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Stephen Barrett
Occupation(s)Psychiatrist, Author, Consumer Advocate, Webmaster

Stephen J. Barrett, M.D. (born 1933), is a retired American psychiatrist and author best known as a co-founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) and the webmaster of Quackwatch. He runs a number of websites dealing with what he calls quackery and health fraud. He says that he bases his writings on consumer protection, medical ethics, and scientific skepticism. Barrett's critics have accused him of bias, lack of objectivity, and lacking the expert qualifications they say he claims. Barrett has brought several defamation lawsuits against a number of them, with mixed outcomes.

Biography

Barrett is a 1957 graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and completed his psychiatry residency in 1961. In 1967 and 1968 he followed part of a correspondence course in American Law and Procedure at La Salle Extension University (Chicago). He was a licensed physician until retiring from active practice in 1993, and his medical license is currently listed as "Active-Retired" in good standing. Longtime resident of Allentown, Pennsylvania, Barrett now resides in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

In addition to webmastering his websites, Barrett is a founder, vice-president and a board member of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). He is an advisor to the American Council on Science and Health, and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). From 1987 through 1989, he taught health education at The Pennsylvania State University.

Barrett is the consulting editor for the Consumer Health Library at Prometheus Books and has been a peer-review panelist for at least two medical journals. According to his website, he "has written more than 2,000 articles and delivered more than 300 talks at colleges, universities, medical schools, and professional meetings. His media appearances include Dateline, the Today Show, Good Morning America, Primetime, Donahue, CNN, National Public Radio, and more than 200 other radio and television talk show interviews."

Barrett has received a number of awards and recognition for his consumer protection work against quackery. Quackwatch received the award of Best Physician- Authored Site by MD NetGuide, May 2003. In 1984, he received an FDA Commissioner's Special Citation Award for Public Service in fighting nutrition quackery. The magazine Spiked-online named Barrett in their survey of "Key thinkers in science, technology and medicine" He has been named among the top 20 outstanding skeptics of the 20th century by Skeptical Inquirer magazine. In 1986, he was awarded honorary membership in the American Dietetic Association. Barrett has been profiled in Biography Magazine (1998) and in Time Magazine (2001).

Barrett says that his appreciation of medical science:

"probably began when I took a college course in medical statistics, and learned what makes the difference between scientific thought and poor reasoning. Medical school brought me in touch with the rapid and amazing strides being made in the understanding and treatment of disease. My anti-quackery activities have intensified my interest and concern in distinguishing science from pseudoscience, quackery and fraud."

Online activism

The Quackwatch website is Barrett's main platform for describing that which he considers to be quackery and health fraud. The website is part of Quackwatch, Inc., a nonprofit corporation that aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct." Barrett's writing is supplemented with contributions from 150+ scientific, technical, and lay volunteers. Barrett defines quackery as "anything involving overpromotion in the field of health," and reserves the word fraud "only for situations in which deliberate deception is involved."

Barrett has criticized numerous forms of alternative medicine and other practices he considers questionable, for example: Template:MultiCol

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Template:EndMultiCol On his main website he also maintains public lists of sources, individuals, and groups which he considers questionable and non-recommendable. The list includes two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling (for his claims about mega-doses of Vitamin C), the National Institute of Health (NIH) Center for Alternative and Complementary Medicine, as well as integrative medicine proponent Andrew Weil, MD.

Criticism

Barrett has become a "lightning rod" for controversy as a result of his widely-publicized views on alternative health theories and practitioners. Barrett says he does not criticize conventional medicine because that would be "way outside scope." He states he does not give equal time to some subjects, and has written on his web site, "Quackery and fraud don't involve legitimate controversy and are not balanced subjects. I don't believe it is helpful to publish "balanced" articles about unbalanced subjects. Do you think that the press should enable rapists and murderers to argue that they provide valuable services?"

Barrett's objectivity and qualifications to critique alternative medicine have been challenged by several different people.

  • According to Village Voice journalist Donna Ladd, Barrett relies mostly on negative research to criticize alternative medicine, rejecting most positive case studies as unreliable. She further writes that Barrett insists that although most alternative therapies are under-researched, they should be disregarded because they are illogical. Peter Barry Chowka, a former adviser to the National Institutes of Health's Office of Alternative Medicine, describes this as "putting down trying to be objective."
  • James A. Mertz, then-President of the American Chiropractic Association, wrote in a letter to Time in 2001: "The American public is being grossly misled by Dr. Stephen Barrett. While he positions himself as a protector of the public, his statements are, in reality, so one-sided that he simply cannot be taken seriously."
  • Analyzing and reviewing a book, Vitamin Pushers, by Stephen Barrett and Victor Herbert, Michael Colgan PhD states, "Most of their book does not discuss supplements at all. It is filled with derisive statements about individuals and organizations in the health care and natural foods industries."

Barrett's involvement in the legal system has also spawned controversy about his objectivity and qualifications to pass judgment on those he deems "quacks." He or NCAHF has initiated a number of lawsuits against those engaged in what he considers unscientific medical practices. He has also offered testimony on psychiatry, FDA regulatory issues, and homeopathy and other areas of alternative medicine.

Defamation lawsuits

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Mirroring Barrett's criticisms of alternative health practitioners has been a response, mainly on the internet, to question the reliabilty and objectivity of his websites. Barrett considered some "opinion pieces" by Patrick "Tim" Bolen to be libelous and has filed libel suits against a few of those who have republished them. He has explained why he filed the lawsuits:

"None of us are thin-skinned or care when people attack our ideas. But unjustified attacks on our character or professional competence are another matter. As Bolen's campaign unfolded, my colleagues and I have notified him and many of the people spreading his messages that libel is a serious matter and that they had better stop. Some did, but it soon became clear that others would not. To defend ourselves, several of us have filed suit for libel."

Barrett has had mixed results with his defamation lawsuits:

Barrett v. Clark

  • In November 2000, Barrett, Polevoy and Attorney Grell sued Hulda Regehr Clark, Tim Bolen, Jan Bolen, David P. Amrein, Ilena Rosenthal, and unknown defendants for libel, libel per se, and conspiracy. On July 25, 2001, the court granted Rosenthal's motion to strike under California's anti-SLAPP provision, and ruled that the statements made by Rosenthal were opinion, and not statements of fact. In addition, plaintiffs failed to provide any evidence of damage, as required in a defamation lawsuit.

Barrett v. Rosenthal

  • On January 21, 2004, a California court of appeals vacated Rosenthal's motion to strike as it applied to Polevoy. The court found that Rosenthal's defamatory claims that Dr. Polevoy was a stalker constituted libel per se so did not require findings of damages and was not covered by California's anti-SLAPP statute. The court also refused to extend Rosenthal immunity from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act ("CDA"). The court distinguished Rosenthal from the internet service provider at issue in an influential CDA case, Zeran v. America Online, Inc., concluding that Rosenthal lacked immunity.
  • The California Supreme Court case heard Rosenthal's appeal on the interpretation of Section 230 of the CDA. In 2006, the Court ruled that Rosenthal, as a "user of an interactive communication service" was immune from liability for republication under Section 230. The issue of defamation against Barrett was not before the court, as lower courts had ruled that Rosenthal had not defamed Barrett.

Barrett v. Negrete

  • In 2003, a case against Negrete and Clark was dismissed under SLAPP.
  • In 2005, a Ninth Circuit court of appeals panel reversed the district court's decision, and the case against Negrete and Clark was remanded for further proceedings. The court ruled that the case should proceed because the defendants attempted to widely publicize "scurrilous" allegations on the Internet, without offering any proof that the allegations were true.

Barrett v. Mercola

  • In July, 2001, Barrett refiled a lawsuit in Illinois against Joseph Mercola. Barrett had alleged that Mercola posted libelous articles written by Tim Bolen. After Barrett complained about the articles, Mercola posted a rebuttal by Bolen where Bolen called Barrett an "extortionist." In March 2002, the Illinois judge ruled that these statements "imply the existence of objectively verifiable facts," thus leaving the door open for a continuance of the libel suit. Mercola then retracted the statements and on April 17, 2003 the suit was dismissed by mutual agreement. Barrett describes the rest of the settlement on his website.

Barrett v. Fonorow

  • In July 2001, Barrett filed a libel suit against Owen R. Fonorow, and Intelisoft Multimedia, Inc. Barrett had alleged that Fonorow reposted ten articles by Tim Bolen mischaracterizing him with several disparaging claims. This case was dismissed. The Illinois 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed dismissal in 2003 and ruled that the CDA provides immunity for content posted online. This was the predominant—though criticized—interpretation of the CDA; the 2004 appellate decision in Barrett v. Rosenthal was one of the few authorities suggesting that the CDA did not automatically extend immunity to individuals reposting material online.

Barrett v. Koren

  • Barrett filed a libel suit against Tedd Koren, D.C. alleging that Koren made libelous remarks about him in his newsletter. This case was dismissed by a Pennsylvania judge who found that Barrett had provided insufficient evidence to prove his claim, the dismissal was affirmed June 2007 upon appeal.

Selected publications

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2007)
  • In 1985, Barrett was the author of an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that exposed commercial laboratories performing multimineral hair analysis. He concluded that "commercial use of hair analysis in this manner is unscientific, economically wasteful, and probably illegal." His report has been cited in later articles, including one which concluded that such testing was "unreliable."

A partial list of his (co)authored and (co)edited books include:

  • Consumer Health: A Guide to Intelligent Decisions - Barrett SJ, Jarvis WT, Kroger M, London WM (2006). (textbook, 8th ed.) McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-248521-3
  • Dubious Cancer Treatment - Barrett SJ & Cassileth BR, editors (2001). Florida Division of the American Cancer Society
  • The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America - Barrett SJ, Jarvis WT, eds. (1993). Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-855-4
  • Health Schemes, Scams, and Frauds - Barrett SJ (1991). Consumer Reports Books, ISBN 0-89043-330-5
  • Reader's Guide to Alternative Health Methods - by Zwicky JF, Hafner AW, Barrett S, Jarvis WT (1993). American Medical Association, ISBN 0-89970-525-1
  • The Vitamin Pushers: How the "Health Food" Industry Is Selling America a Bill of Goods - Barrett SJ, Herbert V (1991). Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-909-7

See also

References

  1. Barrett, Stephen (June 24, 2007). "Curriculum Vitae". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  2. Barrett, Stephen. "License Verification". Pennsylvania Department of State, Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  3. Wlazelek, Ann (June 13, 2007). "Allentown critic of quacks moves to 'milder winters'". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  4. "Prometheus Books Spring-Summer 2007 Trade Catalog" (PDF). pp. p. 63. Retrieved 2007-03-29. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ Stephen Barrett, M.D., Biographical Sketch
  6. The JAMA 1998 Editorial Peer Review Audit, Elaine S. Williams, JAMA. 1999;281:1443-1456.
  7. Annals of Internal Medicine, Thanks to Reviewers-2001, 18 December 2001 | Volume 135 Issue 12 | Pages 1098-1106
  8. ^ Pass the Envelope, Please...: Best Physician- Authored Site MDNetGuide, May/June 2003.
  9. ^ Joel R. Cooper. Consumer Health Fraud...don't be a victim! Interview with Stephen Barrett, M.D., The Medical Reporter
  10. Spiked-online's "What Inspired You?" survey series.
  11. Skeptical Inquirer Magazine Names the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Century.
  12. ^ Rosen, Marjorie (October 1998). "Interview with Stephen Barrett, M.D." Biography Magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "rosen" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ Jaroff, Leon (April 30, 2001). The Man Who Loves To Bust Quacks. Time Magazine retrieved Dec. 25, 2006.
  14. Barrett's response
  15. Barrett, Stephen, MD. "150+ Scientific and Technical Advisors". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Barrett, Stephen, MD. "Quackery: How Should It Be Defined?". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. Barrett SJ, Jarvis WT. "Quackery, Fraud and "Alternative" Methods: Important Definitions". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  18. ^ Barrett, S., Quackwatch home page, which lists criticisms of several practices. available online Retrieved 17 July 2007
  19. Barrett, S. "Algae: False Claims and Hype" Retrieved 17 July 2007
  20. Barrett, S. "The "Mercury Toxicity" Scam: How Anti-Amalgamists Swindle People" Retrieved 17 July 2007
  21. Barrett, S. "Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and "Chinese Medicine"" Retrieved 17 July 2007
  22. Barrett, S. "Gastrointestinal Quackery: Colonics, Laxatives, and More" Retrieved 17 July 2007
  23. ^ Barrett, S. "The Shady Side of Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy" Retrieved 17 July 2007
  24. Barrett SJ. "Nonrecommended Sources of Health Advice". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  25. Barrett SJ. "Questionable Organizations: An Overview". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  26. Barrett SJ. "The Dark Side of Linus Pauling's Legacy". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  27. Relamn AS. "A Trip to Stonesville: Some Notes on Andrew Weil". New Republic. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  28. ^ Dr. Who? Diagnosing Medical Fraud May Require a Second Opinion. by Donna Ladd, Village Voice, June 23 - 29, 1999. Retrieved September 2, 2006
  29. Barrett SJ. "How do you respond to accusations that your writing is unbalanced?". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  30. Setting the Record Straight
  31. Dr. Michael Colgan, The Vitamin Pushers, Townsend Letter for Doctors, October, 1992, p. 126.
  32. ^ Barrett SJ. "A Response to Tim Bolen". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  33. Barrett SJ. "Stephen J. Barrett, M.D., Terry Polevoy, M.D., Christopher E. Grell, v. Hulda Clark, Tim Bolen, Jan Bolen, JuriMed, Dr. Clark Research Association, David P. Amrein, Ilena Rosenthal, and Does 1 to 100. Case No. SJBMVHC165479". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  34. ^ Monica Dias, Court ruling gives free-speech protections to reposting messages on Internet boards, The News Media & The Law, Fall 2001 (Vol. 25, No. 4), Page 21. available online
  35. Order Granting Defendant's Special Motion to Strike, (Barrett v Clark), California Anti-SLAPP Project. available online
  36. Perkins Coie, Barrett v. Clark, Internet Case Digest, July 25, 2001. available online
  37. Barrett v. Rosenthal, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 142 (Cal. App. 2004)
  38. For commentary and criticism, see Michael L. Rustad, Thomas H. Koenig Rebooting Cybertort Law, 80 Wash. L. Rev. 335 (2005), online on SSRN
  39. Howard Mintz, Justices hand victory to free speech online, San Jose Mercury News, November 21, 2006. available online
  40. Eric J. Sinrod, Perspective: How Web providers dodged a big legal bullet, CNET News.com, December 20, 2006. available online
  41. Barrett SJ. "Appeals Court Upholds Malicious Prosecution Suit against Hulda Clark and Attorney Carlos Negrete, (Mem,. No. 04-55193 D.C. No. CV -02-0221 O-JML; No. 03-56663 D.C. No. CY -02-0221 O-JML March 14, 2005". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.. Barret v. Negrete, 126 Fed.Appx. 816 (9th Cir. 2005) (unpublished).
  42. Case refiled on July 30, 2001 at Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Case No. 01 L 009026.
  43. ^ Ted Gregory (2001-09-18). "Suits may redefine Internet libel law". Chicago Tribune. p. L1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  44. Case dismissed by mutual agreement on April 17, 2003. Judge: Casciato, Joseph N.
  45. Barrett v. Fonorow, 18th Cir., DuPage County, Illinois, No. 01 L 820.
  46. See Circuit Court of Du Page County, Barrett v. Fonorow, No. 2--02--0886.
  47. Ted Gregory (2002-03-09). "Internet libel suit is tossed out; Decency Act protection cited by DuPage judge". Chicago Tribune. p. D13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  48. Gregory C. Mosier and Tara I. Fitzgerald, Cyber Torts: Common Law and Statutory Restraints in the United States, Journal of Internatiional Commercial Law and Technology, Vol.2,Issue 1(2007). available online
  49. See Barrett v. Fonorow, 799 N.E.2d 916, 343 Ill. App. 3d 1184 (Ill. App. 2003).
  50. Peter M. Katsaros; Fredrick S. Rhine (2004-01-27). "Court gives go-ahead to defamation on the Web". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. Stephen Barrett, My Libel Suit against Tedd Koren, D.C., last revised on October 13, 2005. available online
  52. Civil Action 2002-c-1837, Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County.
  53. Judgments entered and Opinions filed, SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA, June 11, 2007
  54. Barrett SJ (August 23, 1985). Commercial hair analysis. Science or scam? JAMA Vol. 254 No. 8.
  55. Assessment of Commercial Laboratories Performing Hair Mineral Analysis, Seidel S, et al. , JAMA. 2001;285:67-72.
  56. Barrett SJ. "Books and book chapters". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.

External links

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