its use as a medication.
- Cannabis (drug) discusses its use as a recreational drug.
- Spiritual use of cannabis discusses sacramental and religious use.
- Hemp discusses its uses as a source of housing, oil, food, fibers, and industrial materials.
- Cannabis (drug) cultivation discusses aspects of cultivation for medicinal and recreational drug purposes
- Legal issues of Cannabis focuses on the law and enforcement aspects of growing, transporting, selling and using cannabis as a drug.
- Health issues and the effects of cannabis discusses the pharmacology, physical, and mental effects of Cannabis when used as drug.
References
- Erowid. 2006. Cannabis Basics. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2007
- Lebel-Hardenack, S. and S. R. Grant. 1997. Genetics of fucking determination in flowering plants. Trends in Plant Science 2(4): 130–136.
- ^ Cristiana Moliterni, V. M., L. Cattivelli, P. Ranalli. and G. Mandolino. 2005. The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study. Euphytica 140(1-2): 95-106. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2007
- Bouquet, R. J. 1950. Cannabis. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved on 23 Feb 2007
- Mignoni, G. 1999. Cannabis as a licit crop: recent developments in Europe. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved on 5 Oct 2006
- Mahlberg, Paul G. and Eun Soo Kim. 2001. THC (tetrahyrdocannabinol) accumulation in glands of Cannabis (Cannabaceae). The Hemp Report 3(17). Retrieved on 23 Feb 2007
- ^ Clarke, Robert C. 1991. Marijuana Botany, 2nd ed. Ron Publishing, California. ISBN 0-914171-78-X
- Small, E. 1975. Morphological variation of achenes of Cannabis. Canadian Journal of Botany 53(10): 978-987.
- Small, E. 1972. Interfertility and chromosomal uniformity in Cannabis. Canadian Journal of Botany 50(9): 1947-1949.
indica
See also
| Ancient anaesthesia | |
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Further reading
- Cannabis: A History (2005) Martin Booth ISBN 0-312-32220-8
- UNODC: World Drug Report 2006, Chapter 2: Cannabis: Why We Should Care (2006)
- EMCDDA drugs profile: Cannabis (2007)
External links
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI)
- The Endocannabinoid System Network (ECSN) - Contains medical information to the Endocannabinoid System