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Werewolf fiction is dominated by portrayals of men cursed to become wolves or wolfmen during the full moon. The process of transmogrification is portrayed in many films and works of literature to be painful. The resulting wolf is typically cunning but merciless, and prone to killing and eating people without compunction regardless of the moral character of the person when human. The form a werewolf takes is not always an ordinary wolf, but is often anthropomorphic or may be otherwise larger and more powerful than an ordinary wolf. Many modern werewolves are also supposedly immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to silver objects (usually a bullet or blade). This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involve lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like a disease by the bite of another werewolf.
Werewolves have been used in many movies, short stories, and novels, with varying degrees of success. The first feature film to use an anthropomorphic werewolf was Werewolf of London in 1935, not to be confused with the 1981 film of a similar title, establishing the canon that the werewolf always kills what he loves most. The main werewolf of this film was a dapper London scientist who retained some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation. The genre was also popularized by the classic Universal Studios movie The Wolf Man (1941), starring Lon Chaney Jr. as the werewolf Larry Talbot. This movie contained the now-famous rhyme: "Even a man who is pure in heart / And says his prayers at night / May become a wolf when the wolf-bane blooms / And the autumn moon is bright." This movie is often credited with originating several aspects of the legend which differ from traditional folklore (including invulnerability to non-silver weapons, contagiousness, and association with the moon).
More recently, the portrayal of werewolves has taken an even more sympathetic turn in some circles. With the rise of environmentalism and other back-to-nature ideals, the werewolf has come to be seen as a representation of humanity allied more closely with nature.
- A prime example of this outlook can be seen in the role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse in which players roleplay various werewolf characters who work on behalf of Gaia against the destructive supernatural spirit named Wyrm, who represents the forces of destructive industrialization and pollution.
- Author Whitley Strieber previously explored these themes in his novels The Wild (in which the werewolf is portrayed as a medium through which to bring human intelligence and spirit back into nature) and The Wolfen (in which werewolves are shown to act as predators of humanity, acting as a "natural" control on their population now that it has been removed from the traditional limits of nature).
- The novel Howling Mad by Peter David takes the unusual approach of featuring a wolf who has been bitten by a werewolf, becoming a "werehuman" as a result. The werehuman provides the reader with a unique perspective on human civilization.
- Joss Whedon's TV program Buffy the Vampire Slayer featured a likeable young werewolf, Daniel 'Oz' Osbourne, who often assisted Buffy in fighting evil while in human form, and had himself locked in a cage during the full moon.
- J.K. Rowling uses a werewolf named Remus Lupin, though distrusted in his world, in her Harry Potter series as the only competent Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher.
- The film Ginger Snaps made use of lycanthropy as an analogy for puberty.
- The Talisman by Stephen King and Peter Straub depicts werewolves as protectors in the world of The Territories. One particular werewolf (named Wolf, no less) helps the young Jack Sawyer on his journey to locate an ancient article of power.
Unsympathetic portrayals of Werewolves as monsters also continue to be common in popular culture.
- J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium also features werewolves. Tolkien's werewolves are not shapeshifters, but evil spirits in wolf-form. See: werewolves (Middle-earth).
- The movie Underworld features werewolves in a centuries-old feud with vampires. According to the plot, werewolves were subservient watchdogs for vampires until one werewolf led a rebellion in response to the death of his lover (who happened to be the daugther of a high-ranking vampire). Later in the film it is revealed that werewolves were persecuted by the vampires, under the pretext that the werewolves were dangerous and wild.
- Angela Carter's The Company of Wolves is a modern take on the story of Little Red Riding Hood in which the wolf is actually a werewolf.
- Werewolves are also featured in computer games, for example the 1995 Sierra On-Line game The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery.
Films
- Wolf Blood (1910) - Directed by George Cheseboro and George Mitchell.
- The Werewolf (1913) - Featured a Native American werewolf.
- WereWolf of London (1935) - First film to feature anthropomorphic werewolves.
- The Wolf Man (1941). The Universal classic starring Lon Chaney, Jr. Four sequels: Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).
- Cry of the Werewolf (1944)
- The Werewolf (1956)
- I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957) - Michael Landon portrayed the young man-wolf.
- The Teenage Werewolf (1959)
- The Curse of the WereWolf (1961)
- I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957).
- Lycanthropus (1962)
- Face of the Screaming Werewolf (1964)
- Dr Terror's House of Horrors (1965)
- Las Noches del Hombre Lobo (1968)
- Nympho Werewolf (1970)
- Werewolf of Washington (1973)
- The Beast Must Die (1974) (aka "Black Werewolf")
- La Lupa mannara (1976)
- An American Werewolf in London (1981) - A mix of horror and comedy, written and directed by John Landis.
- The Howling (1981) - Directed by Joe Dante, co-written by John Sayles, make-up by Rob Bottin. Six sequels so far.
- Wolfen (1981) - Starring Albert Finney, Gregory Hines and Edward James Olmos.
- The Wolfman (1982)
- Silver Bullet (1985) - Based on the novella Cycle of the Werewolf (1985) by Stephen King.
- Ladyhawke (1985)
- Teen Wolf (1985)
- Scooby Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988)
- Wolf (1994) - Starring Jack Nicholson and Michelle Pfeiffer.
- Bad Moon (1996)
- Werewolf (1996) (AKA Arizona Werewolf); used as a MST3K episode
- Ginger Snaps (2000)
- Dog Soldiers (2002)
- Underworld (2003) - Starring Kate Beckinsale. A sequel is planned for release in (2005).
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
- Van Helsing (2004) - Directed by Stephen Sommers, starring Hugh Jackman and Kate Beckinsale.
- Cursed (2005) - Directed by Wes Craven starring Christina Ricci. In addition to human werewolves, this film featured a Golden Retriever that became endowed with werewolf characteristics.
Literature
This section includes novels and short stories.
- Animals by John Skipp & Craig Spector
- The Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series by Laurell K. Hamilton features a number of werewolf characters.
- Bitten and Stolen by Kelley Armstrong
- Blood And Chocolate by Annette Curtis Klause
- Cycle of the Werewolf a graphic novel by Stephen King
- Darker than you Think, a werewolf classic by Jack Williamson dating to 1940.
- The Discworld series by Terry Pratchett features a number of werewolves in supporting roles, most notably Angua of the Ankh-Morpork Night Watch.
- Fool Moon by Jim Butcher
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling
- Howling Mad by Peter David
- Moon Dance by S.P. Somtow follows the immigration of a motley group of European werewolves to colonial America, where they confront disturbed human characters as well as Native American werewolves.
- The Silver Wolf, Night of the Wolf, and The Wolf King by Alice Borchardt follow the lives of several werewolves in ancient Rome and Ireland
- The Wild and The Wolfen by Whitley Strieber
- The Wolf's Hour by Robert R. McCammon
- The Talisman, co-written by Stephen King and Peter Straub, features werewolves, known simply as Wolfs, who inhabit the far western parts of a world parallel to America called the Territories and serve as royal herdsman or bodyguards.