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A variety of conspiracy theories have emerged which contradict the mainstream account of the September 11, 2001 attacks. These theories typically include suggestions that individuals in the government of the United States knew of the impending attacks and refused to act on that knowledge, or that the attacks were a false flag operation carried out with the intention of stirring up the passions and winning the allegiance of the American people in order to facilitate military spending, the restriction of civil liberties, and a program of aggressive and profitable foreign policy.

Some conspiracy theories claim that the collapse of the World Trade Center was the result of a controlled demolition and that United Airlines Flight 93 was shot down. While some also contend that a commercial airliner did not crash into the Pentagon, this position is debated within the 9/11 Truth Movement, with many who believe that AA Flight 77 did crash there, but that it was allowed to crash via an effective stand down of the military.

Published reports by the National Institute of Standards and Technology do not support the controlled demolition hypothesis. The vast majority of U.S. officials, mainstream journalists, and independent researchers concluded that Al Qaeda is solely responsible for the attacks and the resulting destruction, and the vast majority of civil engineers accept the mainstream account that the impacts of jumbo jets at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, rather than controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers.

Origins and reception

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, a number of websites, books, and films have challenged the mainstream account of the attacks. Although mainstream media states that al-Qaeda conspired the World Trade Center attacks, 9/11 conspiracy theories assert the mainstream accounts are inaccurate or incomplete. Many groups and individuals challenging the official account identify with the 9/11 Truth Movement.

Initially, 9/11 conspiracy theories received little attention in the media. In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, United States President George W. Bush denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories ... that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty." Later, as media exposure of conspiracy theories of the events of 9/11 increased, US government agencies and the Bush Administration issued responses to the theories, including a formal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to questions about the destruction of the World Trade Center, a revised 2006 State Department webpage to debunk the theories, and a strategy paper referred to by President Bush in an August 2006 speech, which declared that terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that "terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda."

A number of 9/11 opinion polls have been conducted to try and establish roughly how many people have doubts about the official account, and how prevalent the conspiracy theories are. Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released a flurry of articles on the growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Time Magazine stated, "This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality." Mainstream coverage generally presents these theories as a cultural phenomenon and is often critical of their content.

The mainstream account

Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government stated that nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes by using knives, box cutters, pepper spray and fake explosives. At 8:46 a.m. and 9:03am, Flights 11 and 175 crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, causing them to collapse soon after. 7 World Trade Center collapsed later in the day from fires started by debris from the collapse of the North Tower. Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m. and Flight 93 crashed in Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers stormed the cockpit. US government intelligence sources identified the hijackers and linked them to the terrorist organisation al-Qaeda, headed by Osama Bin Laden, which later claimed sole responsibility for the attacks.

The two terms 'mainstream account' and 'official account' both refer to:

• The reports from the official government investigations - the 9/11 Commission Report (which incorporated intelligence information from the earlier FBI investigation (PENTBOM) and the Joint Inquiry of 2002), and the studies into building performance carried out by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
• Investigations by non-government organisations that support the official account - such as those by the National Fire Protection Association, Purdue University and Northwestern University.,
• Scientific news magazines such as "Popular Mechanics" and "Scientific American", and popular magazines such as "Time"
• News media throughout the world, including The Times of India, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the BBC, Le Monde, Deutsche Welle, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.

The 9/11 Commission Report disclosed prior warnings of varying detail that al-Qaeda would attack the United States. The report said that the government ignored these warnings due to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of inter-agency communication, the report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that caused scandals during that era. The report faulted the Clinton and the Bush administration with “failure of imagination”. Most members of the Democratic party and the Republican party endorsed the commission's report.

Some criticisms of the mainstream account focus on how the government formed and operated the 9/11 Commission, and allege omissions and distortions in the 9/11 Commission Report and the NIST Report.

Main approaches

Most 9/11 conspiracy theories generally originate from dissatisfaction with the official explanation of 9/11. There are three main forms:

• Incompetence - the weakest version suggests that there was a conspiracy to cover-up failures within the government. What is being covered up may be limited to inadequate counter-terrorism strategies and inappropriate responses to warnings received by the intelligence and security services, or it may go further to suggest that the military response at the time of attacks was also incompetent.
• LIHOP ("let it happen on purpose") - this version suggests that key individuals within the government had at least some foreknowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignored them or even actively weakened America's defenses to ensure the hijacked flights were not intercepted.
• MIHOP ("made it happen on purpose") - the strongest version suggests that key individuals within the government planned the attacks and collaborated with al-Qaeda in carrying them out. There is a range of opinion about how this might have been achieved.

Proponents of LIHOP and MIHOP theories suggest some motives for why the government would have wanted the attacks to happen. 9/11 began the War on Terror and led directly to the US invasion of Afghanistan and indirectly to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Conspiracy theorists point out the alleged benefits that these consequences have given to the US government, corporations, and individuals within them, including an enhanced geopolitical position, increased control of oil supplies, increased profits for the weapons and security industries, and public support for a domestic agenda that strips away civil liberties.

The case for the theories is generally built on publicly available sources following a "connect the dots" approach. These sources include news reports of government actions, terrorist activities, and physical events, and a substantial amount of video footage. Part of these arguments is a critique of the mainstream media for reporting individual facts without understanding the connections between them. Conspiracy theories emerge from making such connections in the interpretative room left open by "unanswered questions".

Theorists offer arguments to suggest both the physical possibility and circumstantial plausibility or likelihood of a given conspiracy theory and, correspondingly, to demonstrate the physical impossibility and circumstantial implausibility of the official account. Since most conspiracy theorists argue for further independent investigations of the attacks, the basic assertion is normally only that the conspiracy theories are more likely than the mainstream account of events.

The remainder of this article provides a survey of the arguments. Some of these, such as claims that there has been a cover-up, are compatible will all three forms of theories, while most, such as the controlled demolition hypothesis, imply only the MIHOP form.

Claims that US defenses were deliberately disabled

Central to many 9/11 conspiracies alleging government involvement is the idea that the US air defense system, NORAD, was deliberately stood down or rendered ineffective. This idea usually originates with disbelief in the 9/11 Commission Report account of the actions taken by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and NORAD and other military personnel. Some theorists also suggest that the war games being conducted on September 11 were deliberately planned to coincide with the attacks to create confusion. United States Representative Cynthia McKinney, economist Michel Chossudovsky, and publisher/editor Michael Ruppert of From the Wilderness are a few of the individuals who have questioned these exercises.

The 9/11 Commission Report timeline of events in the FAA and NORAD contradicts the timeline released by NORAD shortly after the event. The Washington Post reported in its August 3, 2006 edition that

"For more than two years after the attacks, officials with NORAD and the FAA provided inaccurate information about the response to the hijackings in testimony and media appearances... Some staff members and commissioners of the Sept. 11 panel concluded that the Pentagon's initial account of how it reacted to the 2001 terrorist attacks may have been part of a deliberate effort to mislead the commission and the public... Suspicion of wrongdoing ran so deep that the 10-member commission, in a secret meeting at the end of its tenure in summer 2004, debated referring the matter to the Justice Department for criminal investigation. In the end, the panel agreed to a compromise, turning over the allegations to the inspectors general for the Defense and Transportation departments, who can make criminal referrals if they believe they are warranted".

Since the 9/11 Commission places the primary blame on communication failures within the FAA, conspiracy theorist David Ray Griffin has questioned why the US military would lie to cover up their mistakes.

War games and training exercises

The following war games and training events were being conducted by the United States Air Force, NORAD, Central Intelligence Agency, National Reconnaissance Office, Federal Aviation Administration and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA):

• Northern Vigilance: an Air Force drill simulating a Russian attack, in which defense aircraft normally patrolling the Northeast are re-deployed to Canada and Alaska. Russian exercises were being held at that time in the Arctic and North Pacific and the drill was based on the observation of that exercise.

• Vigilant Guardian: a NORAD exercise posing an imaginary crisis to North American Air Defense outposts nationwide with a simulated air war and an air defense exercise simulating an attack on the United States.

• On the morning of 9/11, 50 minutes before Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon, the National Reconnaissance Office, who are responsible for operating US reconnaissance satellites, had scheduled an exercise simulating the crashing of an aircraft into their building, four miles from Dulles airport.

• Tripod II, a FEMA drill simulating a biowarfare attack in New York City, was to take place on September 12.

Norman Mineta 9/11 Commission testimony

During the 9/11 Commission's public hearings, Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta offered the following testimony:

There was a young man who had come in and said to the vice president, "The plane is 50 miles out. The plane is 30 miles out." And when it got down to, "The plane is 10 miles out," the young man also said to the vice president, "Do the orders still stand?" And the vice president turned and whipped his neck around and said, "Of course the orders still stand. Have you heard anything to the contrary?

Several conspiracy theorists have posited that the orders spoken of must have been an order to not shoot down the plane that was approaching the Pentagon. They conclude that expected action would be to shoot down the approaching plane and the unusual nature of the order explains the young man's disbelief.

Allegations of insider foreknowledge

Former British Environment Minister, Michael Meacher, suggests that individuals within the United States government and private sector knew of the impending attacks and deliberately failed to curtail those acts. Some conspiracy go further to suggest that they actively attempted to block investigations into Al Qaeda to try and prevent warnings from reaching them. There was also an unusual amount of trading in airline and insurance stocks in the days before September 11 and conspiracy theorists suggest that these can be best explained as the actions of people with foreknowledge of the attacks.

Some conspiracy theorists also claim that Pentagon officials and other members of the government (including San Francisco Mayor, Willie Lewis Brown, Jr.) cancelled their flight plans on September 11. Of his call, Brown said it "didn't come in any alarming fashion, which is why I'm hesitant to make an alarming statement. It was not an abnormal call. I'm always concerned if my flight is going to be on time, and they always alert me when I ought to be careful." They also claim that New York City Mayor Rudolph Guiliani was warned in advance that the Twin Towers were about to collapse.

Claims that Al-Qaeda investigations were blocked and warnings ignored

Shortly after the attacks, David Schippers, the chief prosecutor for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, stated that the government had been warned in 1995 about a future attack on a government building and that later he was contacted by three FBI agents who mentioned uncovering a possible terrorist attack planned for lower Manhattan. According to Mr. Schippers, as the agents informed their superiors, they were briefed not to pursue the issue and were threatened with prosecution. Mr. Schippers declared, "Five weeks before the September 11 tragedy, I did my best to get a hold of Attorney General John Ashcroft with my concerns." According to Mr. Schippers, Ashcroft responded that the Justice Department does not start investigations at the top. Author William Norman Grigg agrees with Mr. Schippers in his article "Did We Know What Was Coming?" According to the article, three unnamed veteran federal law enforcement agents confirmed "the information provided to Schippers was widely known within the Bureau before September 11."

FBI agent and Al-Qaeda expert John P. O'Neill warned of an Al-Qaeda threat to the United States in 2000. He retired from his position in mid 2001, citing repeated blocking of his investigations of Al Qaeda by FBI officials. After his retirement from the FBI, the World Trade Center hired him as its chief of security. He started work on September 11 2001; 9/11 rescue workers found his body in a staircase inside the south tower rubble. The story of John O'Neill has been made into a fictional film Who Killed John O'Neill? based on real events.

Former Rep. Curt Weldon (R-PA) has asked questions about a classified US military intelligence program known as "Able Danger" that identified Mohammed Atta and three other future 9/11 hijackers as likely members of an Al Qaeda cell operating in the US, prior to the September 11 attacks. Pentagon officials said they have found three more individuals who recall an intelligence chart identifying Mohamed Atta as a terrorist one year prior to the attacks.

In September 2006, Acting Pentagon Inspector General Thomas Gimble, in a 71-page report given to Defense Department officials, rejected claims that "Able Danger" uncovered data that could have thwarted the September 11 attacks, saying the allegations could not be substantiated: "Able Danger team members did not identify Mohamed Atta or any other 9/11 hijacker... In fact, Able Danger produced no actionable intelligence information." 9/11 Commission co-chairman Thomas Kean said he hoped the report would put an end to discussion about Able Danger: "After this I don't know where it can go."

Reacting to the Pentagon report, Rep. Weldon said "The report trashes the reputations of military officers who had the courage to step forward and... describe important work they were doing to track al-Qaida prior to 9/11".

Insider trading

The Times reported on September 18 that investigations were under way into the unusually large numbers of shares in insurance companies and airlines sold off before the attack, in the UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, France and the US. News accounts in the weeks that followed reported a notable pattern of trading in the options of United and American Airlines as well as Morgan Stanley and other market activity.

In a statement to the 9/11 Commission in 2003, Mindy Kleinberg, of the 9/11 Family Steering Committee, said:

"Never before on the Chicago Exchange were such large amounts of United and American Airlines options traded. These investors netted a profit of at least $5 million after the September 11th attacks. Interestingly, the names of the investors remain undisclosed and the $5 million remains unclaimed in the Chicago Exchange account."

Regarding these trades, the 9/11 Commission found no malfeasance:

A single U.S.-based institutional investor with no conceivable ties to al Qaeda purchased 95% of the UAL puts on September 6 as part of a trading strategy that also included buying 115,000 shares of American on September 10, the Commission said. Similarly, the Commission said, much of the seemingly suspicious trading in American on September 10 was traced to a specific U.S.-based options trading newsletter, faxed to its subscribers on Sunday, September 9, that recommended these trades.

The article published in The Journal of Business in year 2006 provides statistical claims of unusual option market activity days before 9/11:

A measure of abnormal long put volume was also examined and seen to be at abnormally high levels in the days leading up to the attacks. Consequently, the paper concludes that there is evidence of unusual option market activity in the days leading up to September 11 that is consistent with investors trading on advance knowledge of the attacks.

9/11 Truth Movement members Jim Hoffman and Michael Ruppert are among those who claim that the trades are more likely due to insiders with foreknowledge of the attacks. There has also been criticism of the 9/11 Commission conclusion that the trades were innocuous primarily because there were no ties to Al-Qaeda.

World Trade Center collapse as controlled demolition

The collapse of the World Trade Center was a surprise to many structural engineers. No steel-framed skyscraper had ever before completely collapsed due to fire or other local damage, yet it occurred three times on September 11, 2001.

Twin Towers collapse as a controlled demolition

The Federal Emergency Management Agency Report (2002) was the initial government investigation into the collapses of the Twin Towers, and it supported the theories that had been put forward by scientific journals and presented in the mainstream media - that the damage from by the fires, together with the damage from the plane impacts, caused a local collapse, which then led to a complete global collapse by floors 'pancaking'. After a 3-year full investigation, in 2005 the National Institute of Standards and Technology published its final report. The theory presented in this report is regarded as the 'official account' of the collapses and has been largely accepted in the engineering community. The NIST Report into the collapse of Building 7 is due in late 2007.

The controlled demolition hypothesis plays a central, albeit not essential, role in the 9/11 conspiracy theories that assert that the US government is responsible for the attacks. Jeff King and Jim Hoffman were early defenders of the controlled demolition hypothesis and published their observations online. David Ray Griffin included the theory in his book The New Pearl Harbor. It received its most notable proponent to date in early 2006, when Steven Jones, a physicist at Brigham Young University, argued that a "gravity driven collapse" without demolition charges would defy the laws of physics.

There is a range of opinion about the most likely sort and amount of explosives, the way they were distributed, and how they were successfully brought into the building. Steven Jones, of the new Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice organisation, believes that the molten metal found underground weeks after 9/11 suggests that jet fuel could not have been the only incendiary used that day, and that thermite (in the form of thermate), perhaps in combination with other devices, was likely involved. Jones says "molten material" streamed out of the south tower shortly before it collapsed. There were reports of "molten steel" in the pockets of the rubble. Firefighters described having seen in the rubble "molten steel running down the channels, like you were in a foundry". World Trade Center USGS Thermal study, conducted on September 16,2001 using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, showed hotspots in the rubble reaching temperatures greater than 1000 K (727°C, 1341°F). Samples of a once molten mixture of iron, aluminum, and sulfur were found in the rubble and analyzed by FEMA, who was unable to determine the source of the sulfur stating: "The severe corrosion and subsequent erosion of Samples 1 and 2 are a very unusual event. No clear explanation for the source of the sulfur has been identified." Those elements as residues, as well as high temperatures sustained in the rubble, can result from burning thermate. Jones believes the sulfur is a result of deliberate demolition using thermate. Although NIST did no study regarding the sulfur found by FEMA they did note that the metals were abundant in the constructions of the towers, and much sulfur was present in the drywalls which were composed of calcium sulfate.

A small number of theorists, including Judy Wood and Morgan Reynolds of the Scholars for 9/11 Truth, believe that the widespread damage and eventual collapse of the Twin Towers was caused by a directed energy weapon. James Fetzer, the head of the group, has endorsed the exploration of the all kinds of possible theories, including the use of mini-nukes, and HAARP technology. Among these theories is one first proposed by Morgan Reynolds and Judy Wood. Steven Jones and Jim Hoffman have published what they say are refutations to claims that "nukes" were used and Jones has questioned whether the space weapon theories are even testable.

Critics often argue that the difficulty of preparing the building for demolition without being noticed makes controlled demolition implausible. Proponents sometimes point out that between 1993 and 2000, Marvin Bush (President Bush's brother) was a principal in a company that provided security for the World Trade Center (as well as United Airlines) and that from 1999 to January 2002 their cousin Wirt Walker III was the CEO. According to its president CEO, Barry McDaniel, the company had an ongoing contract to handle security at the World Trade Center "up to the day the buildings fell down". This last statement has been used by some conspiracy theorists to say that the contract "expired" on September 11, 2001. Mr. Bush was also a former director and now is an advisor to the board of directors to a firm called HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc., which had what it called a "small participation in the World Trade Center property insurance coverage and some of the surrounding buildings".

Building Seven collapse as a conventional controlled demolition

Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:20 p.m. on September 11. Although it is received relatively little attention in the mainstream media, conspiracy theorists frequently discuss the nature of its collapse. They claim that it showed signs of a conventional controlled demolition (as opposed to the Twin Towers which they claim were an unusual form of controlled demolition). They also say that since no plane hit the building, how fires caused even a local collapse is even harder to explain with Building 7 than it is with the Twin Towers. Flaming debris did fall onto the building as a result of the collapse of the twin towers, but Four, Five, and Six World Trade Center which were all closer to the Towers than the Twin Towers, remained standing despite also being severely damaged.

Currently, the 'official account' of the Building 7 collapse is the FEMA report of 2002 that proposed that fires started by falling debris from the North Tower collapse caused a local failure and then a global collapse in a similar way to the Twin Towers collapses. It also stated that "the specifics of the fires in WTC 7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue." The full investigation by the NIST has yet to be published; NIST have said that they had to prioritize their investigations and chose to investigate the collapse of WTC buildings 1 and 2 first, and then building 7.

Conspiracy theorists emphasise the style in which Building 7 collapsed: the speed of the total collapse (suggesting there was little resistance to the 'pancaking floors'), the sudden onset, the verticality, puffs of dust, the classic 'crimp' of the roof, and the way the rubble fell mostly within the building's footprint.

Some conspiracy theorists also claim that owner Larry Silverstein accidentally revealed, on a PBS documentary on the collapse, that he was told that the fire department had decided to "pull it", allegedly the technical slang meaning "demolish the building". His spokesperson later said Silverstein meant that firefighters had decided to withdraw from the building and the surrounding area for their own safety.

The BBC World News also aired a live coverage of the World Trade Center buildings as they were falling down. Their coverage was accurate right until Building Seven was about to come down. The reporter on the scene, Jane Standley, incorrectly reported that Building Seven had collapsed even though this building was still standing right behind her . About five minutes before the actual collapse of Building 7, the video feed of Ms. Standley is cut off.

The fact that the building housed the offices of government agencies like the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, along with the City of New York's emergency command bunker, has also fueled conspiracy theories.

Pentagon not hit by a Boeing 757

Claims that the Pentagon was hit by something significantly smaller than a Boeing 757 (typically a missile or smaller aircraft) have been raised by some conspiracy theorists based on photographs in which there appears to be a lack of expected debris or pieces of a commercial aircraft within the immediate impact area, and what some believe is a lack of damage to the building and the lawn. Conspiracy theorists say the first person to suggest that a missile hit the Pentagon was Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld in an interview on October 122001, which helped set up this claim. Subsequently, Thierry Meyssan in his book 9/11: The Big Lie gave this claim much more visibility. He also advanced the idea with his website Hunt the Boeing! and the popular internet videos Loose Change and "911 In Plane Site". A likely cause of these ideas, some say, was the initial scarcity of documentation of the attack. At first the only evidence available consisted of long distance photographs and video footage taken after the attack, eyewitness testimony from individuals at the scene, and five video frames captured by a security camera which were released on March 8, 2002. A large amount of evidence was later released after the Zacarias Moussaoui trial and several Freedom of Information Act requests.

Suspicions were additionally fueled by a lack of video footage of the impact of the jetliner, since many assume that the Pentagon must be subject to intense camera surveillance for security reasons. In addition to the Pentagon's own security cameras, these people also noted that security camera footage from a nearby Citgo gas station and from the Virginia Department of Transportation was swiftly confiscated by the US government. On May 16, 2006 the security camera footage was released as part of a Judicial Watch's FOIA request. However, due to a low number of frames per second, the videos do not clearly show the impact of the plane, only the approach of the plane (at an angle) and the explosion cloud, thus keeping the "no Boeing" theory popular. In addition to the security cam footage, the Citgo footage was released on September 15, 2006, but did not show the attacks. The Doubletree hotel, located nearby in Crystal City, Virginia, also had a security camera video, and on December 4, 2006 the FBI released the video in response to a freedom of information lawsuit filed by Scott Bingham. No plane can be seen entering the Pentagon since the camera was mounted on a lower point on the Doubletree Hotel and an elevated highway obstructs the view of the Pentagon.

A few conspiracy theorists also consider American Airlines Flight 77 pilot Charles Burlingame as a "prime suspect" in the conspiracy. In response to these accusations and the Loose Change video, his sister, Debra, remarked "The only thing they (the filmmakers) seem to have gotten right about the September 11 attacks is the date when they occurred.... They aren't truth-tellers looking to save the world. They're con artists hoping to sucker conspiracy-theory paranoids or anti-government malcontents into shelling out their hard-earned dollars."

The Pentagon "no Boeing" theory constitutes a controversial issue, even among conspiracy theorists, many of whom have said that this claim is "disproved" by hundreds of eyewitnesses and physical evidence, suggesting it is disinformation to create a supposedly easily discredited straw man argument. Several researchers have argued that the wings would cause less damage than the plane's main body, that photographs of large amounts of wreckage and debris matching a 757 have become available, that the appearance of the size of the hole is typically misrepresented; and that the actual fuselage diameter of 12 feet is a much more relevant dimension for the deepest parts of the hole than the overall 44-foot height of the 757's tail. They also emphasize reports from numerous eyewitnesses, including commuters on nearby roads, nearby apartment buildings, and other surrounding locations. Many witnesses saw the aircraft close up as it approached the Pentagon and described it as an American Airlines Boeing 757.

Purdue University also released a study with results that recreated the attack. In explaining the damage, the study argued that the plane was like a "sausage skin" because of the speed of impact.

In June 2007, Calum Douglas, from Pilots for 9/11 Truth, presented an analysis of (allegedly) Flight 77 black box data. The data was obtained from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) after issuing a petition via the Freedom of Information Act. The analysis provides with three independent methods of measuring aircraft position and two methods of measuring aircraft height near the end of the recording. Pilots for 9/11 Truth issue the following press release:

1. The NTSB Flight Path Animation approach path and altitude does not support official events.

2. All Altitude data shows the aircraft at least 300 feet too high to have struck the light poles.

3. The rate of descent data is in direct conflict with the aircraft being able to impact the light poles and be captured in the Dept of Defense "5 Frames" video of an object traveling nearly parallel with the Pentagon lawn.

4. The record of data stops at least one second prior to official impact time.

5. If data trends are continued, the aircraft altitude would have been at least 100 feet too high to have hit the Pentagon.

NTSB and FBI to this day decline to issue any comments about discrepancies with the black box data.

Claims relating to the World Trade Center plane impacts

Some conspiracy theorists have made claims relating to the nature of the planes that were seen hitting the World Trade Center Towers. These claims range from a modification of the Boeing planes (in the form of a 'pod' on the underside), to claims that different planes were involved or that nothing hit the Towers at all ('No Boeing Theories' or 'No Plane Theories'). Many prominent members of the 9/11 Truth Movement have debunked all of these claims and the majority believe that Flights 11 and 175 hit the Towers as in the official account.

The theory that there was a "pod" of some sort under the aircraft which hit the South Tower has mainly been propagated by the videos 911 In Plane Site, Let’s Roll 911, and Reopen 911. Theories as to what this pod may have been have ranged from a missile to simply the Boeing’s left fairing. The website 911 In Plane Site cited an analysis by a Spanish university as proof that there were objects on the base of the plane. The report says that the "only explanation" for these objects is that they are "in relief."

Popular Mechanics’ “Debunking the 9/11 Myths” quotes Ronald Greeley, director of the Space Photography Laboratory at Arizona State University, who said that the sunlight is glinting off the plane, and that “such a glint causes a blossoming (enlargement) on film, which tends to be amplified in digital versions of images--the pixels are saturated and tend to 'spill over' to adjacent pixels.” They said that “the photo reveals only the Boeing's right fairing, a pronounced bulge that contains the landing gear”.

Many of the same conspiracy theorists supporting the pod claim have often alleged a flash as the plane hit the tower as proof that there was a missile launched from the underside of the plane. 911 In Plane Site says that the flash could not be a reflection, as it was caught on camera from four different angles, and it is their theory that an object cannot reflect light in more than one direction. In addition, they said that sparks or static discharge "have been ruled out by every airline pilot we have spoken with."

Various prominent 9/11 researchers have also published refutations of the pod and flash claims, saying they are not supported by the evidence. Those promoting the pod theory have been referred to as the "pod people."

Morgan Reynolds, former chief economist in the Bush Administration, who admits that he is the "black sheep" of the 9/11 Truth Movement, believes that the Boeing planes of Flights 11 and 175 could not have impacted the Towers. He has proposed that there may have been a 'plane swap' or there may have been no impacts at all, with 'video fakery' used to depict the plane crashes in news reports. The idea of computer animation being involved has been promoted by the internet-only videos 9/11 Octopus and September Clues. All such theories have been widely denounced by certain members of the 9/11 Truth Movement but there is still some debate.

United Airlines Flight 93

There are several conspiracy theories surrounding the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania.

Jim Hoffman notes a three-minute discrepancy in the cockpit voice recording immediately prior to the flight's crash. The cockpit voice recorder transcripts end at 10:03 a.m., but Cleveland Air Traffic Control reported that Flight 93 went out of radar contact at 10:06 a.m., and FAA radar records also note a time of 10:06 a.m. Seismologists record an impact at 10:06:05 a.m., +/- a couple of seconds.

Some conspiracy theorists believe there is a cover up of evidence as the Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder from Flight 93 have not been released to the general public. However, a 1990 Congressional Law prohibits the “public disclosure of the cockpit voice recorder recordings and transcriptions, in whole or in part, of oral communications by and between flight crew members and ground stations…” And on April 18, 2002, the FBI allowed the families of victims from Flight 93 to listen to the voice recordings. This was made possible because the FBI controlled the investigation, as opposed to the NTSB as in typical air disasters.

Claims that Flight 93 was shot down

Some conspiracy theorists who question the common account of United Airlines Flight 93 crashing as a result of an attempted cockpit invasion, have speculated that it was shot down by US fighter jets.

This idea was promoted by author David Ray Griffin in his book The New Pearl Harbor, who cited Paul Thompson. Thompson and other conspiracy theorists note that pieces of Flight 93 were found far from the crash site and suggest that this may be evidence of a shoot-down. There are also some eyewitness reports of debris falling from the sky like confetti. NTSB investigators say they have found no evidence the plane was shot down and Popular Mechanics argued that debris exploding away and landing far from the crash scene is not a unique occurrence in commercial airline accidents.

Thompson also examined a number of mainstream media reports and says that fighter jets were actually much closer to Flight 93 at the time of the crash than stated in the official record. He mentions witnesses who noticed a small white jet near the impact site soon after the crash. However, some say this was likely a business jet the ATC asked to investigate the crash area and that descended to an altitude of around 1500 ft to survey the impact. Ben Sliney, who was the FAA operation manager on September 11, 2001, says no military aircraft were near Flight 93. He has questioned whether it is plausible that the military did not know about Flight 93 being off-course and out of contact, and suggests that his claim shows that they were aware and had sent jets to investigate and possibly shoot it down.

Conspiracy theorists also seized on a quote by the US Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, in which he referenced Flight 93 as "the plane they shot down over Pennsylvania." A Pentagon official later said that Rumsfeld had misspoken.

Claims that Flight 93 never crashed

Some conspiracy theorists speculate that Flight 93 landed safely in Ohio. The website Physics911 says that the plane that crashed in Pennsylvania was actually not United 93 and that the flights involved in the 9/11 attacks were landed and substituted with other aircraft; however, other websites refute this claimand point to the wreckage at the scene and witness testimony, aside from the difficulty of "plane swapping". Often cited is a preliminary AP story on Flight 93’s safe landing at a Cleveland airport by WCPO, a local Cincinnati ABC news affiliate. It was later learned Delta Flight 1989 was the plane confused with Flight 93. WCPO has since retracted the story noting its earlier factual inaccuracies.

The President's behavior

President Bush was promoting the passage of his education plan at Emma E. Booker Elementary School on the morning of September 11. He was apparently already aware of the first plane impact before he entered the classroom for a reading of The Pet Goat with the children. At 9:05am, Andrew Card whispered in his ear that the second Tower had been hit and that America was under attack. That the president chose to stay in the classroom, without asking for additional information from his staff, and that those staff did not volunteer any additional information or take him to a place of safety, has led to allegations that he knew that the attack was taking place, knew he was safe and knew the situation was being handled. A response is that Bush's intention was to "project strength and calm", i.e., that he did not want to cause more panic by fleeing the room, as the footage would likely have been replayed over and over on news coverage.

President Bush also made statements on two separate occasions, in late 2001 and early 2002, in which he said he saw the first plane hit the World Trade Center and that he assumed it was an accident. He could not have seen the first plane hit the tower live on commercial television, since no television stations were broadcasting footage from the area when the first plane hit. The only known footage of the first plane crashing was captured by filmmaker Jules Naudet while making a documentary about a new firefighter. The video was first broadcast on CNN later in the day and was later released as the documentary film "9/11". The White House explained his remarks as "a mistaken recollection". and some critics insist that President Bush was referring to the aftermath and not the actual jetliner impact at 8:46 a.m.

It took 411 days for the White House to set up a special commission to investigate the events of September 11th. In contrast, this was done within weeks of events such as Pearl Harbour and the space shuttle Challenger disaster. The commission was accused of containing members sympathetic to the White House. President Bush was resistant to testifying, finally agreeing to a closed door session, along with Vice President Cheney. This aroused suspicion.

Allegations of cover-up

Conspiracy theorists say they detect a pattern of behavior on the part of officials investigating the September 11 attack meant to suppress the emergence of evidence that might contradict the "official account". They associated news stories from several different sources with that pattern.

Cockpit flight and voice recorders

The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) or flight data recorder (FDR) were not recovered from the remains of the WTC attack.

• Two men who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center say they helped federal agents find three of the four "black boxes" from the jetliners; this is cited to support the claim there was a government cover-up at Ground Zero.

"At one point I was assigned to take Federal Agents around the site to search for the black boxes from the planes. We were getting ready to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area. We loaded up about a million dollars worth of equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There were a total of four black boxes. We found three" (Ground Zero, p. 108).

"It's extremely rare that we don't get the recorders back. I can't recall another domestic case in which we did not recover the recorders," said Ted Lopatkiewicz, spokesman for the National Transportation Safety Board.

Links between the Bush Family and the Bin Laden Family

In June 2001, a "high-placed member of a US intelligence agency" told BBC reporter Greg Palast that "after the 2000 elections, the agencies were told to "back off" investigating the Bin Ladens and Saudi royals".

The day before the 9/11 attacks, President Bush's father former President George H.W. Bush and several members of his cabinet had been present at a Carlyle Group business conference with Shafig bin Laden, a half-brother of Osama bin Laden, at the Ritz-Carlton hotel located several miles from the Pentagon. The conference was continuing with the remaining cabinet members and Bin Laden's brother at the time of the Pentagon attack. George H.W. Bush remained an advisor to the Carlyle Group for two years after the attacks.

The Saudi Binladin Group's corporate website, expired on September 11, 2001, the same day as the attacks in the United States.

The New York Times reported that members of the bin Laden family were driven or flown under Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) supervision to a secret assembly point in Texas and then to Washington from where they left the country on a private charter plane when airports reopened three days after the attacks. The official 9/11 commission later concluded that "the FBI conducted a satisfactory screening of Saudi nationals who left the United States on charter flights" and that the exodus was approved by special advisor Richard Clarke after a request by Saudi Arabia who feared for the safety of their nationals. On June 20,2007 the public interest group Judicial Watch released FBI documents that it says suggested that Osama bin Laden himself may have chartered one of the flights. Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton accused the FBI of conducting a "slapdash" investigation of the flights.

Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney (D-Ga.) is among those who have questioned whether the Bush Administration may have worked with Al Qaeda to carry out the attacks.

Claims relating to the hijackings

Some of the events that took place on the planes prior to their impacts have been disputed. The maneuver carried out by Flight 77 as it approached the Pentagon has been identified as one that would have required either a very experienced pilot or a computer-controlled set flight path. The 9/11 Commission Report notes that the reported pilot of Flight 77, Hani Hanjour, was described as a "terrible pilot" by one of his instructors.

Claims that the planes were flown into their targets by computer

Jim Hoffman is among those who have said the Flight Management Computer Systems on board the planes could have been loaded with a preset route that guided the planes to their targets. Boeing have confirmed that this would have been technically possible. It has been suggested that the hijacking-by-computer took place after the hijacking by the Al-Qaeda operatives.

The claim that the planes were flown by computer is said to explain how Flight 77 performed its unusual maneuver on its approach to the Pentagon, and how Flights 11 and 175 were guided to exact points of impact with the Twin Towers to coincide with a planned controlled demolition sequence.

Claims that the hijackers were not on the planes

Some conspiracy theorists go further to suggest that the hijackers were not on the planes at all. This claim was fueled by erroneous initial news reports shortly after 9/11 that indicated that some of the hijackers were still alive. The BBC and the Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on September 23, 2001, that some of the people named by the FBI as hijackers were actually alive and well. One of them was Waleed al-Shehri, who they said they had found in Casablanca, Morocco. Abdulaziz Al Omari, Saeed Alghamdi, and Khalid al-Midhar, three other hijackers, were all said to be living in the Middle East. On September 19, the FDIC even distributed a "special alert" which listed al-Mihdhar as alive. The Justice Department says that this was a typographical error.

All of the reports have since been acknowledged as cases of mistaken identity by the publications involved and by other news organisations such as NBC. In 2002, Saudi Arabia admitted that the names of the hijackers were correct. The editor of BBC News Online has said the identity confusion in the original BBC article that sparked the theories may be due to the hijackers' names being common Arabic names, and that the BBC has later superseded the original article.

Attention has also been given to news reports that indicated the hijackers were not typical Islamic suicide terrorists - for example Mohammad Atta reportedly ate pork, drank alcohol, gambled in casinos and went to strip clubs.

Claims that the cell phone calls were faked

If the hijackers were not on the planes, then necessarily the reported phone calls from the flights must have been somehow 'faked', perhaps using voice synthesizers. Though the technology to achieve this may have existed, this would have made the operation far more complicated, with little reward for the perpetrators. The issue of fake phone calls has caused divisions between the 9/11 Families Movement and the 9/11 Truth Movement in general.

A.K. Dewdney, in a study conducted in Canada in 2003, suggested that mobile phone calls from planes are nearly impossible. He argued that connecting a cell phone to a tower's signal would have been extremely difficult from the air. Based on this assumption, economist Michel Chossudovsky suggests the calls were fabricated or never made at all. Critics of this study have pointed out that mobile phone signals would not have been the same in Canada in 2003 as they were near the northeast coast of the United States on September 11. Additionally, Carnegie Mellon researchers have concluded that one to four cell phone calls are made during each average passenger flight, contrary to FCC and FAA regulations.

During the flight of Flight 93, 13 passengers made a total of over 30 calls to both family and emergency personnel (and all but two of these were on air phones). There were far fewer phone calls from Flights 11, 175 and 77, leading to some claims that these calls may have been faked even if the Flight 93 calls were real. Reportedly, the only two calls from these flights that were recorded were placed by flight attendants Madeleine Sweeney and Betty Ong on Flight 11. Proponents of this theory have pointed out various anomalies relating to the phone calls.

Motives

Theories as to why members of the US government would have allowed the attacks to occur, perpetrated the attacks, and/or obstructed the investigation generally involve one or more of the following:

• Michel Chossudovsky in an article entitled "The Criminalization of the State" suggests a simple motive in a plan for a New World Order. This particular theory takes root in a David Rockefeller Statement to the United Nations Business Council in September 1994: We are on the verge of a global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will accept the New World Order.
• An article on whatreallyhappened.com entitled "The 9/11 Reichstag Fire" suggests that the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) a neoconservative think tank may have been responsible.The organization has drawn much attention from conspiracy theorists because Vice President Cheney and many current and former top Bush foreign policy officials were members. It cites as evidence a statement from page 51 of a document titled 'Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century' published by PNAC: “Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event - like a new Pearl Harbor.”
• The Web site OilEmpire.us proposed that 9/11 was allowed to happen and given technical assistance by a faction of the U.S. government in order to benefit the arms manufacturing and oil industries.
• The Web site 911Review.com listed several other benefits of the attacks as possible motives, including Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and President Bush's surge in popularity, Halliburton's defense contracts for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
• The family owned company of Larry Silverstein won a 99 year lease of the World Trade Center weeks before the tower's destruction, and sought a double $3.5 billion insurance payout, as there two planes involved.
• More references:

U.S. military strategy

Many point to the writings of neoconservative strategists to suggest that 9/11 was, at best, on their 'wish list' and, at worst, on their list of 'things to do'. The standard reference in presenting this idea became a document titled Rebuilding America's Defenses, written by the think tank, the Project for the New American Century. This document outlines a global strategy that conspiracy theorists say is similar in its details to the military strategy of the War on Terror. The document includes the line "the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event - like a new Pearl Harbor." Some say that the George W. Bush administration began preparing for war on Iraq months before 9/11. In particular, a government employee by the name of O'Neill reported the president's having said "Go find me a way to do this" (invade Iraq). David Ray Griffin and others presented an argument that draws a parallel to an interpretation of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, according to which Roosevelt both provoked the attack and allowed it to happen in order to bring America into the second world war. Conspiracy theorists believe that 9/11 constitutes a "new Pearl Harbor" in at least this sense (LIHOP). Many also add that some beneficiaries organized the attacks (MIHOP).

Operation Northwoods

To establish that elements within the United States government (which some allege to have carried out the September 11, 2001 attacks) would stage an incident to generate support for an armed conflict (which some conspiracy theorists say was the purpose behind the attacks) conspiracy theorists often point to Operation Northwoods. U.S. Department of Defense leaders in 1962 during the Kennedy administration proposed this plan, in order to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The plan suggested various false flag actions, including simulated or real state sponsored acts of terrorism on U.S. and Cuban soil. The plans had the written approval of all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and were presented to President Kennedy's defense secretary, Robert McNamara, in March 1962. The Kennedy administration rejected the plan.

Claims related to Jews and Israel

Some conspiracy theories hold that Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. According to the Anti-Defamation League, "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.," but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world." The Anti-Defamation League has published a paper, Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories, identifying the claims made and responding to them. Several websites of the 9/11 truth movement have also worked to debunk such claims and expose websites and individuals engaging in Anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial.

A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on September 11 has been widely reported and widely debunked. This claim originates with Al Manar television. The number of Jews who died in the attacks--typically estimated at around 400--tracks closely with the percentage of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israeli citizens died in the attack.

Ariel Sharon, in 2001 Prime Minister of Israel is said to have cancelled a planned trip to New York around the time of the attacks. Some have interpreted this as evidence he was warned to stay away. In fact, the event that Sharon had been scheduled to appear at was actually a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly originally scheduled for September 23 to October 5 but postponed to November 10-16, while the rally scheduled for September 23 2001 and canceled on September 12, 2001 was likely intended to coincide with the meeting of the General Assembly.

On September 17, 2001, the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz' reported that four hours after the attack the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of their company's building for "puzzling behavior." The Israelis were said to have been videotaping the disaster with cries of joy and mockery. On June 21, 2002, ABC reported that the FBI has not reached a consensus on whether they were Israeli intelligence operatives but concluded they had no advance knowledge of the September 11 attacks. The five were released and deported to Israel on November 20-21, 2001, claiming later in a newspaper interview that their arrest was done following a false accusation due to a personal conflict with a neighbour

According to The Daily Telegraph (September 16, 2001), Israel had sent two Mossad agents to Washington in August to warn both the FBI and CIA of an imminent large-scale attack involving a cell of up to 200 terrorists. The Telegraph quoted an unnamed senior Israeli security official as saying "They had no specific information about what was being planned but linked the plot to Osama bin Laden and told the Americans that there were strong grounds for suspecting Iraqi involvement."

On December 12, 2001, Fox News reported that some 60 Israelis were among the hundreds of foreigners detained since the Sept. 11 attacks. Federal investigators were reported to have described them as part of a long-running effort to spy on American government officials. A "handful" of these Israelis were described as active Israeli military or intelligence operatives. Federal investigators said that some of them failed polygraph questions inquiring about alleged surveillance activities in the United States. Investigators suspected that they may have gathered intelligence about the attacks in advance and not shared it, shadowing the hijackers in Florida and in California. As many as 140 other Israelis were reported to have been detained or arrested as part of an investigation into espionage by Israelis in the United States. Investigators were also reported to have been focusing part of their efforts on Israelis who said they were art students from the University of Jerusalem or Bezalel Academy, and repeatedly made contact with U.S. government personnel by saying they wanted to sell cheap art or handiwork. Indeed, in March, 2001, the US Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive had actually issued a warning about people identifying themselves as "Israeli art students" attempting to bypass security and gain entry to federal buildings, and even to the private residences of senior federal officials. Subsequently, the Telegraph newspaper (UK), the online magazine Salon, and the Sunday Herald (UK), among other sources, ran similar stories, elaborating in greater detail. In December 2001, a 60 page internal memo on the Israeli “art student spy ring” prepared by the Drug Enforcement Agency was leaked to the media. Although warning military bases to be on the alert for “possible intelligence collection being conducted by Israeli art students” the memo was primarily concerned with the students efforts to foil investigations into Israeli organized crime activity involving the importation of the drug Ecstasy rather than with any connection to 9/11.

Claims relating to Saddam Hussein

On September 18, 2003, President George W. Bush said "We have no evidence that Saddam Hussein was involved with the September 11" attacks despite a poll released at that time that found that nearly 70% of respondents believed the late Iraqi leader probably was personally involved. He also said that "There's no question that Saddam Hussein had Al Qaeda ties." The 9/11 Commission Report stated that there is "no credible evidence" that Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq collaborated with the al Qaeda terrorist network on any attacks on the United States.

On June 29, 2005 Robin Hayes a Republican Congressman from North Carolina and vice chairman of the House Subcommittee on Terrorism at that time stated "evidence is clear" that "Saddam Hussein and people like him were very much involved in 9/11". Senator John McCain reacting to the Congressman's statement said "I haven't seen compelling evidence of that"

NewsMax.com reported that people within and outside the U.S. government believed that then Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein conspired in the 9/11 attacks and the Oklahoma City Bombing. The theory extended from the one advanced by investigative journalist Jayna Davis in her book The Third Terrorist linking Hussein to the Oklahoma City Bombing. It was discussed in an op-ed piece in the Wall Street Journal.

In a Newsweek Magazine poll released on June 23, 2007, 41% of American respondents agreed with the statement that "Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq was directly involved in planning, financing, or carrying out the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001" while 50% of respondents disagreed with this statement and 9% of respondents did not know. The percentage of respondents agreeing with this statement was up 5% from 2004.

Media reaction

While discussion and coverage of these theories is mainly confined to internet chat sites and conversation, a number of mainstream news outlets around the world have covered the issue.

The Norwegian version of the July 2006 Le Monde diplomatique sparked interest when they ran, on their own initiative, a three page main story on the 9/11 attacks and summarized the various types of 9/11 conspiracy theories (which were not specifically endorsed by the newspaper, only recensed). The Voltaire Network, which has somehow changed position since the September 11 attacks and whose director, Thierry Meyssan, became a leading proponent of 9/11 conspiracy theory, explained that although the Norwegian version of Le Monde diplomatique had allowed it to translate and publish this article on its website, the mother-house, in France, categorically refused it this right, thus displaying an open debate between various national editions. In December 2006, the French version published an article by Alexander Cockburn, co-editor of CounterPunch, which strongly criticized the endorsement of conspiracy theories by the US left-wing, alleging that it was a sign of "theoretical emptiness."

An article in the September 11 2006 edition of the United States newsweekly Time Magazine titled “Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away” states that the major 9/11 conspiracy theories “depend on circumstantial evidence, facts without analysis or documentation, quotes taken out of context and the scattered testimony of traumatized eyewitnesses” and the continued popularity of these theories are due to “the idea that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating global events is, in a perverse way, comforting”. It concludes that “conspiracy theories are part of the process by which Americans deal with traumatic public events like Sept. 11. Conspiracy theories form around them like scar tissue. In a curious way, they're an American form of national mourning.”

The Daily Telegraph published an article called "The CIA couldn't have organised this..." which said "The same people who are making a mess of Iraq were never so clever or devious that they could stage a complex assault on two narrow towers of steel and glass" and "if there is a nefarious plot in all this bad planning, it is one improvised by a confederacy of dunces". This article mainly attacked Scholars for 9/11 Truth, a group of scientists which was, at the time, led by Professor Steven E. Jones. They said "most of them aren't scientists but instructors... at second-rate colleges".

A major Australian newspaper "The Daily Telegraph", published an article in May 2007 that was highly critical of 9/11 conspiracy theories.

The History Channel aired a documentary regarding 9/11 Conspiracy on August 20th 2007. The documentary was critical of the conspiracy theories.

Criticism

Critics of these alternative theories say they are a form of conspiracism common throughout history after a traumatic event in which conspiracy theories emerge as a mythic form of explanation (Barkun, 2003). A related criticism addresses the form of research on which the theories are based. Thomas W. Eagar, an engineering professor at MIT, suggested they "use the 'reverse scientific method'. They determine what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't fit their conclusion, and then hail their findings as the only possible conclusion." Eagar's criticisms also exemplify a common stance that the theories are best ignored. "I've told people that if the argument gets too mainstream, I'll engage in the debate." This, he continues, happened when Steve Jones took up the issue. The basic assumption is that conspiracy theories emerge a set of previously held or quickly assembled beliefs about how society works, which are then legitimized by further "research". Taking such beliefs seriously, even if only to criticize them, it is argued, merely grants them further legitimacy.

Michael Shermer, writing in Scientific American, said: "The mistaken belief that a handful of unexplained anomalies can undermine a well-established theory lies at the heart of all conspiratorial thinking (as well as Holocaust denial and the various crank theories of physics). All the "evidence" for a 9/11 conspiracy falls under the rubric of this fallacy. Such notions are easily refuted by noting that scientific theories are not built on single facts alone but on a convergence of evidence assembled from multiple lines of inquiry."

There are also behavioristic objections to these conspiracy theories, arguing that the conspiracy theorists behave in an irrational or unscholarly way. One objection is that the conspiracy theorists tend to connect unrelated information. Another is that they will often expand the conspiracy to include those who debunk their original theories, such as Popular Mechanics. There is also the tendency of the conspiracy theorists to quote only other conspiracy theorists and provide little if any expert verification of any of their claims.

Scientific American, Popular Mechanics, and The Skeptic's Dictionary have published articles that debunk various 9/11 conspiracy theories. Proponents of these theories have attacked the contribution to the Popular Mechanics article by "senior researcher" Ben Chertoff, who they say is cousin of Michael Chertoff — current head of Homeland Security. However, U.S News says no indication of an actual connection has been revealed and Ben Chertoff has denied the allegation. Popular Mechanics has published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Myths that expands upon the research first presented in the article. Der Spiegel dismissed 9/11 conspiracy theories as a "panoply of the absurd", stating "as diverse as these theories and their adherents may be, they share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons." David Ray Griffin has published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory

From the same Time Magazine article referenced previously, "There are psychological explanations for why conspiracy theories are so seductive. Academics who study them argue that they meet a basic human need: to have the magnitude of any given effect be balanced by the magnitude of the cause behind it. A world in which tiny causes can have huge consequences feels scary and unreliable. Therefore a grand disaster like Sept. 11 needs a grand conspiracy behind it. 'We tend to associate major events — a President or princess dying — with major causes,' says Patrick Leman, a lecturer in psychology at Royal Holloway University of London, who has conducted studies on conspiracy belief. 'If we think big events like a President being assassinated can happen at the hands of a minor individual, that points to the unpredictability and randomness of life and unsettles us.' In that sense, the idea that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating global events is, in a perverse way, comforting."

See also

• Bin Laden Issue Station - The CIA's tracking unit, 1996-2005
• The Terror Timeline

References

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62. Reshetenko T.V. et al " Study of the reaction of high-temperature H2S decomposition on metal oxides (gamma-Al2O3,alpha-Fe2O3,V2O5)" in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 27, Number 4, April 2002 , pp. 387-394(8)
63. "SCHOLARS: ON ITS FIRST ANNIVERSARY".
64. "Testing the Hypothesis that Mini-Nukes Were Used on the WTC Towers".
65. "Theories that Nuclear Weapons Destroyed the Twin Towers".
66. Jones, Steven. "My Response to 'An Open Letter'". 20 November 2006
67. The Destruction of the World Trade Center: Why the Official Account Cannot Be True October, 2005
68. HCC Insurance Holdings' Press Release September 13, 2001
69. Controlled Demolition Team (2002). Beirut Hilton implosion (mpg). Beirut: Controlled Demolition, Inc. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
70. "Diesel suspected in 7 WTC collapse". New York Times News Service. November 29, 2001.
71. Frank Legge (Ph D) (2006). "9/11 – Acceleration Close to Free Fall" (pdf). Journal of 9/11 Studies. pp. 1, Volume 5. Retrieved 2006-12-03. The observed acceleration, 9.06 m/s2, if maintained, would bring the roof to the ground in 6.2 seconds, very close to free fall in a vacuum, 6.0 seconds. There is no sign of the slow start that would be expected if collapse was caused by the gradual softening of the steel. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
72. "Building 7's Collapse - Features of a Textbook Implosion".
73. "Larry Silverstein on PBS Documentary (video)". 2002, September. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
74. Popular Mechanics. Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand up to the Facts
75. Book review: 9/11 Revealed? Setember 2005
76. "BBC jumps the gun when reporting Building 7 collapse". 2001, September 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
77. "Video feed of Jan Standley cut off right before actual collapse of WTC 7". 2001, September 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
78. ""CIA office near World Trade Center destroyed in attacks", CNN.com".
79. Videos Released Of Plane Crashing Into Pentagon May 17, 2006
80. Pentagon releases 9/11 attack videos May 18, 2006
81. "DoD News: Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with Parada Magazine". Parade Magazine (republished by Defense Department). October 12, 2001.
82. "Hunt the Boeing! And test your perceptions!".
83. "Our Presentation from the American Scholars Symposium". Louder Then Words. - forward to 43 minute and 06 seconds for Bob Pugh's footage of The Pentagon minutes after the attack
84. "FOIA request" (PDF). Judicial Watch.
85. "Defense Department Releases Two Videos of Flight 77 Crashing Into Pentagon". Judicial Watch.
86. "CITGO Gas Station Cameras Near Pentagon Evidently Did Not Capture Attack".
87. "FBI Releases New Footage of 9/11 Pentagon Attack". KWTX News. December 5, 2006.
88. "Flight77.info's FOIA Release: Doubletree Hotel 9/11". Flight77.info/ YouTube.
89. "Doubletree Hotel security video". debunk911myths.org.
90. "Doubletree Hotel Crystal City-National Airport". Doubletree Hotels.
91. "Killtown's: Did Flight 77 really crash into the Pentagon?".
92. "Loose Change, 2nd Edition". Louder Than Words.
93. "Conspiracy film rewrites Sept. 11". USA Today. April 29, 2006.
94. Jim Hoffman The Pentagon Attack: What the Physical Evidence Shows March 28, 2006
95. "Pentagon missile hoax: the "no Boeing" theories discredit 9/11 skepticism and distract from proven evidence of complicity".
96. "Evidence That A Boeing 757 Really Did Impact the Pentagon on 9/11".
97. "911 Myths - Pentagon".
98. Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. "Hunt the Boeing!" at Snopes.com: Urban Legends Reference Pages.
99. "Extensive Casualties' in Wake of Pentagon Attack". The Washington Post. September 11, 2001.
100. Sheridan, Mary Beth (September 12, 2001). "Loud Boom, Then Flames In Hallways". The Washington Post.
101. America Under Attack: Eyewitness Discusses Pentagon Plane Crash September 11, 2001
102. "Pentagon - Witness accounts".
103. "- Analysis of Eyewitness Statements on 9/11 American Airlines Flight 77 Crash into the Pentagon".
104. "New simulation shows 9/11 plane crash with scientific detail", website of Purdue University
105. Calum Douglas (June, 2007). "Flight 77: The Flight Data Recorder Investigation Files". Google Video. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
106. A Critical Review of WTC 'No Plane' Theories, and Letters to the Journal of 911 Studies (look under No Planes Hit Towers?)
107. "Amics21, Flight 175, Too Hot to Handle".
108. "La Vanguardia newspaper, Analysis of the Images of 9/11".
109. "Popular Mechanics, Debunking the 9/11 Myths".
110. "911 In Plane Site, Debunking the Debunkers".
111. "ERROR: 'A Pod Was Attached to the South Tower Plane'".
112. Analysis of Flight 175 "Pod" and related claims%5d "9 September 2004
113. [[#cite_ref-podpeople_113-0|^]] [http://www.oilempire.us/pod.html Pod People hijack the 9/11 truth movement". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); line feed character in |title= at position 24 (help)
114. "The "Pod People" And The Plane That Crashed Into the Pentagon".
115. "Reynolds Booted from No Plane Club Inducted into 'Dirty Liars Club'".
116. "A Critical Review of WTC 'No Plane' Theories".
117. "A Critical Review of Eric Salter's Rebuttal".
118. "A Critical Review of WTC 'No Plane' Theories (updated)".
119. ^ The Crash of Flight 93: Crashing Plane Leaves Debris Field Miles Wide 2006-05-05
120. Kim, Won-Young and Gerald R. Baum. "Seismic Observations during September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack (pdf)" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
121. Families hear tape from hijacked Flight 93 April 18, 2002
122. "FBI Plays UAL Flight 93 CVR Tapes Over ALPA Objections".
123. The Crash of Flight 93: Evidence Indicates Flight 93 Was Shot Down 2006-12-20
124. "Flight 93 page of September11News.com".
125. The Crash of Flight 93: Crashing Plane Leaves Debris Field Miles Wide 2006-05-05
126. Eyewitness Reports: Many Eyewitnesses Saw Flight 93 2006-04-16
127. Debunking The 9/11 Myths Mar. 2005
128. "Context of '(Before 10:06 a.m.)'".
129. "Context of '(Before and After 10:06 a.m.)'".
130. 60 Seconds: Ben Sliney October 4, 2006
131. "Was Flight 93 Shot Down?".
132. Pentagon: Rumsfeld misspoke on Flight 93 crash December 27, 2004
133. "Physics911 Frequently Asked Questions section".
134. "ERROR: 'Flight 93 Didn't Crash in Shanskville, PA'".
135. The Crash of Flight 93: Evidence Indicates Flight 93 Was Shot Down 2006-12-20
136. "Archived version of the story".
137. George W. Bush: Cover Stories of the People in Charge 2007-07-28
138. "An Interesting Day: President Bush's Movements and Actions on 9/11".
139. Achenbach, Joel. On 9/11, a Telling Seven-Minute Silence." Washington Post, Saturday, June 19, 2004, Page C01.
140. President Meets with Displaced Workers in Town Hall Meeting 2001-12-04
141. President Holds Town Hall Forum on Economy in California 2002-01-05
142. WTC film-makers still positive 4 September, 2002
143. Paltrow, S. (2004) "Day of Crisis: Detailed Picture of U.S. Actions on Sept. 11 Remains Elusive." Wall Street Journal March 22
144. ""9/11 Cover-up Two-Page Summary" WantToKnow.info".
145. ""The Coverup", 911review.com".
146. ""9/11 Commission: The official coverup guide", 911truth.org".
147. "Bush asks Daschle to limit Sept. 11 probes" CNN.com
148. "Bush Opposes 9/11 Query Panel" CBS News
149. "Whistleblower Complains of FBI Obstruction" FOX News
150. "9-11 Commission Funding Woes" Time.com
151. "Bush: Documents sought by 9/11 commission 'very sensitive'" CNN.com
152. "9/11 commission finishes Bush, Cheney session" MSNBC
153. "9/11: Missing Black Boxes in World Trade Center Attacks Found by Firefighters, Analyzed by NTSB, Concealed by FBI". A CounterPunch Special Report - Did the Bush Administration Lie to Congress and the 9/11 Commission?. CounterPunch. 2005-12-19. Retrieved 2006-10-07. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
154. Jones, Steven E. (2006). "FAQ: Questions and Answers" (pdf). Journal Of 9/11 Studies. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help) page 181.
155. Swanson, Gail (2003). Ground Zero, A collection of personal accounts. TRAC Team. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
156. "Voice recorders could provide crucial 9/11 clues". USAToday.
157. "NEWSNIGHT Greg Palest report transcript". BBC News. 6/11/01. Retrieved 2006-04-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
158. "Profile: Carlyle Group". Profile: Carlyle Group. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
159. Dark heart of the American dream June 16, 2002
160. "Current site of Saudi Binladin Group".
161. "Saudi Binladin Group; archived version as of Nov. 2001".
162. Judicial Watch Releases New FBI Documents: Osama bin Laden May Have Chartered Saudi Flight Out of U.S. after 9/11 June 20, 2007
163. "Fearing Harm, bin Laden Kin Fled From U.S.", by Patrick E. Tyler. The New York Times, September 30, 2001
164. "Judicial Watch".
165. ""Connections and Then Some", The Washington Post".
166. . {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
167. "Programmed Flight Control".
168. "Boeing 757-200 Background Information".
169. ^ Hijack 'suspects' alive and well 23 September, 2001
170. Revealed: the men with stolen identities 23/09/2001 David Harrison
171. After the Attacks: Missed Cues; Saudi May Have Been Suspected in Error, Officials Say September 16, 2001
172. Panoply of the Absurd September 08, 2003
173. Saudis Arabia Admit Hijackers of Sept. 11 Attacks were Citizens February 06, 2002
174. 9/11 conspiracy theory, BBC News Online - The Editors
175. "Strange behaviour of Mohammad Atta".
176. "Phone Calls".
177. "Project Achilles Report".
178. More Holes in the Official Story: The 9/11 Cell Phone Calls 10 August 2004
179. Unsafe At Any Airspeed? Cellphones and other electronics are more of a risk than you think March 2006
180. "Phone Call Oddities".
181. The Criminalization of the State Michel Chossudovsky 3 February 2004
182. "The 9/11 Reichstag Fire".
183. ^ 'Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century' September 2000
184. "9/11: the American Reichstag Fire".
185. The Motive for the 9/11 Attack 2006-12-29
186. Gov. Pataki, acting gov. DiFrancesco laud historic Port Authority agreement to privatize World Trade Center July 24, 2001
187. "Bush Sought 'Way' To Invade Iraq?". CBS News. 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-19. "It was all about finding a way to do it. That was the tone of it. The president saying 'Go find me a way to do this,'" says O'Neill. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) O'Neill Tells '60 Minutes' Iraq Was 'Topic A' 8 Months Before 9-11
188. The document recommending Operation Northwoods: Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962 April 30, 2001
189. David Ruppe (2001-05-01). "U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba". ABC News.
190. "Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories." New York: Anti-Defamation League, 2003. p. 1
191. "Muslim-Jewish-Christian Alliance for 9/11 Truth".
192. ""No Planes and No Gas Chambers"".
193. "Holocaust Denial Versus 9/11 Truth".
194. The Mitzvah To Remember (09/05/2002) Gary Rosenblatt, August 3, 2007
195. The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman 1 October 2003
196. The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue January 2005
197. Cashman, Greer Fay (2002-09-12). "Five Israeli victims remembered in capital". The Jerusalem Post. The Jerusalem Post. p. 3. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
198. The case of the missing 4000 Israelis: Truth, hoax, or urban legend? A little bit of all three Nov 29, 2001 (last updated, Aug 29 2004)
199. UJC Statement: IsraelNOW and Forever Solidarity Rally September 12, 2001
200. Haaretz.com – 5 Israelis detained for `puzzling behavior' after WTC tragedy
201. Five men detained as suspected conspirators Paulo Lima, September 12, 2001
202. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. June 21, 2002
203. Sanders, Doug. "U.S. arrests of Israelis a mystery." The Globe and Mail, Dec. 17., 2001.
204. "Ma'ariv Israeli newspaper, 23.11.01".
205. Israeli security issued urgent warning to CIA of large-scale terror attacks David Wastell 15/09/2001
206. "Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive: Suspicious Visitors to Federal Facilities (archived at Internet Archive".}
207. "Archive.org link to Fox News.com: Suspected Israeli Spies Held by U.S."
208. "Telegraph.co.uk: US arrests 200 young Israelis in spying investigation".
209. "Salon.com: The Israeli "art student" mystery".
210. "Sunday Herald (UK) via Internet Archive: Were they part of a massive spy ring which shadowed the 9/11 hijackers and knew that al-Qaeda planned a devastating terrorist attack on the USA?".
211. Le Monde (Paris) March 5 2002
212. "Bush: No Saddam Links To 9/11 CBS News".
213. "Bush ties Al Qaeda in Iraq to Sept. 11 Los Angeles Times July 25, 2007".
214. "No Evidence Connecting Iraq to Al Qaeda, 9/11 Panel Says Dan Eggen Washington Post".
215. "GOP lawmaker: Saddam linked to 9/11 CNN".
216. Iraq Linked to 9-11 and Oklahoma City BombingWes Vernon, NewsMax.com, Sept. 9, 2002
217. The Iraq Connection: Was Saddam involved in Oklahoma City and the first WTC bombing? Micah Morrison, September 5, 2002
218. NEWSWEEK Poll Conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International June 23, 2007
219. 11.September - an innsidde jobb?, Norwegian edition of Le Monde diplomatique, July 2006. See also English translation: Kim Bredesen, Was 9/11 an inside job? and other links
220. * Template:Fr icon Pour le Monde diplomatique norvégien, le 11 septembre est un complot intérieur US, Voltaire Network * Template:Es icon El 11 de septiembre fue un complot interno estadounidense, estima la prensa noruega
221. *Template:En icon Distractions from awful reality - US: the conspiracy that wasn’t, by Alexander Cockburn in Le Monde diplomatique, December 2006 *Template:Fr iconScepticisme ou occultisme? Le complot du 11-Septembre n’aura pas lieu, by Alexander Cockburn in Le Monde diplomatique, December 2006 *Template:Ir icon Iranian translation *Template:Pt icon PODERES IMAGINÁRIOS - A "conspiração" das Torres Gêmeas
222. Debunking the Myths of 9/11, by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, CounterPunch, November 28, 2006
223. Grossman, Lev. (2006) Time.com – Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away
224. The CIA couldn't have organised this... 08/09/2006
225. The Daily Telegraph "Virgin's 9/11 Farce"
226. The History Channel "9/11 Fact or Fiction"
227. Walch, Tad (2006). "Controversy dogs Y.'s Jones". Utah news. Deseret News Publishing Company. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
228. Shermer, Michael (2005). "Fahrenheit 2777". Skeptic. Scientific American, Inc. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
229. ^ Rothschild, Matthew (October 1, 2006). "Enough conspiracy theories, already". The Progressive.
230. Laucius, Joanne (November 26, 2004). "The coincidental cash value of conspiracy theories: Theorists 'make the unexplainable explainable' and, in the case of works like The Da Vinci Code, make a fair bit of money". Ottawa Citizen.
231. Shermer, Michael (June, 2005). "Fahrenheit 2777, 9/11 has generated the mother of all conspiracy theories". Scientific American. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
232. "Debunking The 9/11 Myths - Mar. 2005 Cover Story". Popular Mechanics. March, 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
233. Carroll, Robert Todd (March 30, 2006). "Mass Media Bunk - 9/11 conspiracies: the war on critical thinking". The Skeptic's Dictionary.
234. Bollyn, Christopher (March 4, 2005). "9/11 and Chertoff". Associated Free Press.
235. Sullivan, Will (September 3, 2006). "Viewing 9/11 From a Grassy Knoll". Us News.
236. "Debunking The 9/11 Myths blog". Popular Mechanics.
237. Cziesche, Dominik, Jürgen Dahlkamp, Ulrich Fichtner, Ulrich Jaeger, Gunther Latsch, Gisela Leske, and Max F. Ruppert (September 8, 2003). "Panoply of the Absurd". Der Spiegel.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
238. Griffin, David Ray. Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1566566865.
239. Grossman, Lev (September 3, 2006). "Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away". Time Magazine.

Books

• Begin, Jeremy (2007). Fighting for G.O.D. (Gold, Oil, and Drugs). Trine Day Press. ISBN 978-0-9777953-3-8.
• Barkun, Michael (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23805-2.
• Broeckers, Mathias (2006). Conspiracies, Conspiracy Theories, and the Secrets of 9/11. Progressive Press. ISBN 0930852230.
• Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center.
• Editors of Der Spiegel (2002). Inside 9-11: What Really Happened. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30621-0. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
• Editors of Popular Mechanics. Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts. ISBN 1-58816-635-X. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
• Griffin, David Ray (2007). Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566566865. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
• Griffin, David Ray (2006). 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Vol. 1. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566566592.
• Griffin, David (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566565847.
• Griffin, David Ray. The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11. ISBN 1566565529. Retrieved 2007-07-26. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Johnston, Patrick, S. (2006). Mission Accomplished (Novel). Dog Ear. ISBN 1-59858-244-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Laurent, Eric (2004). La face cachée du 11 septembre. Plon. ISBN 2-259-20030-3.
• Marrs, Jim (2006). The Terror Conspiracy: Deception, 9/11 and the Loss of Liberty. Disinformation Company. ISBN 1932857435.
• Meyssan, Thierry (2002). 9/11: The big lie. Carnot Editions. ISBN 2912362733.
• Meyssan, Thierry (2003). Pentagate. USA Books. ISBN 1592090281.
• Morgan, Rowland. 9/11 Revealed: The Unanswered Questions. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393060411.
• Paul, Don. Waking up from our Nightmare: The 9/11 Crimes in New York City. ISBN 0-943096-10-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Ruppert, Michael. Crossing the Rubicon.
• Ridgeway, James. The Five Unanswered Questions About 9/11.
• Tarpley, Webster Griffin. 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA.
• Thompson, Paul (2004). The Terror Timeline. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Williams, Eric D. (2006). 9/11 101: 101 Key Points that Everyone Should Know and Consider that Prove 9/11 Was an Inside Job. Booksurge Publishing. ISBN 1419624288.
• Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. ISBN 037541486X.

External links

Final report of the "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" (9-11 Commission), chaired by Thomas H. Kean

• Kean Report

Cynthia McKinney's July 2005 Congressional Briefing on 9/11

• McKinney Briefing

June 1, 2001, directive from the Joint Chiefs of Staff changing rules on intercepting hijacked planes

• Joint Chiefs Directive

Conspiracy theories

Presentations of various conspiracy theories

Mainstream news organizations

• "Conspiracy Theories". CBC Television. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "9/11 conspiracy theorists energized Five years later, purveyors claim academic momentum". CNN.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• Gerrick Lewis. "'United 93' raises many questions". The Lantern.
• Lev Grossman. "Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away". Time magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
• James Renner. "Plan 9/11 From Cyberspace". Free Times.

Webpages

• "9-11 Research: An Attempt to Uncover the Truth About September 11th, 2001 (WTC 7)". Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "9-11 Review: A Resource for Understanding the 9/11/01 Attack". Retrieved 2006-11-25.
• "Alex Jones Infowars". Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "Former Top German Minister Rejects Official Story Of 911 Attacks". ratical.org. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "The "Patriots and 9/11" Trap". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
• "9/11 an Inside Job by H. Titan, Ph. D." Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "Information on 9/11 Wargames". oilempire.us. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "Scholars for 9/11 Truth". Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "9/11 Mysteries The show went to Hollywood!". Retrieved 2006-07-30. Movie on 9/11 questions
• "The WTC Conspiracy". Telepolis. Retrieved 2006-07-30. Template:De icon
• "Loose Change". Retrieved 2006-07-30. Film questioning the official account
• "The 9/11 Conspiracy: A Skeptic's View by Ernest Partridge". The Crisis Papers, commondreams.org. Retrieved 2006-07-30. Article sympathetic to LIHOP theories but skeptical of MIHOP theories
• "Picking Up Where Partridge Leaves Off: Conspiracy theorists Address a 9/11 Skeptic by Victoria Ashley and Jim Hoffman". Retrieved 2006-08-07. Pro MIHOP rebuttle to above article
• "Physics911.net". Retrieved 2006-09-11.
• "9/11 Conspiracy & Truth Movement News".
• Sifting Through Loose Change The 9-11 Research Companion to LOOSE CHANGE 2ND EDITION.
• "Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth!". Retrieved 2007-07-30.
• "Truth Seeker: A Public Collaboration in the Quest for Truth". Retrieved 2007-08-18.

Videos

• Video Collection and "9/11 VideoMashups Top 40 Charts"
• 911 Octopus: New World Order
• 9/11 Mysteries Part One: Demolitions
• 9/11: Press for Truth
• Loose Change
• September Clues
• The Great Conspiracy: The 9/11 News Special You Never Saw
• Template:Google video
• Template:Google video
• 911 Videos on Truthhub.com
• Template:Google video: L.A. Conference, Alex Jones, 2006-06-24.
• Template:Google video
• Template:Google video
• List of Online Videos
• Template:Google video: two speeches given by philosopher and theologist Dr. David Ray Griffin at The Commonwealth Club in San Francisco (4/3/06) and at The Grand Lake Theater in Oakland (3/30/06).
• High Resolution (700 MB) 911 Mysteries Video - Downloadable
• Template:Google video: Gore Vidal speaks very critically about today's US government, 9/11 official account, US media.
• Template:Google video - In his wide-ranging talk, Peter Dale Scott points out similarities that arise when you look at the assassination of JFK and the all events of 9/11. (COPA meeting in Dallas, Texas, November 18 2006)
• Template:Google video
• Call 911
• Zeitgeist, the movie, a video describing an elaborate scheme linking the Federal Reserve Bank, the Nazis, Vietnam, the Jesus myth hypothesis, RFID chips and several other themes to a 9/11 conspiracy.
• Gordon Ross

Blogs

• "911Movement". 911movement.org. Retrieved 2006-07-30. Latest news and research
• "911blogger". 911Blogger.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30. Latest news and research
• "Totally Fixed and Rigged Magazine". TotallyFixed.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2006-12-15. 9/11 Research and Critiques of 9/11 Media Coverage
• "9/11 Researchers: Open Resource for 9/11 Researchers".

Flight 93

• "How Did United Flight 93 Crash?". flight93crash.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "Flight 93 Ordered Shot Down". dcdave.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
• "Problems With the ASCE Report On The Pentagon Cast Further Doubt on 757 Account". bedoper.com. Retrieved 2006-07-30.

Debunking conspiracy claims

• Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Evidence against Controlled Demolition and its most widely held myths.
• Journal of Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories - free online publication dedicated to educating the public on the collapse of the three World Trade Center structures on September 11 2001.
• Why Do You Think They Fireproof Steel Trusses? If steel can't be affected by fire?
• Sorry Decky11, 9/11 was NOT an "inside job" The WTC towers showed telltale signs they were about to collapse several minutes before each crumbled to the ground.
• Indications of the Imminent Collapse of the World Trade Center Buildings Disprove Explosives Theory WTC Pre-Collapse Bowing Debunks 9/11 Controlled Demolition Theory
• 9/11 motives not what Bush claims, conspiracists think the "official story" is what Bush claims about hatred of freedoms Conspiracy theories ignore this.
• 9-11 Loose Change Second Edition Viewer Guide debunking of Loose Change and 9/11 conspiracy theories by Mark Roberts.
• Template:Google video - comedic documentary by Abby Scott and Ray Rivero on 9/11 conspiracy theorists who protest at Ground Zero.
• 911 Myths - articles by UK software developer and freelance writer Mike Williams on a wide range of 9/11 conspiracy theories.
• Alternet - When 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Go Bad - critical article on 9/11 conspiracy theories by David Corn.
• Anti-Defamation League - Unraveling anti-semitic 9/11 conspiracy theories
• Democracy Now! - The New Pearl Harbor - debate between David Ray Griffin and Chip Berlet.
• eSkeptic Newsletter - 9/11 Conspiracy Theories - article debunking several 9/11 conspiracy theories by Phil Molé.
• Facts about 9/11. Not Fantasy.
• Filibuster cartoons - The Truth About 911 - editorial cartoon mocking 9/11 conspiracy theories.
• Internet Detectives - Loose Change - point by point debunking of Loose Change.
• Left SanePeople
• Mike J. Wilson's 9/11 Report - computer animation of Flight 77's crash in the Pentagon.
• National Review Online - 9/11 Denial - article on Thierry Meyssan's L'Effroyable Imposture by James S. Robbins, a national-security analyst & NRO contributor.
• New York Magazine - The Ground Zero Grassy Knoll - critical article on 9/11 conspiracy theories by Mark Jacobson.
• Pointless waste of time - Did the U.S. government plan and execute the 9/11 attacks? - satirical article on Loose Change and 9/11 conspiracy theories.
• Popular Mechanics - Debunking The 9/11 Myths - examines the evidence and consults the experts to refute the most persistent conspiracy theories of September 11.
• Scientific American - 9/11 has generated the mother of all conspiracy theories - article skeptical of 9/11 conspiracy theories by Michael Shermer.
• Screw Loose Change blog - blog covering 9/11 conspiracy theories and 9/11 Truth Movement by James B. and Pat.
• Screw Loose Change video - counter-video of Loose Change 2nd Edition by Mark Iradian.
• Snopes.com - Hunt the Boeing! - debunks the claims of the Hunt the Boeing! website.
• The Best Page in the Universe - There is no 9/11 conspiracy you morons. - argument against 9/11 conspiracy theories by popular Internet humorist Maddox.
• The Nation - The 9/11 X-Files - critical article on 9/11 conspiracy theories by David Corn. Focuses on Michael Ruppert and Delmart Vreeland.
• Time - Setting the Record Straight - debunking of several 9/11 conspiracy theories by Coco Masters.
• Why the 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Won't Go Away - critical article about 9/11 conspiracy theories by Lev Grossman
• EVIDENCE AND AFTERMATH - A study of the primary source evidence against conspiracy.
• U.S. Department of State - How to Identify Misinformation
• U.S. Department of State - September 11 Conspiracy Theories - links to refutations of various 9/11 conspiracy theories.
• WhatDIDN'Treallyhappen.com - strong focus on refuting Michael Ruppert's timeline.
• Project 911 focuses on the facts, not theories of 911
• U.S. Gov Web Page

v t e 9/11 conspiracy theories
Key topics	Advance-knowledge conspiracy theories Opinion polls 9/11 truth movement World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
Groups	Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth Million Muslim March
Film and TV	911: In Plane Site A Few Days in September Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura Loose Change "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce" Zeitgeist
Books	9/11: The Big Lie American Conspiracies Among the Truthers Debunking 9/11 Myths The CIA and September 11 The New Pearl Harbor The Terror Timeline
Category

• Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2007
• Alternative theories of September 11, 2001 attacks
• Conspiracy theories
• False flag operations
• September 11, 2001 attacks
• Urban legends