Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Divestment (talk | contribs) at 13:40, 2 July 2007 (moved Sourced allegations of breaches of international law by the United States of America to State-sponsored terrorism by the United States over redirect: vague title--no agreement on talk). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Template:Totallydisputed

This article may contain citations that do not verify the text. Please check for citation inaccuracies. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Template:State terrorism The United States of America has been accused of funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in terrorism by legal scholars, other governments, and human rights organizations, among others. Some scholars, such as U.S. foreign policy critic, Noam Chomsky, argue that the U.S. has been legally found guilty of international terrorism based on the verdict by International Court of Justice in Nicaragua v. United States, which condemned the United States federal government for its "unlawful use of force". The claimants say the U.S. government is hypocritical because it regularly asserts a public image and agenda of anti-terrorism.

Definition of the term state terrorism

The definition of terrorism and state terrorism remain controversial. Among nations there is as yet no international consensus or treaty on what constitutes a terrorist act, how to define a terrorist organization, or whether the definition of terrorism even applies to acts by sovereign governments. The Britannica Concise states that terrorism is "Systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective."

As an example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation bases its definition on U.S. Code, Title 18, Chapter 113B, and reads as follows:

Domestic terrorism refers to activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.

International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.

U.S. State Department Definition of Terrorism:

The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.

The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983.

The United Nations has never agreed on a single definition of terrorism but has four proposed definitions. One, by terrorism analyst Alex P. Schmid states:

Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.

Application of the United States government's own definitions

Professor in linguistics Noam Chomsky of the Institute for Policy Studies has characterized the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of US foreign policy in such countries as foreign policy countries such as Nicaragua, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Argentina, Colombia, Turkey, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as a form of terrorism. Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state." Chomsky has in turn been criticized for ignoring or justifying terror by states that he has favored, such as Communist China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. After President Bush began using the term "War on Terrorism," Chomsky stated in an interview:

The U.S. is officially committed to what is called "low-intensity warfare...If you read the definition of low-intensity conflict in army manuals and compare it with official definitions of "terrorism" in army manuals, or the U.S. Code, you find they're almost the same.

Similarly Daniele Ganser, a military and security studies academic, has written that "the covert action department of the CIA" is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organization." Dr. Ganser argues that according to the FBI, "`Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and that the directive which created the covert actions section of the CIA clearly fits this characterization. The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows:

Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.

Ganser has in turn been criticized by the US State Department for being "fooled" by a Soviet forgery, the "US Army Field Manual 30-31B."

Allegations

Latin America

Cuba

Cuban government officials have accused the United States Government of being an accomplice and protector of terrorism against Cuba on many occasions. According to Ricardo Alarcón, President of Cuba’s national assembly "Terrorism and violence, crimes against Cuba, have been part and parcel of U.S. policy for almost half a century.” The claims formed part of Cuba's $181.1 billion lawsuit in 1999 against the United States on behalf of the Cuban people which alleged that for over 40 years, "terrorism has been permanently used by the U.S. as an instrument of its foreign policy against Cuba," and it "became more systematic as a result of the covert action program." The lawsuit detailed a history of terrorism allegedly supported by the United States. The United States has long denied any involvement in the acts named in the lawsuit.

The claims center around allegations of "concrete advance intelligence" the CIA had of operations against Cuba from the early Sixties to mid-Seventies, notably the bombing of Cubana Flight 455 in 1976 which killed all 73 people aboard and a series of attacks on tourist sites in the 1990s. For example, the FBI had multiple contacts with one of the bombers but provided him with a visa to the U.S. five days before the bombing, despite suspicions that he was engaged in terrorist activities.

The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group Omega 7, the CIA undercover operation known as Operation 40, and the umbrella group the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations. Cuban Counterterrorism investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a Miami court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."

In 2001, Cuban Ambassador to the UN Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla called for UN General Assembly to address all forms and manifestations of terrorism in every corner of the world, including - without exception - State terrorism. He alleged to the UN General Assembly that 3,478 Cubans have died as a result of aggressions and terrorist acts. He also alleged that the United States had provided safe shelter to "those who funded, planned and carried out terrorist acts with absolute impunity, tolerated by the United States Government." The Cuban government also asserted that in the 1990s, a total of 68 acts of terrorism were perpetrated against Cuba.

The Cuban Government, its supporters and some outside observers believe that the group Alpha 66, whose former secretary general Andrés Nazario Sargén acknowledged terrorist attacks on Cuban tourist spots in the 1990s and conducted training sessions at a secluded camp near the Florida Everglades, has been supported by the National Endowment for Democracy, the US International Development Agency and, more directly, according to Cuba's official newspaper Granma, the CIA.

A secret plan, Operation Northwoods, was approved by the Pentagon and Joint Chiefs of Staff and submitted for action to Robert McNamara then Secretary of Defense, and subsequently president of the World Bank. This plan included acts of violence on US soil or against US interests, such as plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in U.S. cities; blowing up a U.S. ship, and contemplated causing U.S. military casualties, writing: "We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba," and, "The US could follow up with an air/sea rescue operation covered by US fighters 'evacuate' remaining members of the non-existent crew. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation." The plan was rejected by the administration prior to President Kennedy's assassination but after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

In 1998 the Cuban government charged The Cuban American National Foundation, which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the Reagan administration and receives U.S. government funding with, according to the official government-controlled Radio Havana Cuba, the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities Granma, the official newspaper of Cuba, also reported that U.S. senator Mel Martinez was meeting with Cuban American terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.

In 2006, a former board member of CANF, Jose Antonio Llama testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba. The foundation’s general board of directors didn’t know the details of the paramilitary group, which acted autonomously, Llama said. He added that current CANF board chairman Jorge Mas Santos was never told of the plan. The plans failed after Llama and four other exiles were arrested in the United States territory of Puerto Rico in 1997 on charges of conspiracy to assassinate Castro.

The US has also been criticized for failing to condemn Panama's pardoning of the alleged terrorists Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez, instead allowing them to walk free on U.S. streets.

The Case of Luis Posada

The Cubans cite the admission by Luis Posada Carriles that he was recruited by the CIA into becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s. Posada, alongside Orlando Bosch, is accused by Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Cuba and Venezuela of organizing the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455,. As described by researcher Peter Kornbluh at the non-governmental research institute National Security Archive, he "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist," referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.”

The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.

On May 18, 2005, the National Security Archive posted additional documents that purportedly show the CIA had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Cuban exile terrorist groups to bomb a Cubana airliner. The archive also alleges that while Posada stopped being a CIA agent in 1974, there remained "occasional contact" until June 1976, a few months before the bombing. The Cuban ambassador to the U.N. claimed that Posada had been "doubly employed by the Government of the U.S." both before and after the bombing of the Cubana aircraft. After escaping from prison in Venezuela, Posada, who has boasted of plans to to "hit" a Cuban airliner only days before the attack, went to work alongside CIA operative Felix Rodriguez under Richard Secord supplying the Contras.

After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of Otto Reich, then US ambassador to Venezuela.

On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration by the city politicians in Miami. Despite decisions made by the justice department and FBI to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President George H. W. Bush and he was allowed permanent residency.

In a series of interviews with the New York Times, Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an Italian tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban-American National Foundation. Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA don't bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do." He later denied that he was involved, stating that he had only wanted to create publicity for the bombing campaign in order to scare tourists.

As more revelations were made public via declassified documents and testimonies from involved parties, journalist Robert Scheer wrote in a column in the Los Angeles Times "For almost 40 years, we have isolated Cuba on the assumption that the tiny island is a center of terrorism in the hemisphere, and year after year we gain new evidence that it is the U.S. that has terrorized Cuba and not the other way around."

In an interview in 2001, Cuban Vice President Ricardo Alarcón stated: "The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "'Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself'".

Posada was arrested in Miami in May 2005 and held for entering the US illegally. On September 28, 2005 a U.S. immigration judge ruled that Posada cannot be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela. On May 8, 2007 U.S. district judge Kathleen Cardone dismissed seven counts of immigration fraud and ordered Posada's electronic bracelet removed. The ruling criticized the U.S. government's "fraud, deceit and trickery" during the interview with immigration authorities that was the basis of the charges against Posada.

Nicaragua

Following the rise to power of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua, the Reagan administration ordered the CIA to organize and train the right wing guerrilla group "Contras". Florida State University professor, Frederick H. Gareau, has written that the Contras "attacked bridges, electric generators, but also state-owned agricultural cooperatives, rural health clinics, villages and non-combatants." US agents were directly involved in the fighting. "CIA commandos launched a series of sabotage raids on Nicaraguan port facilities. They mined the country's major ports and set fire to its largest oil storage facilities." In 1984 the US Congress ordered this intervention to be stopped, however it was later shown that the CIA illegally continued (See Iran-Contra affair). Professor Gareau has characterized these acts as "wholesale terrorism" by the United States.

In 1984 a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was leaked to the media, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".

The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:

...selective use of armed force for PSYOP effect.... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA , but extensive precautions must insure that the people “concur” in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.

The Guardian newspaper quoted a survivor of a Contra attack on Jinotega province:

Rosa had her breasts cut off. Then they cut into her chest and took out her heart. The men had their arms broken, their testicles cut off, and their eyes poked out. They were killed by slitting their throats and pulling the tongue out through the slit."

Former State Department official William Blum has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries."

According to author William Blum the Pentagon considered US policy in Nicaragua to be a "blueprint for successful US intervention in the Third World" and it would go "right into the textbooks".

Nicaragua vs. United States

The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America was a case heard in 1986 by the International Court of Justice which found that the United States had violated international law by direct acts of US personnel and by the supporting Contra guerrillas in their war against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case. The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force". Noam Chomsky stated in an interview in Pakistan Television that:

The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim.

The ICJ used the Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare CIA manual as evidence in the case.

The ICJ refused to render judgment on the imputability of any direct acts by the Contras to the United States because of lacking evidence; the court did, however, make clear that the United States could be held liable for any acts it undertook relative to the state of Nicaragua and that this might include acts by the Contras. In their judgment, the ICJ found the United States liable for the funding, training, equipping, and logistical support of the Contras; for the mining of harbors, flyovers, and military attacks; for encouraging the Contras to commit "acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law"; and held the United States liable for reparations and immediate cessation of all such proscribed activity.

Guatemala

Declassified CIA documents prove that the United States was instrumental in organizing, funding, and equipping the coup which toppled the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh note that "After a small insurgency developed in the wake of the coup, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counterinsurgency campaign that left tens of thousands massacred, maimed or missing."

CIA staff historian Steven Haines has reported that already in 1952 -- from the very outset of planning -- the CIA organizers compiled lists of public and private Guatemalan citizens who were to be "eliminate immediately in event of successful anti-Communist coup.". While the CIA has officially reported that these plans were not implemented this is widely questioned because, as Doyle and Kornbluh report, "the declassifiers of this study, and other related documents, have deleted the names of the targeted individuals, making it impossible to verify that none of them were killed during or in the aftermath of the coup."

In 1995 CIA aid was stopped. A 1996 report by the Intelligence Oversight Board stated that "Relations between the US and Guatemalan governments came under strain in 1977, when the Carter administration issued its first annual human rights report on Guatemala. The Guatemalan government rejected that report's negative assessment and refused US military aid." Relations between the two countries warmed in the mid-1980's the Reagan administration's covert funding of several wars in Central America. In December 1990, however, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid."

According to the Center for International Policy, "The CIA established a liaison relationship with Guatemalan security services widely known to have reprehensible human rights records, and it continued covert aid after the cutoff of overt military aid in 1990. This liaison relationship and continued covert aid occurred with the knowledge of the National Security Council, the State Department, and the Congressional oversight committees. Contrary to public allegations, CIA did not increase covert funding for Guatemala to compensate for the cut-off of military aid in 1990."

In a series of 32 declassified documents spanning over 35 years (from 1966 to 1995), George Washington University historians Kate Doyle and Carlos Osorio show that U.S. policy funded, trained, and equipped the Guatemalan military and government despite frequent and recurrent evidence that death squads and "clandestine counter-terrorist units" were being used "to carry out abductions, bombings, torture, and summary executions."

In another series of documents from the same project , analysts present documentation of U.S. training, cooperation and political support of Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, despite U.S. Department of State and CIA knowledge of his frequent command of and/or participation in extra-judicial killings, kidnappings and civilian massacres. Colonel Estrada would eventually rise to command D-2, the Guatemalan Military Intelligence services who were responsible for many of the terror tactics wielded throughout the 1980's against the Guatemalan people.

In 1999, an independent Guatemalan Truth Commission named "The Historical Clarification Commission" issued a damning report which, among other things, clearly stated that the "government of the United States, through various agencies including the CIA, provided direct and indirect support for some state operations." Among the report's conclusions were

...estimate that the Guatemalan conflict claimed the lives of some 200,000 people with the most savage bloodletting occurring in the 1980s. Based on a review of about 20 percent of the dead, the panel blamed the army for 93 percent of the killings and leftist guerrillas for three percent. Four percent were listed as unresolved....the army committed 626 massacres against Mayan villages.... "eliminated entire Mayan villages...completely exterminat Mayan communities, destroy their livestock and crops."

The report went on to term the Guatemalan military's campaign in the northern highlands a "genocide," and noted that besides "carrying out murder and "disappearances," the army routinely engaged in torture and rape. "The rape of women, during torture or before being murdered, was a common practice" by the military and paramilitary forces, the report found."

US Government funding and training of Guatemalan "Death Squads" came to light in the years 1990-91. US citizen and nun, Sister Diana Ortiz, took a US civil court case against General Hector Gramajo Morales, who was then attending Harvard University after having given that year's commencement speech at the SOA. Sister Ortiz stated that she was abducted by police officers under Morales' command and taken to a secret prison where she was tortured and raped repeatedly. A 1992 report to the United Nations General Assembly recounts her testimony,

Then she was lowered into an open pit packed with human bodies - the bodies of children, men and women, some decapitated, some lying face up and caked with blood. Some were dead, some were alive. All were swarming with rats. After hours of torture, Sister Ortiz was returned to the room of rape and interrogated where her ordeal continued. As her torturers began to rape her again, they said "Alejandro, join us and have some fun." Alejandro was a tall, light complexioned man, who spoke broken Spanish, but perfect North American English. They usually referred to him as "boss". He cursed, and ordered them to stop, because their victim was a North American nun, and her disappearance had become public. Several times Alejandro said that he was sorry about what had happened. Sister Ortiz asked what would happen to the other people she saw being tortured. He told her not to be concerned about them.

While at Harvard, Gramajo-Morales stated in his defense:

"We have created a more humanitarian, less costly strategy, to be more compatible with the democratic system ... which provides development for 70 percent of the population while we kill 30 percent. Before, the strategy was to kill 100 percent."

Professor Gareau argues that the School of the Americas, a US Army institution, where Morales trained as a young officer and taught in later life, is a terrorist training ground. He notes a UN report which states the school has "graduated 500 of the worst human rights abusers in the hemisphere." He further argues that people protesting against the school are frequently beaten and arrested, "By the year 2002, 71 demonstrators had served a total of 40 years of jail time for protesting in front of the School of the Americas". This includes an 88 year old nun. Gareau claims that by funding, training and supervising Guatemalan 'Death Squads' Washington was complicit in state terrorism.

In their 1998 "Report On Guatemala" Rolando Alecio and Ruth Taylor condemn the "legacy of state terror" the nation has inherited from the U.S.-backed and -trained military. Similarly, journalist Minor Sinclair, writing in the Sojourner, stated that

Recent disclosures have revealed the extent of U.S. support for the Guatemalan army despite its reputation as the most repressive military in Latin America. For years Guatemala's elite military officers have been trained in the United States, and at any given time dozens are on the CIA payroll.

Defenders of the former School of the Americas (reorganized as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) in 2001) argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its many graduates. Before coming to WHINSEC each student is “vetted” by his/her nation and the U.S. embassy in that country. All students are now required to receive "human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations."

Middle East

Iran

Stephen Kinzer has written that in 1953 agent Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. oversaw Operation Ajax, which involved organized riots and the training of right-wing terrorist groups in a successful effort to overthrow the democratically-elected Iranian government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq, and reverse the nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later renamed BP). According to some sources, the United States believed that, by dissolving the parliament and working with the Communist Tudeh Party, Mossadeq was making probable a communist-inspired takeover.

According to an article in the Asia Times, "Sponsoring terrorist activities inside Iran has been a consistent feature of US regional policy over the past quarter-century."

Iraq

The New York Times reported that, according to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq via one of the resistance organizations, Iyad Allawi's group. According to the Iraqi government at the time, and one former CIA officer, the bombing campaign against Baghdad included both government and civilian targets. According to this former CIA official, the civilian targets included a movie theater and a bombing of a school bus where children were killed. No public records of the secret bombing campaign are known to exist, and the former U.S. officials said their recollections were in many cases sketchy, and in some cases contradictory. "But whether the bombings actually killed any civilians could not be confirmed because, as a former C.I.A. official said, the United States had no significant intelligence sources in Iraq then."

Western Europe

On October 24, 1990 Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti told the Italian Parliament that NATO had long held a covert policy of training partisan groups in the event of a Soviet Invasion of Western Europe. Under Operation Gladio the CIA, British MI6 and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future Soviet invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in them were responsible for the strategy of tension in Italy which aimed at impeding the "historic compromise" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which would have allowed the Christian Democrats to invite PCI members of parliament to serve as members of the governing coalition. This strategy of tension allegedly included the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and the Bologna massacre (1980) political assassinations in Belgium, military coups in Greece (1967) and Turkey (1980) and an attempted coup in France (1961). The supposed aim of this group was to prevent Communist movements in Western Europe gaining power.

In 2000, a report from the Italian Democratic Party of the Left (formerly the Italian Communist Party) concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI (Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the PSI (Italian Socialist Party), from reaching executive power in the country." The report stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organised or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence." The centrist Italian Republican party said the report was worthy of a 1970s Maoist group.

The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio only as a plan which was to be activated in the event of Soviet occupation of Western Europe during the Cold War, but has continued to deny it qualified as terrorism. The United States maintains that several researchers have been influenced by a Soviet Cold War forgery.

Asia

The Philippines

As of 2007, there is an increasing international awareness of the extra-judicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Philippino civilian non-combatants by the Philippine's military and police.

The Philippines has been considered a United States protectorate and/or colony since the late 1890's, playing a central role in the U.S. Navy's global strategic presence. Since the advent of the "War on Terrorism" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream journalists and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more. The human rights watchdog KARAPATAN has documented the brutalization of 169,530 individual victims, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households. There have been increasing condemnations made of U.S. influence upon the Philippine military, many of which charge the U.S. with the sponsorship of state terrorism through the policies implemented by the military advisers and military aid it has delivered as part of its War on Terror.

Estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with the Government appointed Task Force Usig estimating only 114 while the independent activist party KARAPATAN placing the number much higher, at something over 874. The government's specially convened Task Force Usig has notably failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination Moreover:

ccording to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, 'has not proven to be an independent body…the PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people.'

The Political Nature of the Arrests, Disappearances, Torture, and Killings

Amnesty International reports that the more than 860 confirmed murders are clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution." The AI report continues:

the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'all-out-war' against the New People's Army . . . the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place.

Similarly, The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace reports that most of the human rights violations were committed by the AFP, the Philippine National Police, and the CAFGU (Civilian Armed Forces Government Units) under the mantle of the anti-insurgency campaign initially created as one arm of the U.S. War on Terror.

Dr. E. San Juan, Jr. has noted that:

Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as Bayan Muna, Anakpawis, GABRIELA, Anakbayan, Karapatan, KMU, and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities.

U.S. and Philippine Military Cooperation

In the period from 2000 to 2003, military loans and grants to the Philippines from the U.S. grew by 1,776 percent. As of 2005, according to President Arroyo the Philippines were the largest recipient of U.S. military aid in Asia and fourth worldwide; aid since then has continued to increase. US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to the Philippines almost trebled from $30 million in 2004 to $80 million in 2005, with the bulk of that money used to upgrade Philippine marine and counter-terrorism capabilities; by late 2006 Washington had given roughly US$300 million of aid to the AFP and delivered hundreds of American soldiers to organize and execute extended training exercises with the Filipino police and military apparatus. The United States -- through the person of National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley -- has broadly "congratulated the government of the Philippines...for achievements while at the same time acknowledging the valuable role of partnership with the United States".

Fulbright Scholar, Rockefeller Foundation Research Fellow, and director of the Philippines Forum in New York City Dr. E. San Juan, Jr. writes:

President Arroyo invited thousands of U.S. Special Forces to engage in police actions together with the AFP, thus violating an explicit Constitutional provision against the intervention of foreign troops in local affairs. She followed Fidel Ramos in implementing the Visiting Forces Agreement, together with other onerous treaties, thus maintaining U.S. control of the Philippine military via training of officers, logistics, and dictation of punitive measures against the Moro insurgents as well as the New People's Army guerrillas. The Philippines became the "second front in the war on terror," with Bush visiting the Philippines in October 2004 and citing the neocolony as a model for the rebuilding of devastated Iraq.

and that:

U.S....fashioned..."low-intensity warfare" to deal with upheavals in the post-Vietnam period. Its military field manuals endorsed tactical tools of...psychological warfare, forced mass evacuations or "hamletting," imprisonment of whole communities in military garrisons, militarization of villages, selective assassinations, disappearances, mass executions, etc. Tried in Indochina, Korea, Central America, it continues to be implemented in Colombia, Iraq, and the Philippines....With U.S. help, the AFP mobilized vigilante and paramilitary death squads with license to kill revolutionary militants, immune from prosecution. U.S. military force midwived the restoration of U.S.-backed oligarchic oppression of the Filipino masses.

From the beginning -- as early as 2001 -- the U.S. State Department knew that "Members of the security services were responsible for extra-judicial killings, disappearances, torture, and arbitrary arrest and detention." In the same report, the State Department admitted that the presence of U.S. Special Forces and other military advisers had "helped create an environment in which human rights abuses increased", commenting that 'there were allegations by human rights groups that these problems worsened as the Government sought to intensify its campaign against the terrorist Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).'" Further, in 2003 the U.S. government -- in anticipation that its military personnel would be charged with human rights abuses -- offered the Philippines' government an extra US $30 million of military aid in exchange for "an agreement that would exempt U.S. soldiers operating in the Philippines from the International Criminal Court".

In May of 2006 the Philippines and the US approved an agreement to establish a formal board to "determine and discuss the possibility of holding joint US-Philippine military exercises against terrorism and other non-traditional security concerns."(emphasis added)

Arroyo, the U.S., and General Jovito Palparan

According to commentators James Petras and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the US-trained Special Forces.

Notorious as the 'Butcher of Mindoro", General Jovito Palparan is considered responsible for an extensively documented, long list of gross human rights abuses. For instance, "hen Palparan was assigned to Central Luzon in September 2005, the number of political assassinations in that region alone jumped to 52 in four months. Prior to his promotion, the regions with the largest number of summary executions like Eastern Visayas and Central Luzon were under then-Colonel Palparan." Palparan has become infamous for his comments on the killings:

The killings are being attributed to me but I did not kill them. I just inspire the triggermen...Their disappearance is good for us but as to who abducted them, we don’t know....I encourage people victimized by communist rebels to get even.

In addition to working under the U.S. military command in Iraq, Palparan himself has received advanced military training in the United States and in the Philippines has worked closely with Unites States military advisers; President Arroyo's promotion of him to one-star general has been widely condemned as a gesture of support for military-backed state terrorism.

Human rights watchdog groups assert that the U.S.-supplied military aid directed to Palparan's command has been used "to intensify attack...against unarmed civilians including the leaders and members of legal people's organizations." The human rights watchdog group Reality of Aid specifically cites General Palaparan when it writes:

While development aid may be used for livelihood projects, infrastructure, or social services, we fear that the AFP will only use such projects to gather intelligence or launch special operations in communities that they believe are NPA bases.

The Response of the Arroyo Government and Investigative Findings

Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people, peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers.

With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extra-judicial government murders. Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators." 2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to Asia Times Online, this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets." As Asia Times Online and several other independent observers have noted, the issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extra-judicial killings. The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace, a non-denominational Christian network of Filipino churches, stated in their regular Promotion of Church People's Response (PCPR, Feb 24, 2007) that " record of political killings and violations of civil liberties, especially with her Calibrated Preemptive Response scheme, is now the worst since the downfall of Marcos. . . . President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017 constitutes a flagrant violation of the Philippine Constitution via the pretext of a 'National Emergency.'"

The Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings; as Dr. E. San Juan, Jr, writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations." In 2007, however, Arroyo was forced by popular outcry to appointed an independent commission led by the Philippine's former Supreme Court Chief Justice Jose Melo. The Melo commission found that the military was responsible for the "majority" of the killings and that the superior officers of the perpetrators could be held accountable for the crimes. Later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes. Alston charged in his report that Arroyo’s propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy “encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies” of the state.

In March 2007, the Permanent People’s Tribunal at The Hague, Belgium, rendered a judgment of guilty for “crimes against humanity” against the Philippine government and its chief backer, the Bush administration.

Quotes

One has to ask whether there was transparency in the invasion of Iraq. The world knows President Bush lied openly about Iraq having chemical weapons, They keep on bombing cities, killing children, they have become a terrorist state.--Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, 2005.

Actually, who is the terrorist, who is against human rights? The answer is the United States because they attacked Iraq. Moreover, it is the terrorist king, waging war. --Indonesian Vice President Hamzah Haz, 2003

Everybody's worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there's a really easy way: stop participating in it. --Noam Chomsky

Further reading

• Gareau, Frederick H. (March 2004). State Terrorism and the United States : From Counterinsurgency to the War on Terrorism. Clarity Press. ISBN 0-932863-39-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

See also

• Allegations of war crimes against U.S. officials
• American terrorism
• Command responsibility
• Economic terrorism
• Foreign relations of the United States
• List of acts labelled as state terrorism sorted by state
• List of terrorist incidents
• US invasions
• List of United States military history events
• Torture manuals

References

1. Sources:
   
2. Heinberg, Richard. Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?", 10-2001.
   Grossman, Zoltan
   History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890"
   The UN and its conduct during the invasion and occupation of Iraq - Testimony to the World Tribunal on Iraq
3. "Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 1 of 2)". CBC. 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-06-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
   "Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 2 of 2)". CBC. 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-06-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
4. Terrorism, Counter-terorrism and Torture
5. "War Propaganda". Michel Chossudovsky. 16-01-2003. Retrieved 27-04-2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
6. Suzy Hansen (2002-01-16). "Noam Chomsky". Salon.com. Salon.com.
7. Noam Chomsky (2002-05-19). "Who Are the Global Terrorists?". Znet. Zmag.org.
8. Gareau, Frederick H. "State Terrorism and the United States".
9. Heinberg, Richard. "Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?", 10-2001.
10. Grossman, Zoltan. "History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890".
11. Gowans, Stephen. "Terrorism as Foreign Policy", What's Left.
12. "Venezuela accuses US of 'double standard' on terrorism". Christian Science Monitor. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2007-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. "Testing the Definition of "Terrorism": Luis Posada Carriles and the U.S." Znet. 2006-10-6. Retrieved 2007-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
15. http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380497/terrorism
16. Cornell Law School, US Code, retrieved 25 May 2007
17. "Patterns of Global Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. 2001/2/3. Retrieved 23-06-2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
18. "Definitions of Terrorism". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
19. ^ David Barsamian (November 6, 2001). "The United States is a Leading Terrorist State". Monthly Review. Cite error: The named reference "David" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
20. Windschuttle, Keith. "The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky", The New Criterion, 05-09-2003.
21. http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370
22. http://www.danieleganser.ch/e/biographie/index.htm
23. http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/GAN412A.html
24. http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/endorsements.cfm?navinfo=15301
25. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&size51=10&id=15251
26. ^ "Note on U.S. Covert Actions" (PDF). U.S. Department of State.
27. NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.
28. ^ "Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces". United States Department of State.
29. "Fidel Castro meets Caricom leaders". BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
30. The United States is an accomplice and protector of terrorism, states Alarcón Granma News
31. Terrorism organized and directed by the CIA Granma
32. ^ Interview by Saul Landau with Ricardo Alarcón 13 February 2003
33. "Cuba's case against Washington". Workers World Newsletter.
34. Cuba sues U.S. for billions, alleging 'war' damages. CNN news.
35. Sanchez, Marcela. "Moral Misstep", The Washington Post, 09-03-2004.
36. ^ CIA and FBI Documents Detail Career in International Terrorism; Connection to U.S.
37. Investigator from Cuba takes stand in spy trial Miami Herald
38. ^ Cuba Statement to the United Nations 2001 since the Cuban revolution
39. Alpha 66 says it carried out bomb attacks Cuba solidarity
40. An Era of Exiles Slips Away. The Los Angeles Times.
41. Alpha 66 expands its offices and training camp granma
42. Robert McNamara, excerpted from Class Warfare by Noam Chomsky
43. "Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962". The Nation Security Archives. 04-30-2001. Retrieved 27-04-2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
44. "U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba". ABC News. 01-05-2001. Retrieved 27-04-2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
45. "Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services" (PDF). United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General.
46. "Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba". Radio Habana Cuba.
47. "Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists". Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital.
48. "Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds". Miami Herald. November 26, 2006.
49. Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla (October 29, 2001). "Measures to eliminate international terrorism" (PDF). United Nations: general Assembly Security Council.
50. Jean-Guy Allard (December 6, 2004). "The Cuban American National Foundation And The Havana Bombings". Granma International.
51. Sanchez, Marcela (September 3). "Moral Misstep: Some Terrorists Get a Hero's Welcome". Washington Post. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
52. Life With Luis Posada. The Atlantic online.
    ° Posada's CIA ties uncovered in papers. Miami herald.
53. Cuban official demands action on Posada
54. Castro Foe Puts U.S. in an Awkward Spot New York Times
55. The Posada File. The Nation.
56. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB157/index.htm National Security archives
57. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.
58. "Posada "I'll kill Castro if it's the last thing I do"". Hartford Web Publishing (Republished).
59. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.
60. http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/98_columns/071498.htm A Startling Tale of U.S. Complicity.
61. No deportation for Cuban militant (BBC)
62. Judge throws out charges against anti-Castro militant cnn.com, May 8, 2007
63. Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books. pp. 16 & 166. ISBN 1-84277-535-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
64. "Declassified Army and CIA Manuals". Latin American Working Group. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
65. Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books. p. 290. ISBN 1-84277-369-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
66. "Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
67. The Guardian, 15 November 1984
68. Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books. p. 293. ISBN 1-84277-369-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
69. William Blum, p305
70. Official name: Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986.
71. Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81: 160–166.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link) "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United State (Merits)"
72. "International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233". International Court of Justice. Retrieved 2006-07-30. Large PDF file from the ICJ website
73. "On the War in Afghanistan Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy". chomsky.info. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
74. ^ ICJ Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
75. ^ "CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents". George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished). {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 24 (help)
76. Report on the Guatemala Review Intelligence Oversight Board. June 28, 1996.
77. Report on the Guatemala Review Intelligence Oversight Board. June 28, 1996.
78. "U.S. POLICY IN GUATEMALA, 1966-1996". George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished).
79. ^ "Colonel Byron Disrael Lima Estrada". George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished). Cite error: The named reference "NSAArchive-Guatemala03" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
80. Robert Parry. "History of Guatemala's 'Death Squads'". Retrieved 2007-06-23.
81. ^ "U.S. POLICY IN GUATEMALA, 1966-1996". George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished).
82. Michael Ratner. Civil Remedies for Gross Human Rights Violations
83. http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html
84. http://www.americas.org/item_29893
85. http://www.isreview.org/issues/09/school_of_americas.shtml
86. A Global Agenda, Issues before the 47th General Assembly of the United Nations. University Press of America. New York. 1992. p68
87. http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html
88. Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books. pp. pp22-25 and pp61-63. ISBN 1-84277-535-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
89. Minor Sinclair. "Sorrow Lifted to the Heavens". Retrieved 2007-06-23.
90. "Teaching democracy at the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation"
91. Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
92. Center for International Policy. "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation". Retrieved May 6. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
93. "50 Years After the CIA’s First Overthrow of a Democratically Elected Foreign Government We Take a Look at the 1953 US Backed Coup in Iran", Democracy Now!, 08-25-2003.
94. "A Very British Coup", BBC Radio 4, 08-22-2005.
95. Shahrooz, Kaveh. "All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror" (Stephen Kinzer), Harvard Human Rights Journal, 08-01-2005.
96. Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 0471265179. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
97. "Country Studies: Iran:Chapter 1 - Historical Setting:MOSSADEQ AND OIL NATIONALIZATION". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 7. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
98. Bhadrakumar, M K (2007). "Foreign devils in the Iranian mountains". Asia Times. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
99. Brinkley, Joel (June 9). "Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks". New York Times. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
100. Vulliamy, Ed (1990). "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'". The Guardian: 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
101. Würsten, Felix (2005). "Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P26": The dark side of the West". ETH Life Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
102. Richards, Charles (1990). "Gladio is still opening wounds". The Independent: 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
103. "Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website". Google.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30.Template:It icon
104. Floyd, Chris (2005). "Global Eye - Sword Play". The Moscow Times. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
105. Hans Depraetere and Jenny Dierickx, "La Guerre froide en Belgique" ("Cold War in Belgium") (EPO-Dossier, Anvers, 1986) Template:Fr icon
106. Selahattin Celik, Türkische Konterguerilla. Die Todesmaschinerie (Köln: Mesopotamien Verlag, 1999; see also Olüm Makinasi Türk Kontrgerillasi, 1995), quoting Cuneyit Arcayurek, Coups and the Secret Services, p.190
107. Pierre Abramovici and Gabriel Périès, La Grande Manipulation, éd. Hachette, 2006
108. "US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'". The Guardian. 2000. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
109. Willan, Philip (2001). "Obituary: Paolo Emilio Taviani". The Guardian. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
110. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html
111. http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2006/april06/ecaid.htm
112. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html
113. http://www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html
114. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
115. http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/statements/2005/ran_noaid2militaryregimes_250505.htm
116. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
117. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
118. http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html
119. http://www.indcatholicnews.com/shayc218.html
120. http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm
121. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
122. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
123. http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm
124. http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006
125. http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006
126. http://new.gbgm-umc.org/media/pdf/Let%20the%20Stones%20Cry%20Out%20HR%20Report%20lres.pdf
127. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/
128. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
129. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
130. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
131. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
132. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html
133. http://asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21237
134. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
135. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
136. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html
137. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html
138. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html
139. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html
140. http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html
141. http://www.voanews.com/lao/archive/2007-02/2007-02-22-voa1.cfm
142. http://services.inquirer.net/express/07/03/23/html_output/xmlhtml/20070322-56427-xml.html
143. http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html
144. http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=65594
145. http://www.gabnet.org/campaigns/humanrights/hrsit05312006/hrsit105312006.html
146. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
147. http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm
148. http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-bin/statements/statements.pl?author=fva2;date=060822;language=eng
149. http://www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html
150. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html
151. http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html
152. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
153. http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
154. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/
155. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html
156. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html
157. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html
158. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html
159. http://lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580
160. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/
161. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html
162. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
163. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
164. http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
165. "Chavez: US is a terrorist state". Aljazeera. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
166. "Indonesian VP: United States Is 'Terrorist King'". Reuters. 2003. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

• Understanding Terrorism
• Bush nominee linked to Latin American terrorism
• Bush Terror Elite Wanted 9/11 to Happen

• Foreign relations of the United States
• State terrorism