This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Alice (talk | contribs) at 04:45, 29 October 2007 (→Geography: removing duplicate internal linking to New Zealand). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 04:45, 29 October 2007 by Alice (talk | contribs) (→Geography: removing duplicate internal linking to New Zealand)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) For other uses, see Tokelau (disambiguation).| Tokelau | |
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Flag | |
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| Capital | None; each atoll has its own administrative centre. |
| Official languages | Tokelauan, English |
| Demonym(s) | Tokelauan |
| Government | Constitutional monarchy |
| • Head of State | Queen Elizabeth II |
| • Administrator | David Payton |
| • Head of Government | Kuresa Nasau |
| New Zealand territory | |
| • Tokelau Act | 1948 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 10 km (3.9 sq mi) (228th) |
| • Water (%) | negligible |
| Population | |
| • 2007 estimate | 1,449 (219th) |
| • 2006 census | 1,466 |
| • Density | 115/km (297.8/sq mi) (86th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 1993 estimate |
| • Total | $1.5 million (227th) |
| • Per capita | $1,035 (not ranked) |
| Currency | New Zealand dollar (NZD) |
| Time zone | UTC-11 |
| Calling code | 690 |
| ISO 3166 code | TK |
| Internet TLD | .tk |
| Some data from the World Factbook (2004). 1. Tuhiga Igoa o te 2006 - 2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings. The Census population figure of 1,466 includes 392 usual residents of Tokelau who were absent on census night. | |
Tokelau (IPA: ) is a non-self-governing colonial territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. The United Nations General Assembly includes Tokelau on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories that have not completed the process of decolonization.
According to the CIA list of countries by GDP (PPP), the one and a half thousand Tokelauans have the smallest economy of any country in the world.
Until 1976, the official name was Tokelau Islands and they are occasionally referred to by Westerners by an older colonial name: The Union Islands.
Etymology
The name Tokelau is a Polynesian word meaning "north wind", a traditionally used name for the islands. The islands were officially named the Union Islands and Union Group at unknown times. Tokelau Islands was adopted in 1946, which was contracted to Tokelau on December 9, 1976.
Geography
Tokelau comprises three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between 171° and 173° W longitude and 8° and 10° S latitude, approximately midway between Hawaii and New Zealand. They lie about 500 km north of Samoa.
The islands are Atafu (at one time known as the Duke of York Group), Nukunonu (also the Duke of Clarence Group), and Fakaofo (once Bowditch Island). Between them they comprise a land area of 10.8 km². They have no ports or harbours. Tokelau lies in the Pacific typhoon belt.
- Geographic locations of Tokelau's atolls
- Atafu: 8°33′6″S 172°30′3″W / 8.55167°S 172.50083°W / -8.55167; -172.50083
- Nukunonu: 9°10′6″S 171°48′35″W / 9.16833°S 171.80972°W / -9.16833; -171.80972
- Fakaofo: 9°21′55″S 171°12′54″W / 9.36528°S 171.21500°W / -9.36528; -171.21500
Territorial claim
A fourth island that is culturally, historically and geographically — but not politically — part of the Tokelau chain is Swains Island (Olohega), under United States control since about 1900 and administered as part of American Samoa since 1925. The island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the Guano Islands Act as were the other three islands of Tokelau, which claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega is again claimed as part of Tokelau, a claim which was surrendered in the same 1979 treaty in which a boundary was established between American Samoa and Tokelau.
History
Archaeological evidence indicates that the atolls of Tokelau — Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo — were settled about 1000 years ago, probably by voyages from Samoa, the Cook Islands and Tuvalu. Oral history traces local traditions and genealogies back several hundred years. Inhabitants followed Polynesian mythology with the local god Tui Tokelau; and developed forms of music (see Music of Tokelau) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island", held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on fish and coconut.
Western discovery and contact
Commodore John Byron discovered Atafu on 24 June 1765 and named it "Duke of York's Island". Parties onshore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants. Captain Edward Edwards, in knowledge of Byron's discovery, visited Atafu on 6 June 1791 in search of the mutiny on the Bounty. There were no permanent inhabitants, but houses contained canoes and fishing gear, suggesting the island was used as a temporary residence by fishing parties. On 12 June 1791, Edwards sailed southward and discovered Nukunonu, naming it "Duke of Clarence's Island". A landing party could not make contact with the people but saw "morais", burying places, and canoes with "stages in their middle" sailing across the lagoons.
On 29 October 1825, August R. Strong of the U.S.N Dolphin wrote of his crew's arrival at the atoll Nukunonu, "Upon examination, we found they had removed all the women and children from the settlement, which was quite small, and put them in canoes lying off a rock in the lagoon. They would frequently come near the shore, but when we approached they would pull off with great noise and precipitation." (The Journal of the South Pacific, 110 (3), pp.296).
On 14 February 1835, Captain Smith of the United States whaler General Jackson records discovering Fakaofo, calling it "D'Wolf's Island". On 25 January 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited Atafu and discovered a small population living on the island. The residents appeared to be temporary, evidenced by the lack of a chief and the possession of double canoes (used for inter-island travel). They desired to barter, and possessed blue beads and a plane-iron, indicating previous interaction with foreigners. The expedition reached Nukunonu on 28 January 1841 but did not record any information about inhabitants. On 29 January 1841, the expedition discovered Fakaofo and named it "Bowditch". The islanders were found to be similar in appearance and nature to those in Atafu.
From 1845 to the 1860s, missionaries began introducing Christianity. French Catholic missionaries on Uvea and missionaries of the Protestant London Missionary Society in Samoa used native teachers to convert the Tokelauans. Atafu was converted to Protestantism by the London Missionary Society, Nukunonu was converted to Catholicism and Fakofo was converted to both denominations. Peruvian slave traders arrived in 1863 and took nearly all (253) of the able-bodied men to work as labourers. The men died of dysentery and smallpox, and very few returned to Tokelau. With this loss, the system of governance became based on the "Taupulega", or "Councils of Elders", where individual families on each atoll were represented. During this time, Polynesian immigrants and American, Scottish, French, Portuguese and German beachcombers settled, marrying local women and repopulating the atolls.
Government formation
In 1877, the islands were nominally included under the protection of Great Britain by an Order-in-council which claimed jurisdiction over all unclaimed Pacific Islands. Commander Oldham on HMS Egeria landed at each of the three atolls in June 1889 and officially raised the Union Flag, declaring the group a British protectorate. In 1916, they were annexed to the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, then transferred to New Zealand administration in 1926; abolishing the islands' chiefdoms. By the Tokelau Act of 1948, sovereignty over Tokelau was transferred to New Zealand. Defence is also the responsibility of New Zealand. However, the Tokelauans are drafting a constitution and developing institutions and patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves towards free association with New Zealand, similarly to Niue and the Cook Islands.
Politics
The head of state is Elizabeth II, the Queen in right of New Zealand, who also reigns over the United Kingdom (where she resides) and the other Commonwealth Realms. The Queen is represented in the territory by Administrator David Payton. The current head of government is Kuresa Nasau, who presides over the Council for the Ongoing Governance of Tokelau, which functions as a cabinet. The Council consists of the Faipule (leader) and Pulenuku (village mayor) of each of the three atolls. The monarch is hereditary, the administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand, and the office of head of government rotates between the three Faipule for a one-year term.
The Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono, a unicameral body. The number of seats each atoll receives in the Fono is determined by population — at present, Fakaofo and Atafu both have eight and Nukunonu has seven. Faipule and Pukenuku (atoll leaders and village mayors) also sit in the Fono.
On 11 November 2004, Tokelau and New Zealand took steps to formulate a treaty that would turn Tokelau from a non-self-governing territory to a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Besides the treaty, a UN-sponsored referendum on self-determination took place, with the three islands voting on successive days starting 13 February 2006. (Tokelauans based in Apia, Samoa, voted on February 11.) . Out of 581 votes cast, 349 were for Free Association, being short of the two-thirds majority required for the measure to pass. The referendum was profiled (somewhat light-heartedly) in the 1 May 2006 issue of The New Yorker magazine. A repeat referendum took place on October 20-24, 2007, again narrowly failing to approve self-government. This time the vote was short by just 16 votes or 3%.
Economy
Tokelau is not a wealthy community, with an annual purchasing power of about US$1,000 (€814) per capita. The government is almost entirely dependent on subsidies from New Zealand. It has annual revenues of about less than US$500,000 (€410,000) against expenditures of some US$2.8 million (€2.3 million). The deficit is made up by aid from New Zealand. Tokelau exports around US$100,000 (€80,000) of stamps, copra and handicrafts (woven and carved) annually and imports over US$300,000 (€245,000) of foodstuffs, building materials and fuel to and from New Zealand. New Zealand also pays directly for the cost of medical and education services.
A large number of Tokelauan people live in New Zealand and support their families in Tokelau by remittances.
Local industries include small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins, and fishing. Agriculture and livestock produces coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas, pigs, poultry and few goats.
Internet domain names
Main article: .tkTokelau has added 10% to its GDP through selling its domain name, .tk, to people around the world. However, to gain publicity, Tokelau gives most domain names under its authority away to anyone for free. Free domains are pointed to Tokelau nameservers that redirect HTTP traffic via HTML frames to a specified web page and redirects 5 email addresses to external addresses. Only paid domains get the option of using a different nameserver (enabling more services and disabling the web/email forwarding). This has allowed the nation to gain enhanced telecommunications technologies, such as more computers and Internet access for Tokelauan residents.
Demographics
Tokelau has fewer than 1,500 Polynesian inhabitants in three villages who speak Tokelauan and English. Their isolation and lack of resources greatly limits economic development and confines agriculture to the subsistence level. The very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand, resulting in a population decline of about 0.9% per year. Depletion of tuna has made fishing for food more difficult.
On the island of Atafu, almost all inhabitants are members of the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa. On Nukunonu almost all are Roman Catholic. On Fakaofo, both denominations are present with the Congregational Christian Church predominant. The total proportions are: Congregational Christian Church 62%, Roman Catholic 34%, other 5%.
While slightly more females than males live on Atafu and Fakaofo, males make up 57% of Nukunonu residents. Only 9% of Tokelauans aged 40 or more have never been married. One quarter of the population were born overseas; almost all the rest live on the same atoll they were born on. Most households own 5 or more pigs.
Miscellaneous topics
Each atoll has a school and hospital. The health services has a Director of Health based in Apia and a Chief Clinical Advisor who moves from atoll to atoll as required to assist the doctors attached to each hospital. In 2007 there was not always a doctor on each island and locums were appointed to fill the gaps. Upcoming Tokelaun medical graduates should alleviate this shortage in the coming years.
Many Tokelauan youth travel to New Zealand to further their education and the ship is full around Christmas time with students returning home and then heading off for another year of study.
Tokelau has a radio telephone service between the islands and to Samoa. In 1997, a government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok) with three satellite earth stations was established. Each atoll has a radio-broadcast station that broadcasts shipping and weather reports and every household has a radio or access to one.
In September 2003, Fakaofo became the first part of Tokelau with a high-speed internet connection. The service is free for everyone. Foundation Tokelau finances the project.
Tokelau is served by the MV Tokelau, owned by the country, with the trip from Apia taking a little over a day. Ships load and unload cargo by motoring up to the down-wind (leeward) side of the islet where the people live and maintaining station, by intermittent use of engines, close to the reef edge so that a landing barge can be motored out to transfer cargo to or from the shore. On returning to shore, the barge negotiates a narrow channel through the reef to the beach. Usually this landing is subject to ocean swell and beaching requires considerable skill and, often, coral abrasions to bodies.
When bad weather prevents the barge making the trip, the ship stands off to wait suitable weather or goes off to one of the other atolls to attempt to load or unload its passengers or cargo, or both.
In late February and early March of 2005, Tokelau was struck and severely damaged by Cyclone Percy. It was stronger than forecast and stayed in the vicinity for longer than had been predicted. It coincided with a spring tide which put most of the area of the two villages on Fakaofo and Nukunonu under a metre of seawater. The cyclone also caused major erosion on several islets of all three atolls, damaging roads and bridges, and disrupting electric power and telecommunications systems. There was also significant and widespread damage to foodcrops including bananas, coconuts and pandanus. No one was seriously injured in the cyclone but villagers lost significant amounts of property.
The future for Tokelau depends on the height of the ocean. No significant land is more than two metres above high water of ordinary tides. This means Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to any possible sea level rises caused by global warming.
See also
References
- ^ "Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- "Fakaofo". Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- John Byron, John Samuel Wallis, Philip Carteret, James Cook, Joseph Banks (1773). An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for making discoveries in the southern hemisphere and successfully performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Carteret, Captain Wallis and Captain Cook in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour. pp. 132, 133. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ MacGregor, 30
- Sharp, Andrew (1960). The Discovery of the Pacific Islands. p. 164. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- Polynesian Society (N. Z.) (1961). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. p. 102. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ "Information Bulletin on Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- Nathaniel Bowditch (1773 – 1838) was an American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation.
- Charles Wilkes (1849). Voyage Round the World. p. 538. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- http://www.tokelau.org.nz/About_Tokelau/people.htm
- Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1965). The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 43. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ Tokelauan Council of Ongoing Governance - Governance of Tokelau
- "Fono decisions". Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- "Tokelau rejects self-rule". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- Parker, Ian (1 May 2006). "Letter from Polynesia: Birth of a nation?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - "Tokelau stays as NZ's last colony". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- "2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings" (PDF). 20 December 2006. pp. Table 2.5. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.3.1.
- Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.5.
- Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 3.2.
- Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 6.13.
External links
- History, culture, and economy of Tokelau
- Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government, executive branch of the government
- The Administrator of Tokelau, Tokelau website of the NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- Official Tokelau Travel and Information Service
- CIA World Factbook entry for Tokelau
- Open Directory Project— Tokelau ODP Tokelau category
Atoll links
09°10′S 171°50′W / 9.167°S 171.833°W / -9.167; -171.833
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