Misplaced Pages

Liancourt Rocks

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 211.108.10.9 (talk) at 12:50, 28 December 2007. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 12:50, 28 December 2007 by 211.108.10.9 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) "Dokdo" redirects here. For the former currency of Kutch, see Kutch kori.
Liancourt Rocks
Geography
LocationEast Sea
Coordinates37°14′30″N 131°52′E / 37.24167°N 131.867°E / 37.24167; 131.867Invalid arguments have been passed to the {{#coordinates:}} function 37°14′30″N 131°52′E / 37.24167°N 131.867°E / 37.24167; 131.867Invalid arguments have been passed to the {{#coordinates:}} function
Administration
South Korea
Demographics
Population43
Liancourt Rocks
Korean name
Hangul독도
Hanja獨島
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationDokdo
McCune–ReischauerTokto

The Liancourt Rocks Korean: Dokdo(독도/獨島) "solitary island") are a group of islets in the Sea of Japan, whose ownership is in South Korea. The name "Liancourt Rocks" comes from the French whaling ship Liancourt which charted the islets in 1849. Today, South Korea classifies the islets under jurisdiction of Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province.

Geography

Map of Liancourt Rocks.

The Liancourt Rocks are composed mainly of two islets, 150 meters apart (Nishi-jima and Higashi-jima in Japanese, Seodo and Dongdo in Korean; both literally meaning western island 西島 and eastern island 東島, respectively). The western islet is the larger of the two islets. Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs, volcanic rocks formed in the Cenozoic era. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land. In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are quickly eroding.

The total area of the islets is about 187,450 square meters (2,017,695 sq ft), with their highest point at 169 meters (554 ft) in the western islet. The western islet is about 88,640 square meters in area; the eastern islet about 73,300 square meters. Liancourt Rocks are located at about 131°52′ East longitude and about 37°14′ North latitude. The western islet is located at 37°14′31″N 131°51′55″E / 37.24194°N 131.86528°E / 37.24194; 131.86528 and the eastern islet is located at 37°14′27″N 131°52′10″E / 37.24083°N 131.86944°E / 37.24083; 131.86944. The islets are 217 km (135 mi) from mainland Korea and 250 km (150 mi) from mainland Japan. The nearest Korean territory (Ulleung-do) is 87 km (54 mi) away (can be visible on clear days) and the nearest Japanese territory (Oki Islands) is 157 km (98 mi) away.

The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 meters high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.

Economy and tourism

As of 2005, only 26 Japanese citizens have registered the islets as the location of their registry, while thousands of Koreans do the same. In 1999, South Korea requested the Japanese government refuse to permit new residents, but Japan responded that it could not "bar its residents from shifting census registration as the island is part of territory." At least two civilians are permanent residents. The Korean government allegedly subsidizes their living there in order to justify a claim of habitation.

There is a regular ferry service from Ulleung-do to Liancourt Rocks. There were 1,507 and 1,597 recorded tourists in 2003 and 2004 respectively. Due to their status as a nature reserve, special permits are required for tourists seeking to land on the islets rather than just circling them.

Although the islets themselves are barely habitable, the Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding them has rich fishing grounds and possible reserves of natural gas. As of 2006, the expected reserves have not been found. A wide variety of fish as well as seaweed, kelp, sea slugs, and clams are located around the islets. Major fishery catches in the area are squid, Alaskan pollock, codfish, and octopus. There are 102 species of seaweed, although many of these have no economic value.

Until relatively recently, this was one of the largest breeding grounds of sea lions (Zalophus californianus japonicus) and a good spot for hunting them and also a spot for Japanese fishermen to obtain abalone at the end of the Meiji period (1868–1912). Until the 1950s, sea lions were observed on Liancourt Rocks by voluntary guards.

There are approximately 37 South Korean police that guard the islets. Also, there are Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries personnel, and three lighthouse keepers living on the islets in rotation. In the past, several fishermen also lived there temporarily.

In 2005, the first recorded wedding ceremony was held on Liancourt Rocks. The South Korean couple chose the location to protest against Japanese territorial claims.

Climate

Due to its location and extremely small size, the Liancourt Rocks sometimes have harsh weather. At times, ships are unable to dock because of strong northwestern winds in winter. Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—1324 mm), with occasional snowfall. Fog is also a common sight. In the summer, southernly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about 10 degrees Celsius in spring, when the water is coolest. It warms to about 25 degrees Celsius in August.

Ecology

The islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss. About 80 species of plants, over 22 species of birds, and 37 species of insects have been recorded on the islets, in addition to the local maritime life. The islets are too small to have any significant amount of fresh water.

In the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted. Trees are required under international law for the islets to be recognized as natural islands rather than reefs.

The Liancourt Rocks were declared "Natural Monument #336" by South Korea in the 1990s. While home to some birds, the islets mostly provide temporary refuge for birds migrating elsewhere. They serve as a home to Fork-tailed Storm-petrel, Streaked Shearwater, and Black-tailed Gulls. The population of breeding birds counted on the rocks, however, has been declining in recent years.

In 1999, the islets were designated a special environmental protected area by the South Korean government. They predate any Korean volcanic islands.

It was announced in 2005 that three new genera and five new species of bacteria had been identified by ROK scientists in the waters off Liancourt Rocks while the scientific society requested the authors to restrain themselves from claiming the sovereignty in the scientific papers. The genera are Dokdonella koreensis, Dokdonia donghaenensis, and Donghae dokdoensis. The newly identified species are Virgilbacillus dokdoensis, Maribacter dokdoensis, Marimonas dokdoensis, Polaribacter dokdoensis,, Sphingomonas dokdonensis, Isoptericola dokdonensis, Porphyrobacter dokdoensis, Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis and Variovorax dokdonensis.

Strategic location

The islets are of importance not only for economic reasons, but also for military reasons . They have occasionally served a military purpose, such as a temporary watchtower during the Russo-Japanese War. The South Korean government has built a radar station and helicopter landing pad on the islets, enabling it to track foreign naval forces. The 37 police on the islets serve as armed guards.


The An Yong-bok incident

In the spring of 1693 about 40 Korean fishermen from Busan and Ulsan clashed with the Otani and Murakawa fishermen at Ulleung-do. Ahn Yong-bok (안용복) and Pak Eo-dun (박어둔) were captured and taken to the Yonago in the Tottri clan (modern-day Yonago city and Tottori Prefecture). An was detained in Otani's house in Yonago for two months, and investigated by the Tottori clan. The shogunate ordered to send them to the Nagasaki magistrate place, and to send them to Tsushima clan in addition. An was held hostage by the lord of Tsushima clan (So Yoshitsugu) again. When An was repatriated to Korea, the Tokugawa Shogunate demanded the prohibition of Koreans going to Ulleung-do. This led to diplomatic friction between Japan and Korea. After An was repatriated to Korea, he testified that "the Kanpaku (Imperial regent) of the Tokugawa Shogunate made a note that confirmed Ulleungdo as Korean territory and I was in possession of the note until I was seized en route to Korea by the lord of Nagasaki, where it was confiscated and I was held on the grounds of trespassing onto Japanese territory." Korean scholars allege as a fact this testimony; Japanese scholars, however, insist that this testimony is An's lie, because he did not go to Edo where the Shogunate lived, and the Shogunate demanded Koreans prohibited from going to Ulleung-do. As result of diplomatic negotiation, senior statesmens of shogunate issued the following instructions to the load of Tsuhima clan in January 1696 (translated into English):

1. Ulleungdo(Takeshima) is about 160-ri (640km) from Oki but only about 40-ri (160km) from Korea; therefore, it can be considered that Japanese Takeshima is same island as Korean Ulleungdo.
2. Japanese are forbidden henceforth to make passage to Takeshima for the Japan-Korea friendship because the island is useless.
3. The lord of Tsushima should communicate this to Korea.

Though Tottori clan reported to the shogunate that Takeshima does not belong to Inaba state (因幡) nor Hoki state (伯耆). There are no other islands belonging to the two states including Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Liancourt Rocks), the shogunate did not order a prohibition of Japanese going to Matsuhima (Liancourt Rocks). In the diplomatic negotiation between Japan (Tsushima clan) and the Chosun government, they never discussed the Liancourt Rocks.

In 1696, Ahn visited Japan again. Acording to a Japanese record which found in in May of 2005, the Bafuku is the investigation on Anyongbok who arrived in Hokishu in May 1696 via the Oki Islands. The document has a total of 15 pages. The fifth page records Anyongbok’s statement that Jasando (Usando) is Matsushima (松島) The last page records the eight provinces of Korea. The document specifically states that Takeshima (竹島 Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (松島 Liancourt Rocks) are part of Gangwan Province (江原道).

The principal retainer of the shogunate directed the Tottori clan to send him away because only the Tsushima clan has the right about diplomacy with Joseon. According to the Sukjong Sillok, Ahn testified as follows after he had banished from Tottori clan and returned to Joseon.

”I sailed to Ulleung-do and the Usando again with the company of sixteen fishermen, disguised as a naval officer, and clashed again with the Japanese at Ulleung-do. The Japanese said they were living on Matsushima and strayed onto Takeshima (Ullungdo) while fishing and would return. I fulminated at this, demanding to know why the Japanese were living on a Korean island. When I was arriving in Japan, I said to the lord of the Tottori clan that "though it was confiscated by the Tsushima clan, I got the Tokugawa Shogunate's edict that the both islands were Korean possessions before visit. When I said that I will appeal for this to the Kanpaku, the lord of Tsushima clan came to Tottori and he entreated me to stop it.”

The Joseon government answered the Tsushima clan about the An Yong-bok incident by oral as follows.

He(Ahn) is the stupid people. Even if he does something, a Joseon government is unrelated.

In addition, a Joseon government told Japan not to admit Ahn's activity in Japan with an official document in March, 1698. It was being written in the document as follows.

His(Ahn's) petition is guilty of the lie. Therefore, he was imprisoned.

Following the diplomatic spat in the seventeenth century, the Sangoku setsujozu ("A Map of Three Adjoining Countries"), a map attached to the Sangoku tsuran zusetsu ("An Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries") was compiled by Hayashi Shihei and published in 1785. The map shows international boundaries and foreign countries in different colors: Korea is depicted in yellow and Japan in green. On the map are two islets; Ulleung-do is identified as 'Takeshima' and another island adjacent to it is unidentified. A Korean researcher believes that the unidentified island is the Liancourt Rocks. A Japanese researcher claims that the unidentified island is Jukdo. According to the map, the drawings are characters inscribed "Korea's possessions.

In the Dainihonzu ("Map of Great Japan"), another map attached to An Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries, Hayashi also treated Ulleungdo and the Liancourt rocks as Korean territory in an explanatory note. In the latter part of the 18th century, a Japanese geographer made a map called Soezu ("A Complete Illustrated Map") which uses colors to distinguish national borders and territories: Korea in yellow and Japan in red. These islands were not identified by name, but are shown in yellow in their accurate positions and described as "Korea's possessions."

The Joseon government regularly executed the inspection of Ulleung-do after the An Yong-bok incident. The Korean scholar is claiming that Liancourt Rocks was inspected too. However, The Japanese scholar is pointing out that there is no information about Liancourt Rocks in reports of inspections of Ulleung-do at all.

Bak Chang-seok went to Ulleung-do in 1711 as a inspector. The stone monument that he put up on Ulleung-do still remains. He also made a Ulleung-do's map. and this map was sealed by Bibyeonsa(a border security organization of Joseon government). The Usan-do is drawn in the map, and labeled as "groves of haejang bamboo". Though the bamboo can't grow up on Liancourt Rocks, it grows on the Juk-do. Therefore, the Japanese scholar claims that this official map proves Usan-do is Juk-do.

In 1735 a Gangwon Provincial Governor reported to the King of Joseon, "A survey of Ulleung-do has found that the land is wide and fertile, and there are signs that people have lived there. Also, to its west is Usando, which is also wide." Liancourt Rocks is small islets in the east of Ulleung-do. Anyway, from this time, Liancourt Rock became in Korea's territorial area.

Other maps and records

  • Chosen Hachido-no Zu (1758) depicts Ulleung-do and Usan-guk (state) on one big island within Korean territory. Korean scholars insist that the Liancourt rocks are comparised in this one island. Japanese insist that only Ullengdo is drawn in this map.
  • Sangoku Tsuran Yochi Rotei Zensu (1785) depicts as Korean territory a small island located next to Ulleung-do. Korean scholars believe this to depict the Liancourt rocks, but Japanese scholars believe it corresponds to Juk-do.
  • Dae Dong Yeo Ji Do (1861), depicts one island. Korean scholars insist that the Liancourt rocks are comprised in this island. Japanese insist that only Ullengdo is drawn in this map.

In 1849, a French whaler from Le Havre by the name of Le Liancourt, named the islets "Rochers de Liancourt" in 1849. In 1854, the Russians called them the "Manalai and Olivutsa Rocks" upon their first sighting and, in 1855, the English started calling them the "Hornet Rocks."

The inconsistent use of the names "Takeshima" and "Matsushima" in Japanese documents leaves room for dispute. Most Japanese documents and maps after 1905 use the name Takeshima or place the islets in Korean territory outright under the title Dokdo, while pre-1905 documents tend to use Takeshima, Matsushima, or entirely exclude the islets.

In 1869 a the new Meiji government sent a Japanese diplomatic mission to Korea to gather information and establish relations. Their report included information about Takeshima and Matsushima. It reads as follows:

竹島松島朝鮮附屬 "How Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima became Korean Possessions"
"..Matsushima (松島) is a neighbor island of Takeshima (竹島) and there is no document on file by the shogunate concerning this island. 2. The island of Takeshima (Ulleungdo) was settled by the Korean people after the 1690s but it now has become uninhabited…"

Some Japanese scholars maintain the Matsushima (松島) in this document refers to a different island due to possible mapping errors of this era.

In 1877, the Japanese Dajokan (Council of State) issued the following ruling, (translated into English):

In response to the compilation of the cadastre for Takeshima and another island in the Sea of Japan per Home Office Inquiry.
Knowing that our country has nothing to do with them as the result of the communication between our old government and that country involved after the entry into the island by the Koreans in the fifth year of the Genroku, and having examined the view stated in the inquiry, the following draft instruction has been made for deliberation and sanction.
Draft Introduction-
In reference to Takeshima and another island, it is to be understood that our country has nothing to do with them.

On October 25 1900, the Korean Empire issued Korean Government Imperial Ordinance 41, incorporating the islands of Ulleung-do, Juk-do (죽도 竹島), and Seok-do (석도 石島) into Ulleung County. The Korean government regards "Seok-do" as the island they now call Dok-do because 石島(Seok-do) is pronounced "Dok-do" in the Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialects. Article ・ of the ordinance designated Taehadong as the kun office venue and defined the jurisdiction of the Uldo country magistrate as extending over the whole of Ulleung-do, Juk-do, and Seok-do. Here Juk-do refers to Jukseo-do, a rocky islet adjoining Ullungdo that was confirmed by Yi Kyu-won in his diary during an inspection trip there.

A majority of the people who settled on Ulleungdo were from Jeolla Province. In the dialect of that region dol (meaning rock; seok or 石 in Hanja) is pronounced as dok, thus dol-seom (돌섬 literally rocky island) becomes dok-seom. As a result the government registered the island as Seok-do or 石島 in the Chinese writing system—the preferred method of transcription- which had remained official (as was Latin under the Roman Empire and French after the Norman conquest in Great Britain) even after the creation of Hangul as the indigenous Korean alphabet in 1447.

Similar cases can be found not only in the names of islands but also those of valleys. This is especially true for the southern regions of Korea. In some cases Dok-seom is pronounced Dokdo and is written with the Chinese characters 獨島. The sound dok or dol is the Chinese character 獨, and 島 is the Chinese character for island—namely, som or to.

Although the government adopted the name of Seok-do for the rocks when the ordinance came into effect, the residents of Ullungdo called the island either Seok-do or the rocks. During the Russo-Japanese war the Japanese warship Niitakago was sent to Ulleungdo to investigate the area in preparation for the building of a watchtower on the Liancourt rocks in 1904. The deck log of Niitakago recorded that Korea wrote the islets as 'Dokdo (獨島)'

Japan, however, makes use of the inconsistency of terms used for the islands and claims that Korea is short of evidence that makes "Seok-do" "Dokdo". Some Japanese researchers claim Seok-do to be a different island now called Gwaneum-do (관음도) and that the Korean government did not regard the Liancourt rocks as its territory at the time.

The 1904–1905 Russia~Japan War and Liancourt Rocks

On February 8th 1904 the Japanese Navy opened a surprise attack on Russian boats Varyag and Korietz anchored in Chemulpo (Incheon). Their troops continued to advance into Seoul and after weeks of continued intimidation and manipulation, the Koreans signed the February 24th, Japan-Korea Protocol. The protocol allowed the Japanese to occupy strategic areas of Korea. Immediately the Japanese Army and Navy began constructing military observation and communications posts on all strategic coastal and island locations of Korea. These areas included: Uldo Island, Cheju Island, Udo, Hongdo, Palpo, Wonsan, Jukpyeon, Ulsan, Jinae, Geomun Island, Baekryoeng Island, Ulleung Island, Pohang, and Pusan.

On September 25th 1904 the Japanese Warship Niitaka was involved in telegraph construction on Matsushima (Ulleungdo) and reported "…Korean's call Liancourt Rocks Dokdo and Japanese fishermen call them Riangko.." It was also reported that "..the East Islet was low and flat, thus suitable for constructing military buildings…"

The Japanese Warship Tsushima was issued special directive #276 on November 13th 1904. It included three instructions: a)Inform of the test of the wireless telegraph communications of Takasaki Mountain (on Oki Island) along with the test technician. b)Survey Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo Island) for its suitability for telegraph installation (not wireless telegraph) c)Dispatch workers and materials for Matsushima, (Ulleungdo) Jukpyeon, and Cape Ulsan watchtowers.

On the morning of November 20th 1904 Vice Commander Yamanaka Shibakichi of the Tsushima surveyed Liancourt Rocks and concluded with some difficulty a watchtower could be constructed on Liancourt's East Islet. His survey of Liancourt Rocks was forwarded to the Director of the Japanese Navy's Hydrographic Department on January 5th of 1905.

The Japanese Navy drafted a plan on May 30, immediately following the Battle of Tsushima on May 27-28 1905, and on June 13 instructed the warship Hashitade to go to the island for a further detailed survey. The Navy thus setup a plan for comprehensive facilities in the Sea of Japan including Ullungdo and Takeshima on June 24 of the same year. The plan called for (1) the construction of a large watchtower on the northern part of Ullungdo (nine men to be posted) and a wireless telegraphic station, (2) the construction of the long-pending watchtower on Takeshima/Tokdo (to be manned by four men), (3) the watchtowers of the two islands to be linked by underwater cables which are to be extended to the watch-tower on Oki Island.

Japan's 1905 Shimane Incorporation of Liancourt Rocks

During the Russo-Japanese War and increasing Japanese influence over Korea, Takeshima was proclaimed a part of Shimane prefecture in Japan under the doctrine of terra nullius (although this presumption is no longer mentioned in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs following the release of Korean Imperial Ordinance 41) on January 28, 1905. The Koreans were not notified of the annexation until March 23 1906, when Korea had already become a Japanese protectorate under the Protectorate Treaty of 1905 and thus had no power to protest the Japanese government's actions.

Upon learning the Japanese had incorporated Liancourt Rocks, Ulleungdo Governor Shim Heung Taek sent the following memorandum to the central government on Lunar March 5th 1906:"Dokdo belonging to this county is located in the sea 100 ri from this county. A Japanese steamship moored at Todongp'o in Udo on the 4th day of the month about 8:00 a.m and a group of Japanese Officials came to my office and said, "We came to inspect Dokdo since it is now Japanese territory…"

Afterwards the Daehan Governor Responded:"Order No.3 by the Daehan Empires Governor I have read this report. Their word that Dokdo has become Japanese territory is a totally unfounded allegation, recheck the island and action of Japanese people…"

The Korean newspaper Daehan Maeil Shinbo also sharply criticized the Japanese incorporation of Takeshima on May 1st 1906 stating:"The Domestic Affairs office stated "It is not unusual for those Japanese Officials to inspect Ulleungdo Island while they were traveling in the area. However their claiming Dokdo as Japanese territory does not make sense at all. We find the Japanese claim shocking…"

The South Korean government claims this incorporation is invalid because it was done covertly. Japan, on the other hand, claims it was not done secretly and was reported in newspapers and that it does not violate any international laws.

Korean scholar claims as follows. Notably, however, the Japanese did not contact other countries of its annexation of the Liancourt rocks as it did with the acquisition of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands in the Pacific, when it contacted Great Britain and the U.S. several times, which were only remotely involved in them, as well as notified 12 European countries of its establishment of control over the islands. (In any case, the previously-held claim of terra nullius creates a contradiction in the Japanese argument: if the islands had been Japanese territory since 1618, the terra nullius policy would have been incorrect, while if the terra nullius policy had been right, the Japanese claim of historical ownership over the islets would be void.)

However, Japanese occupation case is not only Ogasawara at that time. Another Korean scholar investigated seven cases about Japanese occupation of the island and concluded that Liancourt Rocks's incorporation procedure by Japan was the same as the other cases. In addition, he pointed out that the incorporation of Japan was not contradicted in International Law. A Japanese scholar claims that most scholar of International Law at that time and judicial precedents assume that there is no notification obligation.


The Cairo Conference of 1943 stated that "Japan will be expelled from all territories which she has taken by violence and greed ." Japan argues that Liancourt Rocks are an integral part of Japanese territory and do not fall within the Cairo Declaration's definition of territories taken by greed, whereas Korea argues that the islets falls under this definition. This occupation was totally illegal and invalid.


See also

References

  1. ^ Korea.net (1999–2006). Dokdo: A Profile. Retrieved 9 January, 2006.
  2. ^ Gyongsangbuk-do (2001). Cyber Dokdo. Retrieved 9 January, 2006.
  3. ^ Geography of Dokdo truthofdokdo.or.kr, retrieved 2007-08-21, 'Dokdo is composed of alkaline effusive rocks which erupted during the Cenozoic Era. Dokdo began to form about 4.6 million years ago'
  4. "독도, 일본보다 빠른 속도로 침몰하고 있다", The Korea Times, 2006/12/01. 손영관교수 `독도ㆍ울릉도 `침몰하고 있다``, JoongAng Ilbo, 2006/12/01.
  5. ^ Truth of Dokdo. Story of Dokdo. Retrieved 9 January, 2006.
  6. Template:Ja icon 衆議院議員岩國哲人君提出領有権問題の地域における戸籍・住民票登録等に関する質問に対する答弁書, 内閣衆質一六二第五五号, 平成十七年五月十七日 (Replies by the Cabinet of Japan to the interpellations by Congressman Tetsundo Iwakuni on Japanese family and residential registries in areas under territorial dispute #162-55, 2005-5-17). "本年五月一日現在、お尋ねの竹島に本籍を有する者の数は二十六名、... 竹島、尖閣諸島又は沖ノ鳥島を住所として住民票に記載されている者は存在しないものと承知している。"
  7. ^ Roger Dean Du Mars, "Address Registration Revives Islands Dispute". South China Morning Post, December 28, 1999
  8. Kim Tong-hyung, Dokdo Hosts First Civilians in a Decade, The Korea Times, 02-19-2006.
  9. Dokdo: Inhabitants and Visitors, Korean Overseas Information Service, May 27, 2005.
  10. See Cyber Dokdo.
  11. ^ Korea.net (1999–2006). Dokdo: Inhabitants and Visitors. Retrieved 9 January, 2006.
  12. Truth of Dokdo. Importance of Dokdo. Retrieved 9 January, 2006.
  13. Historically,Takeshima belongs to Japan, Shimane Prefectural Government, Japan
  14. (ko) "50년대 독도의용수비대가 활약할 당시만 해도 20∼30마리씩 떼를 지어 독도 연안에서 서식하는장면이 목격됐다. 독도의용수비대원이던 이규현씨 (82·울릉군 울릉읍 도동리) 는 "당시 독도에서 강치(바다사자) 무리를 간간이 볼 수 있었고, 울릉도 주민들은 이를 가재, 강치로 부르기도 했다"고 말했다." 독도에 바다사자 복원한다, The Kukmin Daily, 2006.02.02
  15. Tour 2 Korea Dokdo Tour. Retrieved 18 January, 2006.
  16. Names for bacteria find favor Korea, JoongAng Ilbo, June 09, 2005. Dokdonella koreensis, Dokdonia donghaensis and Maribacter dokdonensis Template:Ko icon `미생물 이름으로 `독도는 한국 땅` 알린다`, Yonhap/JoongAng Ilbo, 2005.06.09. 미생물에 `독도한국` `독도 동해` 명명, Yonhap/JoongAng Ilbo, 2005.06.10.
  17. ^ Template:Ja icon <ピープル>バクテリアで「独島は韓国領土」知らせるユン博士, JoongAng Ilbo, 2005.12.22. "しかし、科学界も日本の立場を考慮したせいか、論文に「独島が韓国領土」だと直接言及するのは自制してほしい、と要請した。"
  18. Template:Ko icon 신종 박테리아 찾아내 `자원 강국`의 꿈 이룬다, JoongAng Ilbo, 2007.03.22.
  19. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh Dokdonella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 145-150; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63802-0.
  20. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh Dokdonia donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 2323-2328; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63817-0.
  21. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh Donghaeana dokdonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 187-191; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63847-0.
  22. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee, Mi-Hwa Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh Virgibacillus dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from a Korean island, Dokdo, located at the edge of the East Sea in Korea, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 1833-1837; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63613-0.
  23. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh Maribacter dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from sea water off a Korean island, Dokdo, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 2051-2055; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63777-0.
  24. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh Marinomonas dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from sea water, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 2303-2307; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63830-0.
  25. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh Polaribacter dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 1251-1255; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63820-0.
  26. Jung-Hoon Yoon, Mi-Hwa Lee, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh Sphingomonas dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 2165-2169; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64114-0.
  27. Jung-Hoon Yoon, Peter Schumann, So-Jung Kang, Seo-Youn Jung and Tae-Kwang Oh Isoptericola dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 2893-2897; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64430-0.
  28. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Mi-Hwa Lee, Hyun Woo Oh and Tae-Kwang Oh Porphyrobacter dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from sea water, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 1079-1083; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63840-0.
  29. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Hyun Woo Oh and Tae-Kwang Oh Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 1363-1367; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64091-0.
  30. Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh Variovorax dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 811-814; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64070-0.
  31. "向後?不?候?二堅堅朝鮮表江被仰遣候?二御?元江被申越候?二と相模守申付候"
  32. See Japanese government reconfirms Dokdo and Uleungdo as Korean territories at the end of 17th century on the Cyber Dokdo site.
  33. See 鳥取藩政資料からみた竹島問題
  34. See
  35. Template:Jp icon "道程ノ儀相尋候ヘハ伯耆ヨリハ百六十里程有之 朝鮮ヘハ四十里程有之由ニ候 然ハ朝鮮國ノ蔚陵島ニテモ可有之候哉" See 公文??像. 明治十年三月 公文? ?務省之部一 日本海?竹島外一島地籍編纂方伺 一?.
  36. Template:Jp icon "?取ニ?リ候?ニテ無益島ニ候處此儀ムスホホレ年?ノ通交絶申候モ如何ニ候 御威光或ハ武威ヲ以テ申勝ニイタシ候テモ筋モナキ事申募リ候儀ハ不入事ニ候 竹島ノ儀元シカト不仕事ニ候 例年不?候" See 公文??像. 明治十年三月 公文? ?務省之部一 日本海?竹島外一島地籍編纂方伺 一?.
  37. Shimane Prefecture site on Takeshima
  38. 老中より「朝鮮国通用之儀」は対馬以外では取り上げない「御大法」であるので、国外へ追い返すよう指示が伝えられ、朝鮮人、鳥取より退去。
  39. New Destroyer to Be Named `An Yong-bok', Korean Times, March 28, 2005.
  40. Japan Twice Admitted Korean Sovereignty Over Dokdo, Digital Chosun Ilbo, March 4, 2005.
  41. 肅宗31卷 23年(1697年2月14日) "於漂風愚民, 設有所作爲, 亦非朝家所知
  42. 竹島紀事5巻 "若其呈書 誠有妄作之罪 故已施幽極之典(His petition is guilty of the lie. Therefore, he was imprisoned.)"
  43. See Korea's Possessions
  44. 竹島問題に関する調査研究 舩杉力修(prof. FUNASUGI)p194"その距離から現在の竹島ではなく鬱稜島の属島であると見られる。(It is thought that it is not present Liancourt Rocks but belonging islet of Ulleungdo from distance.)"
  45. http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_3.html#top
  46. 法学研究論集(studies in law) 第6号 濱田太郎(Ph. D. Hamada) p302 "掃討官の報告に竹島(独島)に関する具体的な記述がないことから見て、掃討官が竹島(独島)まで赴いていたとは言い難いと言わざるを得ない(Because there is no concrete description about Liancourt Rocks in the inspector's reports, it cannot be assumed that inspector had gone to Liancourt Rocks.)"
  47. 舩杉教授(Prof. Funasugi) "したがって韓国側が現在の竹島と主張する「于山島」は、朝鮮王朝作製のいわゆる官製地図において、現在の竹島でないことが明らかとなりました。(Therefore, it was clarified that Usan-do is not Liancourt Rocks by this public Joseon's map.)"http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/soumu/web-takeshima/takeshima04/takeshima04-1/takeshima04-d.html
  48. 備辺司謄録 英祖11年1月(1735年1月19日) "而聞鬱陵島 廣闊土沃 曾有人居基址 或有往來之痕 其西又有于山島 而亦且廣闊云矣"
  49. 舩杉准教授(Prof. Funasugi) p115 "1735年江原道監事による調査について述べられている。于山島は鬱稜島の西のほうにあり、土地が広く開けているとしているが(It states about the report of Gangwon Provincial Governor in 1735. Though, Usan-do in the weast of Ulleung-do and wide....) "
  50. See Chosen Hachido-no Zu, University of Tsukuba Library,.
  51. See Dae Dong Yeo Ji Do map
  52. See Korean Government Imperial Ordinance 41
  53. See Chosun
  54. KBS
  55. Template:Ja icon "松島ニ於テリアニコルド岩實見者ヨリ聽取リタル情報。リアンコル岩韓人之ヲ獨島ト書シ本邦漁夫等略シテリヤンコ島ト略稱セリ。 See . 軍艦新高行動日誌 二十五日(月) By 1904 Japanese Navy document
  56. See http://toron.pepper.jp/jp/take/hennyu/ishijima41.html
  57. See http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/page4.html
  58. See Cyber Dokdo.
  59. See Takeshima Position
  60. 国際法外交雑誌 第105巻第2号 2006年8月 朴培根(Prof. Park) p44 "国際法上の先占の要件を備えるために周密な国内手続きと形式を整えた。(To fill the requirement for occupation of International Law, Japan straightened a deliberate domestic procedure and the form. )" p46 "結論的に言って、他の島嶼の先占に比べ、竹島の先占に別に特異なところはなかった。(Consequentially, Takeshima's occupation by Japan did not have the difference compared with other cases."
  61. 国際法外交雑誌 第105巻第2号 2006年8月 朴培根(Prof. Park) p38 "したがって、竹島/独島に対する領域権原を近代国際法に照らして確実なものにするために日本が先占のような追加措置をすることは、近代国際法の観点から見ると論理的に可能であり、必ずしも意義のないことではない。(Therefore, to ensure title in International Law by additional measures similar to occupation is logically possible. And it is not meaningless.)"
  62. THE ACQUISITION AND GOVERNMENT OF BACKWARD TERRITORY IN INTERNATIONA LAW by M.F.Lindley P295 "These isolated special agreements, when taken into conjunction with the fact that, apart from the region dealt with in Article 34, notifications have been the exception rather than the rule, save to emphasize the point that such notifications were not required by general law."
  63. Palmas case "An obligation for the Netherlands to notify to other Powers the establishment of suzerainty over the Sangi States or of the display of sovereignty in these territories did not exist."
  64. 領土帰属の国際法 太壽堂鼎(Prof. Daijyudo) p145 "判例や学説の多数も、通告の必要を認めていない(Many of the judicial precedent and the theory do not admit the necessity of the notification.)"

External links

Official sites

Pro-Korea

Pro-Japan

Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
LandIslands and waters
  • 1: Divided among multiple claimants
Categories: