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| Born | c. 1900 unknown |
| Died | 4 February 1984  Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
| Cause of death | Pneumonia |
| Other names | Anna Anderson, Anna Tchaikovsky |
| Spouse | John Eacott Manahan |
Anastasia Manahan, usually known as Anna Anderson (c. 1900 — 4 February 1984), was the best known of several women who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia, the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, the last monarchs of Imperial Russia. Grand Duchess Anastasia was born on June 5th, 1901 and was, by most accounts, killed with her family on the night of July 17, 1918 by Bolsheviks in the town of Ekaterinburg, Russia. Some historians believe that Anderson was actually Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker.
Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984. Following Anderson's death, DNA tests were conducted on pieces of her intestine that had been stored at a Charlottesville, Virginia hospital following a medical procedure performed on Anderson in 1979. The DNA tests, which were conducted in 1994, compared Anderson's DNA profile against the mitochondrial DNA profile of remains discovered at Ekaterinburg and identified as belonging to the Imperial family and against the DNA profile of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the great-nephew of Tsarina Alexandra. Anderson's DNA did not match the Romanov remains or Prince Philip's, but was consistent with the mitochondrial DNA profile of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska's. Despite the DNA evidence, some of Anderson's supporters remain skeptical that she was Schanzkowska.
The First Appearance Of Anna Anderson
Anna Anderson's first claim to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia occurred after her failed attempt at suicide in Berlin 1920, although it was not until 1922 her claim became world famous. Later, she explained that she had gone by train and walked to Berlin to seek out her "aunt," Princess Irene, sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Once she reached the palace, she claimed that no one would recognize her, or worse, that they would discover she had borne a child out of wedlock. In shame, she attempted to take her own life by jumping off a bridge into the cold water of the Landwehr Canal.
She was rescued by a passing official and became a ward of the state as a patient in a mental hospital in Dalldorf. The young woman was covered, according to her doctors at the asylum with half a dozen bullet wounds and lacerations, including a star shaped scar behind her head (the doctors originally believed this led to her original loss of memory. The doctors also surmised that the woman was probably a “Russian refugee” because of her Eastern accent. Also noted was a triangular shaped scar on her foot. Because she rarely spoke and refused to provide hospital staff with any information about herself, the nurses nicknamed her Fräulein Unbekannt (Miss Unknown). She did, however, confess to Nurse Malinovsky in 1921 that she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia. She remained in the asylum for two years until Clara Peuthert, a fellow psychiatric patient, claimed she recognized Anderson to be the Grand Duchess Tatiana, based upon photos of the Grand Duchesses she saw in a magazine.
Sophie Buxhoeveden, a former lady of waiting at the Russian Imperial Court, was the first to visit the asylum in order to determine if Anderson's claim to be a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II was legitimate. Upon arrival, the baroness pulled Anderson up off the bed and claimed that she was “too short to be Tatiana”. She left believing Anderson a fraud, and never wavered in her opinion. Anderson stated that she never claimed she was Tatiana, but that she was Anastasia.
Tchaikovsky, husband and son
Thus began a series of events that would shape Anderson's life forever, regardless of who she really was. Miss Unknown, who began calling herself Anastasia Tchaikovsky (she told confidantes the name of the Russian soldier who rescued her, married her, and eventually fathered her a son was Alexander Tchaikovsky) claimed to have survived the massacre in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg where the Imperial family is believed to have been murdered. She said that as the assassination began she passed out, and after falling to the ground, she was shielded from additional harm by the body of her sister, Tatiana. The still unidentified Tchaikovsky and his brother, supposedly part of the executioner's squad, noticed she was still alive amongst the corpses after the execution and were able to sneak her out of the building past manned armed guards. After her rescue, she was supposedly brought to Bucharest by Alexander and his brother Serge, their sister Veronica, and their mother. She claims to have had a child with Alexander, and they got married in Bucharest. It was in Bucharest, she said, that Tchaikovsky was killed in a street brawl. According to Greg King, author of 'The Fate of the Romanovs', it is now possible to accurately name the ten men who formed the execution squad plus the names of the guards at the Ipatiev House. None of them had the name of Tchiakovsky as claimed by Anna Anderson.
At no time did Anastasia Tchaikovsky make any attempt to approach the closest family member who had last seen Grand Duchess Anastasia outside of Russia in 1914, her Mother's first cousin, Queen Marie of Romania, during her entire time in Bucharest. Upon her release from the asylum in Berlin, Anastasia was taken in by Baron Von Kleist, a Russian emigré who believed her claim. However, Anastasia felt he was putting her on display and making a spectacle out of her, {cn} so she ran away and was taken in by Inspector Grünberg.
Inspector Grünberg
While Anderson was staying with the inspector, Empress Alexandra's sister, Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, came to visit her under an assumed name. Princess Irene failed to recognize Anderson as her niece. Princess Irene's son, Prince Sigismund later sent Anderson a list of questions that he said only Anastasia could know how to answer. It is claimed that Anderson answered every question correctly. {cn}
1925 hospital visits - Grand Duchess Olga, Gilliard, Tegleva and Gibbes
In 1925, Anderson developed an infection in her arm and was again placed in a hospital. Sick and near death, she lost a lot of weight. It was during this time that Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, the younger sister of Tsar Nicholas II and Anastasia’s aunt, who had survived the Revolution and settled in Denmark, came to Berlin to see the woman who claimed to be her niece. She spent several days with the patient and exchanged letters with her for a time. According to Dr. Rudnev (the doctor treating Anderson), another visitor, Imperial tutor, Pierre Gilliard never referred to the young woman as “Her Imperial Highness” and said that the woman in the hospital was not the Grand Duchess. The fact she couldn't speak or read Russian, English or French at the time like all the tsar's daughters, was sufficient proof for former court tutor Pierre Gilliard that Anderson was an impostor. Olga and Gilliard declared they had known that she was a fraud. Gilliard denounced Anderson as being "a cunning psychopath".
Grand Duchess Olga did feel sorry for Anderson. She sent her presents consisting of a small photo album and a knitted shawl. According to Coryne Hall, author of "Little Mother of Russia", Olga discussed Anderson with her mother, Dowager Empress Marie. Exactly what she told her mother is unknown but the Empress made it plain that she was not interested and was angry with her for travelling to Berlin. "What do you think? she exclaimed, "That I would sit here .. and not rush to my granddaughter's side?"
Prince Christopher of Greece commented on the visit of his first cousin, Grand Duchess Olga to Anna Anderson,"Even when the Grand Duchess Olga, the favourite aunt of the Czar's children, was brought to see her, she gave no sign of recognition and could not remember the pet name by which she was always known in the family." Another Imperial tutor, Charles Sydney Gibbes, met Anderson much later in Paris and denounced her as well. He was certain she was a fraud. "If that's Grand Duchess Anastasia," Gibbes exclaimed, "I'm a Chinaman." Anna Vyrubova, friend and confidante of Tsarina Alexandra, kept away refusing to become involved.
Other people who knew the young Anastasia quite well, like the Grand Duchess’s childhood nurse Alexandra (Shura) Tegleva failed to identify Anderson as Anastasia. Tegleva accompanied her husband, Gilliard, to meet with Anderson in 1925 and confirmed that Anderson's foot disorder, hallux valgus (bunions), was similar to that of the real Grand Duchess. "This is somewhat like Anastasia's body," she declared. Anderson asked Shura to cover her forehead with perfume, a ritual that Shura remembered from Anastasia's childhood when she wanted her nanny to "smell like a flower." {cn} "Shura", like many others, never made an official statement in support of Anna Anderson. However, the Empress Alexandra’s close friend Lili Dehn did identify her as Anastasia. [cn}
Prince Christopher of Greece, first cousin of Nicholas II, wrote about her in his memoirs, "Dozens of people who had known the Grand Duchess Anastasia were brought to see the girl in the hope that they might be able to identify her, but none of them could come to any definite conclusion. ... The poor girl was a pathetic figure in her loneliness and ill health, and it was comprehensible enough that many of those around her let their sympathy over-rule their logic. But at the same time there was little real evidence to substantiate her story. She was unable to recognise people whom the Grand Duchess Anastasia had known intimately, ..."
Gleb Botkin and others
Gleb Botkin and his sister Tatiana Botkin; nephew and niece of Serge Botkin and son and daughter of the Imperial Family's personal physician Dr Eugene Botkin who perished with his royal patients in the Ipatiev House in 1918, were two of Anderson's greatest supporters. Gleb and Tatiana Botkin spent much of their youth near the Imperial Family. Gleb Botkin's uncle, Serge Botkin, presided over the Russian Refugee Office in Berlin. He represented the interests of Russian exiles in Germany and came to the aid of Anderson.
Gleb Botkin met Anna Anderson in 1928, and declared instantly she was Anastasia. He then he decided to take her with him to New York where he provided articles on Anderson to newspapers. In an effort to attract attention to Anderson, Botkin made repeated attacks on the sisters of Nicholas II and the Romanov family in general.
Although no immediate relation of Nicholas II believed Anderson's claims, the continued saga was for many salt rubbed in an open wound. The Romanovs believed that Gleb Botkin and his accomplices were seeking monies, which they did not possess (the Dowager Empress relied on a pension from her nephew King George V and her daughter Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna lived in a grace and favour house also provided due to the kindness of King George V ) for their own ends and treated him with contempt.
Grand Duke Andrew Vladmirovich, first cousin of Nicholas II, who had some contact with Anastasia before the revolution, met Anderson in 1928 before she set out to New York with Gleb Botkin. He wrote to his cousin Grand Duchess Olga, "There is for me no doubt; she is Anastasia." Prince Felix Yussopov, husband of Princess Irina of Russia, daughter of Grand Duchess Xenia, wrote to Grand Duke Andrei about Anna Anderson, "I claim categorically that she is not Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just an adventuress, a sick hysteric and a frightful playactress. I simply cannot understand how anyone can be in doubt of this. If you had seen her, I am convinced that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this frightful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar ... These false pretenders ought to be gathered up and sent to live in a house somewhere." The Tsar’s former mistress who married Grand Duke Andrei after the revolution, Mathilde Kschessinska met Anna Anderson towards the end of her life out of curiosity.
Certain people (in this case, Captain Felix Dassel) would question her, having trick questions such as “The billiard table was on the second floor” and Anna would reply, “You remember nothing. Billiard was on the first floor.” Prince Christopher of Greece commented on Anna Anderson's supposed knowledge of imperial residences that the Grand Duchess Anastasia knew extremely well, ".. her descriptions of rooms in different palaces and of other scenes familiar to any of the Imperial Family were often inaccurate."
Ernst Ludwig and Franziska Schankowska
At around the time when Anna was suffering from yet another severe illness, she claimed that, Alexandra's brother, Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, had been visiting Russia in 1916 during the First World War. The allegation, tantamount to treason, might have been revenge for his family's intense criticism and opposition to their activities. There has never been proof; travel documents, photographs or any tangible evidence to support the allegation. The only evidence ever produced was witness testimony solicited by Anderson's legal teams, which was dismissed as unsubstantiated hearsay by the courts. The Grand Duke's "supposed" trip, and the incident has been flatly denied repeatedly by the Hessian royal family. {cn}
Ernst Ludwig hired a private investigator to investigate her claims. It was strongly implied that she was a missing Polish factory worker, Franziska Schanzkowska, who had been injured from dropping a grenade in munitions factory where she worked. Anderson claimed they were from the execution which she barely escaped. Eyewitness testimonies recorded the brutal murder of Grand Duchess Anastasia.
To see if this story was true, the Danish Ambassador Zahle and Anderson supporter Harriet von Rathlef set up a meeting between Anderson and Franziska Schankowska's brother Felix. When Felix saw her from a distance, he declared, "That is my sister Franziska." At the end of the day, when asked to sign an affadavit, he, without explanation, changed his mind. "I will not sign it. That is definitely not my sister." He then pointed out several differences between his sister and Anna Anderson. Protocols from Dalldorf allege that she spoke Russian with the nurses. Nurse Erna Buchholz alleged that she "spoke Russian like a native." Later, she refused to speak Russian, and although she clearly understood it, she would only respond in German. She explained her unwillingness to speak Russian by saying that she was unwilling to use the language spoken by the people who murdered her family, as they were not allowed to speak any other language in the Ipatiev House. There are some who claim she overcame her fear of speaking Russian in the late 30's, and spoke it "fluently" with Professor Rudnev and her lawyer's assistant. Prince Christopher of Greece refuted this, "In the first place she was unable to speak Russian, which the Grand Duchess Anastasia, like all the Czar's children, had talked fluently, and would only converse in German."
Anna Anderson vs. Relatives of Grand Duchess Anastasia
In 1938, Anderson's lawyer initiated a suit in German courts to claim an inheritance which was handed out to relatives of Empress Alexandra who declared all the Imperial family to be dead. Anderson’s lawyers declared that Grand Duchess Anastasia was still alive. Her supporters fought valiantly for her claim. Experts were called to compare the features of Anna Anderson with the Tsar's daughter. Her ear was declared by an expert, Moritz Furtmayr, to be identical in 17 anatomical points to Anastasia's, and her handwriting was declared by Dr. Minna Becker to be identical to that of the Grand Duchess. {cn} Anderson's legal teams, like their opposition, were articulate and well organized. German Courts heard an almost endless procession of handwriting experts, historians and forensic scientists scrutinizing photographs and documents usually contradicting opposing depositions. Her opponents including Anastasia's first cousin,Lord Mountbatten, nephew of Tsarina Alexandra and the Grand Duke of Hesse, fought just as hard, to prove she was the missing Polish factory worker, Franziska Schanzkowska.
As early as 1928, twenty-four hours after the Dowager Empress's death a statement signed by twelve Romanovs and three of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna's family was relased making their views abundantly clear, It was their, "unanimous conviction that the person currently living in the United States is not the daughter of the Tsar." The signatories were: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna and her six sons and her daughter, Princess Irina, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna, the Grand Duke of Hesse and his sisters Princess Irene of Prussia and Victoria, Dowager Marchioness of Milford-Haven. To the end of his life in 1979, Lord Mountbatten and other members of various royal families believed this to be the case.
The legal case dragged out until 1970, when the court determined that she had not proven herself to be the Grand Duchess, nor had the identity been disproven.
Marriage and death
After moving to the United States in 1928, Anderson lived for several months on Long Island with Mrs. William B. Leeds (born Princess Xenia Georgievna Romanova of Russia), a daughter of Grand Duke George Mihailovich of Russia and Princess Maria Georgievna of Greece and Denmark, until she was asked to leave. Prince Christopher of Greece described the stay, "She stayed with my niece, ... who showed her the greatest kindness, Then her treatment of the Grand Duchess Xiena, sister of the last Tsar, led to a quarrel with William Leeds, who turned her out of the house." When she later came to live in the Garden City Hotel on Long Island, she booked in as Mrs. Eugene Anderson to avoid the press. {cn} From 1947 to 1968 she lived in Bad Liebenzell-Unterlengenhardt, a small village in the Black Forest near Stuttgart. {cn} In 1968 upon returning to the U.S., Anderson, around the age of 70, married an American supporter, John Eacott Manahan. The couple lived in relative squalor in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984. Her body was cremated according to her wishes.
DNA tests
In 1991, the bodies of the royal family were exhumed, and it was discovered that the bodies of Alexei, and one of his sisters, identified as Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia by Russian scientists and as Grand Duchess Anastasia by American scientists, were not in the grave. The mitochondrial DNA of the bones unearthed from a forest grave, presumed to be those of Alexandra and three of her daughters, were compared to that of the Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and the Rhine was a sister of Alexandra. This proved to be a match.
Anderson's tissue sample was later discovered stored at Martha Jefferson Hospital. Anderson’s DNA was compared with those of the Romanovs, at the suggestion of Marina Botkin Schweitzer, the daughter of Gleb Botkin. Anderson’s DNA sample did not match that of the Duke of Edinburgh or that of the bones, meaning that the tissue sample tested belonging to Anderson, could not have belonged to Anastasia. At the press conference, Dr. Peter Gill stated, “If one accepts that this sample is from Anna Anderson, then it is almost impossible that she could have been Anastasia.” Subsequent comparisons with DNA samples provided by Franziska Schanzkowska's great nephew Karl Maucher were a match, meaning he shared the same mitochondrial DNA profile as Anderson.
There were also several strands of hair tested which produced the same mtDNA sequence as the tissue. The hair came from a woman who claimed she found the hair at a used bookstore in Charlottesville, Virginia. Inside a book which belonged to Jack Manahan, there was an envelope which read "Anastasia's hair". Inside were several strands of hair which she gave to Anderson biographer Peter Kurth. He in turn gave them to a BBC reporter who in turn transferred them to Aldermaston for DNA testing.The hair did not match that of the Romanov remains.
The Peter Kurth Hypothesis
The DNA tests came as an unexpected shock to those involved with Anastasia Manahan. Few who had known her were willing to accept that this woman was a Polish girl who had been working in the factories and then miraculously became a Grand Duchess. They argue that she could not have known so much about the Imperial family’s life, and have so much inside knowledge of the imperial family, and could not reconcile their impressions of Anna Anderson with having been a Polish peasant born in the late 19th century, when, they say, class distinctions were so great.
After Gill had announced his results, Richard Sweitzer stated even when evidence proved otherwise, "I know one thing. Anastasia was not a Polish peasant."
The only surviving photograph of Schanzkowska was taken at the age of 16 and shows an attractive, bright eyed, obviously intelligent young woman not an uncouth peasant. Her childhood friends remembered her as pretentious, putting on airs and graces. She probably taught herself etiquette and deportment, like socially ambitious girls of her class and generation.
Richard Sweitzer also suggested a possible switch of the intestines, one in which false results would emerge. He alleged that for a period of months during 1992-93, the tissue could not be located. This claim has been repeatedly denied by the hospital authorities as being totally without any form of legal substance.
In spite of the DNA evidence , Anderson's supporters have attempted to point out differences between Franziska Schanzkowska and Anna Anderson, such as the languages they spoke.
Peter Kurth, a long time supporter of Anna Anderson, never wavered in his personal belief that she was Anastasia. "The DNA tests have won the hour, and will probably stand as the final word on the case that has left everyone who came near it, for or against, with a sense of tragedy and persisting, nagging doubts." He added, "No one doubted that whoever she was, she had been traumatised."
Anna in popular culture
In 1928, a film was made based very loosely on the woman who would one day be called "Anna Anderson" in 1928. It was a silent film called "Clothes Make the Woman".
In 1956 there was a film made about a figure based on Anna Anderson, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman as Anna/Anastasia, and Yul Brynner; however, this film is highly fictionalized.
NBC ran a two-part fictionalized mini-series titled "Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna" which starred Amy Irving and won her a Golden Globe nomination. It was based on a biography written by long time Anna Anderson supporter Peter Kurth.
Kevin Hearn of the band Barenaked Ladies wrote a song called "Anna, Anastasia" for his solo album H-Wing.
See also
References
- Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna.1986.
- Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis by Peter Gill, Central Research and Support Establishment, Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PN, UK, Pavel L. Ivanov, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117984, Moscow, Russia, Colin Kimpton, Romelle Piercy, Nicola Benson, Gillian Tully, Ian Evett, Kevin Sullivan, Forensic Science Service, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham B5 6QQ, UK, Erika Hagelberg, University of Cambridge, Department of Biological Anthropology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n2/abs/ng0294-130.html
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II by John Van Der Kiste & Coryne Hall, p.174
- Tsar by Peter Kurth, p.210
- ibid
- The Fate of the Romanovs by Greg King, pp.299-300
- Anastasia : The Unmasking of Anna Anderson, "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland, Ca. pp. 3-8.
- Little Mother of Russia by Coryne Hall, p.342
- Always A Grand Duke by Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (son-in-law of Dowager Empress Marie) p.212
- Memoris of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece, p.218
- Tsar by Peter Kurth, p.214
- ibid
- Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece, p.218
- ibid
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister Of Nicholas II, p.166
- ibid, p.185
- Kurth, Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson, p.272
- Letter of Prince Felix Yussopov to Grand Duke Andrei, 19 September 1927
- Kurth, Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson, p.461
- Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece, p.218
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, p.183
- Unmasking Anna Anderson by John Godl
- The Fate of the Romanovs
- Notes of Frau von Rahlef, 19 June-4 July 1925
- Peter Kurth, Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson, p.35
- Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece, pp.217-218
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, p.174
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, p.183
- Tsar by Peter Kurth p.213
- A Royal Family, p.203
- Once A Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, pp.183-184
- Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece, p.223
- A Royal Family, p.203
- Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis by Peter Gill, Central Research and Support Establishment, Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PN, UK, Pavel L. Ivanov, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117984, Moscow, Russia, Colin Kimpton, Romelle Piercy, Nicola Benson, Gillian Tully, Ian Evett, Kevin Sullivan, Forensic Science Service, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham B5 6QQ, UK, Erika Hagelberg, University of Cambridge, Department of Biological Anthropology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n2/abs/ng0294-130.html
- Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis by Peter Gill, Central Research and Support Establishment, Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n2/abs/ng0294-130.html
- Anastasia : The Unmasking of Anna Anderson, "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland, Ca. pp. 3-8.
- Tsar by Peter Kurth, p.218
- Anastasia : The Unmasking of Anna Anderson, "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland, Ca. pp. 3-8.
- Anastasia : The Unmasking of Anna Anderson, "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland, Ca. pp. 3-8.
- Tsar by Peter Kurth, p.218
- ibid p.212
Books, Letters and Articles
- Romanov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke (1933). Always A Grand Duke. Cassell.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Greece, Christopher, Prince (1938). Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece. London: The Right Book Club.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hall, Coryne (1999). Little Mother of Russia - A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna. London: Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0 85683 177 8.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Van Der Kiste, John (2002). Once A Grand Duchess: Xiena, Sister of Nicholas II. Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0 7509 2749 6.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - King, Greg (2003). The Fate of the Romanovs.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Kurth, Peter (1995). Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-5954-4.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kurth, Peter (1997?). Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson. Back Bay. ISBN 0-316-50717-2.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kurth, Peter (19957). Tsar. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-50787-3.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lovell, James Blair (1998). Anastasia: The Lost Princess. Robson. ISBN 0-86051-807-8.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lerche, Anna (2003). A Royal Family : The Story Of Christian IX And His European Descendants. Egmont Lademann A/S Denmark. ISBN 87-15-10957-7.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Klier, John (1999). The Quest for Anastasia: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Romanovs. Citadel.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Massie, Robert K. (1971). Nicholas and Alexandra. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0 330 02213 X.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Massie, Robert K. (1995). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter. Secaucus, NJ: Carol. ISBN 0-8065-2064-7.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Godl, John (August 1998). Remembering Anna Anderson. "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland,.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Von Rahl, Frau (19 June-4 July1925 ). The Notes of Frau Von Rahl.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Yussopov, Felix, Prince (19 September 1927). Letter of Prince Felix Yussopov to Grand Duke Andrei,. Hamburg.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- Article by Peter Kurth — Anna Anderson’s biographer tells why he doesn't believe Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanzkowska.
- Russian Forensics - A site demonstrating the Russian agenda to prove Anastasia's remains were in the grave.
- Article by Rey Barry — Journalist Rey Barry — friend of Anna Anderson and Jack Manahan, and a supporter of her claims.
- Anastasia: Duchess in Disguise — another website arguing that photographs of Anna Anderson look like Anastasia.
- Anastasia and Anna Anderson — A narrative of Anastasia’s death.
- Anna Anderson/ Anastasia Manahan — A paper written by a supporter with a list of reasons why they believe that Anna Anderson was Anastasia.
- Anastasia: The Truth - A website correcting misstatements recently made about Anastasia and Anna Anderson.
- Could Anna Anderson be Anastasia? - A web site discussing the DNA tests done on Anna Anderson.
- Anastasia: The Unmasking Of Anna Anderson - An online article on Anna Anderson and her claim.