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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad | |
---|---|
Leaders | Abu Musab al-Zarqawi† |
Dates of operation | 2003-present |
Headquarters | Unknown |
Active regions | Iraq |
Part of | Iraqi insurgency |
Opponents | U.S. Military |
Battles and wars | Second Battle of Fallujah, |
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Template:Lang-ar, Unification (Monotheism) and the Holy Struggle Group) This group's name, which is usually abbreviated as JTJ, purposely contrasts the strict monotheism of Islam with the "God in three persons" of the Christian Trinity, which it sees as polytheism.
Origins
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad was started by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who himself was never Al Qaeda, other foreigners who are alleged to be Al-Qaeda members, and local, mostly Kurdish sympathizers. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was a Jordanian who had traveled to Afghanistan to fight in the Soviet-Afghan War, but had arrived after the departure of the Soviet troops. Instead he busied himself with reporting on the fighting of others. After a trip home, he eventually returned to Afghanistan, running an Islamic militant training camp near Herat in Afghanistan. Zarqawi started the network originally with a focus on overthrowing the Jordanian government, which he considered to be un-Islamic and made up of "hypocrites". Zarqawi comes from a school of militant Sunni Islamist and Wahhabi thought, which advocates a return to the laws and practices of the Muslim community that existed at the time of the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. After spending five years in a Jordanian prison for attempting to overthrow the government, Zarqawi later left the country, traveling to Afghanistan where he became the leader of his own terrorist training camp near Herat. Eventually, Zarqawi developed a large number of contacts and affiliates in several countries. His network may have been involved in the late 1999 plot to bomb the Millennium celebrations in the US and Jordan. Following the US-led invasion of Afghanistan, it is believed that Zarqawi moved westward into Iraq, where he may have received medical treatment in Baghdad for an injured leg. It is believed that he developed extensive ties in Iraq with Ansar al-Islam, a Kurdish Islamist militant group that was based in the extreme northeast of the country. Both the BBC in July 2002 and the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, in a published paper in April 2003, claimed Ansar had ties to Iraqi Intelligence. Given the authoritarian nature of Saddam Hussein's government, it is unlikely he would not have known and approved of this collaboration. Saddam's motivation would have been to use Ansar as a surrogate force to repress the Kurds (who wanted a "free Kurdistan" in Northern Iraq/Southern Turkey). Following the U.S-led invasion of Iraq, JTJ was developed as a militant network composed of foreign fighters, remnants of Ansar al-Islam, and indigenous Kurdish Sunni group to resist the coalition occupation forces and their Iraqi allies. The group's spiritual advisor was Abu Anas al-Shami. They are well known for their savage, horrid attacks against Iraqi Shittes.
Goals
The stated goals of JTJ are to force a withdrawal of U.S-led forces from Iraq, topple the Iraqi interim government and assassinate collaborators with the "occupation," marginalize the Shiite Muslim population and defeat its militias, and to subsequently establish a pure Sunni Islamic state. Presumably, if and when those goals are achieved, the global jihad would continue to establish a pan-Islamic state and remove Western influence from the Muslim world.To remove the Western influence, JTJ sometimes target the Christian minority and its interest such as church. Iraqi Christian became their target since 2004.
Tactics
JTJ differs from other Iraqi insurgent groups considerably in its tactics. Rather than just using conventional weapons and guerrilla tactics, it has relied heavily on suicide bombings, mostly with vehicles, targeting a wide variety of groups but most especially Iraqi civilians, Iraqi security forcesand those facilitating the occupation. U.S and coalition forces, the United Nations, foreign civilians, humanitarian organizations, Shiite and Kurdish political and religious figures, Iraqi police and security forces, and Iraqi interim officials have also been targeted. Zarqawi's militants have been known to use a wide variety of other tactics, however, including targeted assassinations, kidnappings and beheadings, the planting of improvised explosive devices, mortar attacks, and beginning in a late June 2004 offensive urban guerilla-style attacks using rocket-propelled grenades and small arms.
For months, it appeared as though two separate wars were being conducted in Iraq. One was a militant terrorist campaign, largely conducted by foreign jihadis, of high-profile suicide bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings. The other was a guerrilla war being conducted by nationalist indigenous Sunni Islamics, and disenfranchised former Ba'ath Party members against the American occupation. Recently, as Zarqawi's network has taken root and grown in Iraq and as the insurgency has become more radicalized and religiously motivated, the distinction between the two has reduced. The June 24 offensive, which combined guerrilla warfare, and conventional tactics and in which a number of groups operating under the Zarqawi umbrella participated, was the most obvious indication of this shift. Militants in this group also have been known to operate with other insurgents in the city Samarra, where they openly patrolled, enforcing Sharia law, and distributing audiotapes of the Qur'an before a U.S-led offensive on the city in the beginning of October forced them underground again.
JTJ cites various texts from the Qur'an and the Sunnah (traditions) of the prophet Muhammad that they perceive to support their tactics. They refer to the tradition of the prophet Muhammad where he said to the people of Makkah when conquering them, "By the one in whose hand the soul of Muhammad is in, I came to you with slaughter" narrated in the books of Hadith (traditions) including, Musnad Imam Ahmad, Saheeh Al Muslim and others. They also quote the prophet Muhammad saying, "Whoever slaughters a non-Muslim (at war with Islam, i.e. those perceived to be 'enemy occupiers') sincerely for the sake of Allah, Allah will make hellfire prohibited upon him." as well as many verses of the Qur'an calling Muslims to fight invading non-muslims and even behead them, such where Allah says in the Qur'an, "when you meet the non-muslim (enemies in battle) strike their necks."
Reported activities and alleged attacks
2003
- August 7: Zarqawi was believed to be responsible for a truck bombing of the Jordanian embassy, which killed 19.
- August 19: Zarqawi was translated as saying by PBS Frontline that he was responsible for a truck bombing of UN Headquarters in Baghdad that killed 22, including top U.N. envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello
- August 29: According to Kurdish Intelligence officials Zarqawi's father-in-law Yassin Jarad was responsible for the car bomb in Najaf that killed more than 85, including Mohammad Baqr al-Hakim, the leader the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
- November 2: 16 American soldiers are killed and 26 are wounded when their Chinook helicopter was shot down by shoulder fired anti aircraft missile near Fallujah.
- December 27: According to an MSNBC article, al-Zarqawi is blamed for an attack on coalition bases and governor's office in Karbala that killed 19.
2004
- March 2: U.S. officials blame a series of bombings in Baghdad and Karbala that kill at least 181 people and injure hundreds more during the Ashoura, a Shia holiday, on al-Zarqawi.
- April 24: According to a statement allegedly published by on the Muntada al-Ansar Islamist web site and allegedly signed by Zarqawi, Zarqawi took responsibility for boat suicide bombings that ram oil pumping stations in the Persian Gulf. Three U.S. servicemen are killed in the attack, which cost Iraq some $40 million in lost revenues.
- June 18: Iraq's interim interior minister was quoted as stating that he believed that al-Zarqawi was responsible for the suicide car bombing of the Iraqi army recruitment center in Baghdad that killed 35 people, and wounded 145.
- September 16: Americans Jack Hensley and Eugene Armstrong and Briton Kenneth Bigley were kidnapped from their Baghdad home. The JTJ threatened to behead them in 48 hours unless Iraqi women are released from Umm Qasr and Abu Ghraib prisons. On September 20, the group published a video showing the decapitation of Eugene Armstrong. U.S. Officials say that his body has been found and identified. On September 21, Hensley is beheaded as well.
- October 8: Kenneth Bigley is beheaded.
- October 30: A suicide car bomber rams his car against a U.S. convoy killing 8 marines and wounding 9 others west of Baghdad.
- November 3: Shosei Koda is beheaded.
Attacks outside of Iraq
- April 2004: A failed plot to explode chemical bombs in Amman, Jordan.
- December 3, 2004: Attackers attempted to detonate a car bomb against fuel trucks on the Jordanian side of the Iraqi-Jordanian border, but failed. Zarqawi was sentenced to death in absentia for this plot in 2006.
- August 19, 2005: Rockets were fired at the USS Kearsarge and the USS Ashland off the coast of Aqaba, Jordan, but missed and hit a warehouse, killing a Jordanian soldier. Another rocket was fired at Eilat, Israel.
- November 9, 2005: The Amman bombings in Jordan, which left over 60 people dead.
- December 27, 2005: A volley of Katyusha rockets were fired into northern Israel from southern Lebanon. Al-Qaeda in Iraq claimed the attack, but Israel suspects Hezbollah of the attack.
U.S. campaign against Zarqawi's al-Qaeda forces
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Al Qaeda admitted that the American effort against Zarqawi's network resulted in the death of at least 4,000 foreign Al Qaeda terrorists. From September 2003 to early 2004, only 200 or so Al Qaeda members were killed by US troops in Iraq. Most of the US effort during this time, went into Protecting "soft targets" against bombings conducted by the elusive force. In April 2004, U.S. Marines and members of the US Army's 82nd Airborne retook the city of Fallujah killing between 1,200-1,500 Al Qaeda fighters and Sunni Insurgents. In late June 2004, U.S. forces began a campaign of missile strikes and Special Operations assaults, against suspected Al Qaeda safehouses in Anbar Province, a stronghold of insurgents and radical clerics and the supposed focus of Zarqawi's militant network. Between June 18 and June 25, over 60 Al Qaeda members were killed in three separate air raids conducted by the U.S military in both Fallujah and Ramadi. Civilians and officials in Fallujah and Ramadi charged that civilian targets were hit. Zarqawi himself was said to have narrowly escaped the June 25 attack, although there have been conflicting reports as to whether he was within Fallujah. Iraqi civilians, militiamen, policemen, and members of the Iraqi military, have suffered several hundred deaths and injuries in subsequent months, along with several thousand Insurgent and Al Qaeda deaths reported. These deaths are due to an escalating series of duels between anti-coalition militants employing car bombs and U.S. forces employing airstrikes and raids. The Euphrates River region between Baghdad and Ramadi is the focus of the search for Zarqawi and his followers.
On October 15, 2004, the U.S. State Department announced its designation of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, along with its aliases Monotheism and Jihad Group, al-Zarqawi network, and al-Tawhid, as a Foreign Terrorist * Organization and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order 13224. Press release.
On June 8, 2006 the Iraqi Prime Minister confirmed that Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi was killed in a United States Air Force F-16 airstrike at 6:15 pm local time (1415 UTC) the previous evening, June 7. In a statement posted on the Internet that day, signed by Al-Qaeda in Iraq's "deputy emir," Abu Abdel-Rahman al-Iraqi, al-Qaeda in Iraq pledged to "increase persistence in continuing holy war so that the word of God will be supreme."
A document found in Zarqawi's safe house indicates that the terrorist group was trying to provoke the U.S. to attack Iran in order to reinvigorate the insurgency in Iraq and to weaken American forces in Iraq. "The question remains, how to draw the Americans into fighting a war against Iran? It is not known whether American is serious in its animosity towards Iran, because of the big support Iran is offering to America in its war in Afghanistan and in Iraq. Hence, it is necessary first to exaggerate the Iranian danger and to convince America and the west in general, of the real danger coming from Iran...". The document then outlines 6 ways to incite war between the two nations. Iraqi national security adviser Mouwafak al-Rubaie said the document, shows al-Qaeda in Iraq is being hindered and hence, in "pretty bad shape." He added that "we believe that this is the beginning of the end of al-Qaeda in Iraq."
On June 12, 2006 al-Qaeda in Iraq announced the appointment of Abu Hamza al-Muhajir as the successor to al-Zarqawi.
During the months leading up to Zarqawi's assassination, at least one hundred Al Qaeda commanders and members were killed by Task Force 145, said to be composed of US Special Operations and CIA Paramilitary units. In the subsequent months since Zarqawi's death, at least two hundred Al Qaeda members have been killed or captured according to the US Military, and the Iraqi Government. This number includes
Additional Al Qaeda in Iraq leadership figures publicly known to have been killed or captured by Coalition and Iraqi government forces during the Iraq War include the following:
- Abu Jaafar al-Lybi, killed in September 2006 in Baghdad
- Hamed Jumaa Farid al-Saeedi, who was captured by US Marines on August 29, 2006.
- Thamer Mohsen al- Jibouri (aka Abu Ayman), captured in September 2006 in Shahraban
- Hamed Jumaa Faris Juri al-Saaydi (aka Abu Humam), captured in August 2006 in Baquba
- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, killed in June 2006 near Baquba
- Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman, killed in June 2006 near Baquba
- Ahmed Hussein Dabash Samir al-Batawi, captured on 31 May 2006 in Baghdad
- Kassim al-Ani, captured on 29 May 2006 in Bagdad
- Abu Ahad, killed on 20 May 2006 in unknown location
- Salah Hussein Abdeul Razzaq, captured on 15 May 2006 in Ramadi
- Abu Abd al-Rahman, killed on 8 May 2006 near Samarra
- Abbas bin Farnas bin Qafqas (aka Ali Wali), killed on 5 May 2006 in Baghdad
- Abdel Fatih Isa (aka Abu Aisha), captured on 3 May in Karbala
- Rafid Ibrahim Fattah (aka Abu Umar al-Kurdi), killed on 27 March 2006 near Abu Ghraib
- Muhammed Hila Hammad Ubaydi (aka Abu Ayman), captured on 7 March 2006 in south Baghdad
- Akram Mahmud Al Mushhadani (aka Abu Asma), killed on 24 February 2006 in northern Baghdad
- Mohammed Rabei (aka Abu Dhar), captured on 6 February 2006
- Ramsi Ahmed Ismael Muhammed (aka Abu Qatada), captured on 29 December 2005 south of Baghdad
- Abu Azzam, killed on 26 September 2005 in Baghdad
- Abu Nasir, killed on 26 September 2005 in al-Ushsh
- Abu Khallad, killed on 26 September 2005 in Mosul
- Shehab Hamed (aka Abu Ali), killed on 19 September 2005 in Haditha
- Taha Ibrahim Yasin Becher (aka Abu Fatima), captured on 17 September 2005 in Mosul
- Hamed Saeed Ismael Mustafa (aka Abu Shahed), captured on 17 September 2005 in Mosul
- Abu Zayd, killed on 10 September 2005 in Zanazil
- Abu Ali, killed on 7 September 2005 in Jaramil
- Ayad Adnan Away Samir, captured on 5 September 2005 in Fallujah area
- Nawfal Muwafaq Ahmad ‘Abdullah, captured on 3 September 2005 in Mosul
- Abu Mujahir, killed on 27 August 2005 in Mosul
- Abdallah Najim Muhammad Husayn (aka Abu Nijim), captured on 26 August 2005 in Mosul
- Bassam Muhammad Ahmad Sultan (aka Abu Shayma), captured on 26 August 2005 in Mosul
- Durayd Jassar Khalifah Hamud (aka Abu Jabbar), captured on 23 August 2005 in Ramadi
- Ali Husayn Muhammad Jasim (aka Khalid Nazal), captured on 23 August 2005 in Ramadi
- Mohammed Salah Sultan (aka Abu Zubair), killed on 14 August 2005 in Mosul
- Ammar Abu Bara (aka Amar Hussein Hasan), captured on 27 July 2005 in Mosul
- Hamdi Tantawi, captured on 24 July 2005 in Yusifiyah
- Salah Suleiman al-Loheibi, captured on 15 January 2005
- Khamis Farhan Khalaf Abd al-Fahdawi (aka Abu Seba), captured on 9 July 2005 in Ramadi
- Khalid Suleiman Darwish (aka Abu Alghadiya), killed on 27 June 2005 in al-Qa'im
- Hilal Hussein al-Badrani, captured on 25 June 2005 in al-Shurqat
- Salim Mohammed Ahmed (aka Abu Nabhan), captured on 18 June 2005 in Mosul
- Mohammed Thaer Ibrahim (aka Abu Sarhan), captured on 18 June 2005 in Mosul
- Mohammed Khalif Shaiker (aka Abu Talha), captured on 26 June 2005 in Mosul
- Abed Dawood Suleiman, captured on 15 June 2005 in Khalidiyah
- Ammar Al-Zubaydi (aka Abu Abbas), captured on 5 May 2005 in Baghdad
- Salman Aref Abdulkadir Khwamurad al-Zardowe (aka Abu Sharif), captured in April 2005 in Ramadi
- Hamza Ali Ahmed al-Widmizyar (aka Abu Majid), captured in April 2005 in Ramadi
- Mahir Sabah Injil Hinaydis al-Unayzi (aka Abu Usama), captured on 20 February 2005 in unknown location
- Talib Mikhlif Arsan Walman al-Dulaymi (aka Abu Qutaybah), captured on 15 February 2005 in Anah
- Ahmad Khalid Marad Isma’il al-Rawi (aka Abu Uthman), captured on 15 February 2005 in Anah
- Anat Mohammed Hamat al-Kays (aka Abu Alid), captured on 28 January 2005
- Ali Hamad Yassin al-Issawi, captured on 15 January 2005
- Anad Mohammed Qais, captured on 15 January 2005
- Sami Mohammed Ali Said al-Jaaf (aka Abu Omar al-Kurdi), captured on 15 January 2005 in Baghdad
- Abu Khattab, killed on 10 December 2004 in Fallujah
- Abu Sufiyan, killed on 10 December 2004 in Fallujah
- Hassan Ibrahim Farhan Zaydi, killed in December 2004
- Hemin Beni Shari, killed in December 2004 in Fallujah
- Abu Waleed Saudi, killed on 8 November 2004 near Fallujah
- Sheik Abu Anas al-Shami, killed on 22 September 2004 near Abu Ghraib
- Umar Baziyani, captured on 5 May 2004 in Baghdad
See also
References
- http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369022
- Frontline - Iraqi insurgency
- Zarqawi kin reportedly bombed shrine in Iraq
- http://news.mainetoday.com/war/insideiraq/041222iraqtimeline.shtml
- Ibid
- Ibid
- http://www.iags.org/n0124051.htm
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/27/content_326602.htm
- http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/06/17/iraq.main/index.html
- http://news.mainetoday.com/war/insideiraq/041222iraqtimeline.shtml
- Agence France-Presse. Iraq's al-Qaeda number two captured. 3 September 2006.
- "Iraq Terror Chief Killed In Airstrike". CBS News. June 8 2006.
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(help) - "Iraq Terror Chief Killed In Airstrike". CBS News. June 8 2006.
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External links
- The World's Most Dangerous Terrorist
- Purported Zarqawi letter released by the Coalition Provisional Authority
- JTJ reportedly pledges allegiance to bin Laden
- Extract from article assessing killing of Zarqawi June 2006
- Articles needing cleanup from April 2007
- Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from April 2007
- Misplaced Pages pages needing cleanup from April 2007
- 1980s establishments
- Al-Qaeda
- Designated terrorist organizations
- Iraqi insurgency
- Islamic organizations
- Jihadist organizations
- Terrorism in Iraq
- Islamist terrorism