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Darth Vader is a character in the fictional universe of the Star Wars franchise. In the original movie trilogy, he was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse and a series of stunt doubles, most notably Bob Anderson, while he was voiced by actor James Earl Jones. Darth Vader is one of the most iconic villains in film history and was ranked third on American Film Institute's 100 Heroes and Villains list.

In the original trilogy, the character is depicted as a formidable Dark Lord of the Sith and the brutal head enforcer of the Galactic Empire's rule across the galaxy. Darth Vader serves as the Sith apprentice of Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), using the dark side of the Force to mercilessly pursue the Jedi and the Rebel Alliance to the ends of the galaxy. The prequel trilogy recounts the heroic rise and tragic fall of Darth Vader's alter ego, Anakin Skywalker (Hayden Christensen). An old Anakin was portrayed by Sebastian Shaw at the end of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi.

Depiction

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Original trilogy

In the original Star Wars trilogy, which takes place 19 years after the events depicted in Episode III, Darth Vader is the primary antagonist: a dark, foreboding, and ruthless figure. Once a Jedi Knight named Anakin Skywalker, Darth Vader is now a cyborg Sith Lord. One of the pivotal rulers of the Empire, he is mercilessly trying to destroy the Rebel Alliance, which is waging a long and desperate war to free the galaxy from the Empire's evil clutches. Beginning with The Empire Strikes Back, Vader's leitmotif is composer John Williams' The Imperial March, which heralds the character's entrances in the mise en scène, underlining his powerful influence and strength.

A New Hope

Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, the first movie in the narrative chronology, features the character's first screen appearance. Vader is charged with recovering the stolen plans of the Death Star and finding the Rebel Alliance's secret base. He captures and tortures Princess Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher) and is present when Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin (Peter Cushing) vaporizes her home world of Alderaan. Shortly afterward, Vader fights a lightsaber duel against his former master, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness), who has arrived at the Death Star to rescue Leia; Vader kills Kenobi, turning him into a spirit in the Force. He then encounters Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) during a battle over the Death Star, and senses in him a great strength in the Force shortly before the boy destroys the battle station. Just as Vader is about to shoot Luke down, the Millennium Falcon, piloted by Han Solo (Harrison Ford), destroys Vader's wingman and sends him spinning into space.

The Empire Strikes Back

In Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, Vader has discovered that Luke Skywalker was the rebel who destroyed the Death Star and knows that Obi-Wan Kenobi attempted to train Luke. Since the discovery Vader has become obsessed with finding Luke and has devoted Imperial forces at his disposal to be used to find Luke. In a conversation with Emperor Palpatine (Clive Revill - original, Ian McDiarmid - special edition), it is revealed that Vader did not inform the Emperor previously of his intentions to find Luke, though the Emperor has discovered Luke's identity by other means. Vader convinces the Emperor that it would be best to capture Luke to turn him to the Dark Side of the Force, but says that he will kill Luke if he refuses to join the Dark Side. Vader does not tolerate any mistakes by his subordinate officers and personally murders the Admiral of Vader's fleet and later a captain of one of the fleet's Star Destroyers. After repeated failed attempts by his own forces, Vader seeks the help of bounty hunters, offering them a large reward if they can find the Millenium Falcon, eventually one of the bounty hunters, Boba Fett succeeds and tracks the ship to Bespin where Luke's friends Han, Leia, Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew), and C-3PO (Anthony Daniels) have arrived to seek refuge from the pursuing Imperial forces. Vader captures them to lure Luke via the Force into a confrontation. Luke, who has been partially trained by Yoda (Frank Oz), duels Vader, but is eventually defeated when Vader uses his lightsaber to sever Luke's right hand. Vader reveals his true identity as Luke's father and offers Luke the chance to help him overthrow Palpatine and claims that he knows that Palpatine has already foreseen the future overthrow. Vader offers Luke the opportunity for him to join him and the and "rule the galaxy as father and son". Luke refuses and allows himself to plummet from a weather platform to an uncertain fate. He is sucked into a garbage chute and rescued by Leia, Chewbacca, Lando and C-3PO. As Luke and the others escape, Vader and the Imperial forces make a final attempt to capture Luke as Vader's flagship pursues the Millenium Falcon, and in the end Luke and the others escape. Vader is left conflicted, he could not capture Luke and more importantly despite his ruthless ways, he could not bring himself to kill his own son as he had promised the Emperor.

Return of the Jedi

In Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Luke has nearly completed his Jedi training and learns from Yoda that Vader is indeed his father. Luke learns about his father's past from Obi-Wan's spirit, and also learns that Leia is his twin sister. On a mission to the forest moon of Endor, he surrenders to Imperial troops and is delivered into the hands of Darth Vader and the Emperor. Aboard the second Death Star being constructed in orbit, Palpatine tries to seduce Luke to the dark side of the Force. Luke resists the Emperor's appeals to his anger and threats to his friends, but viciously attacks Vader when he threatens to turn Leia to the dark side. Luke finally defeats Vader, severing his father's right hand; however, he controls his anger at the last minute, realizing that he is perilously close to suffering his father's fate.

The Emperor encourages Luke to kill Vader and "fulfill his destiny" by becoming Palpatine's new apprentice. Luke refuses and throws down his lightsaber. Enraged, Palpatine unleashes a torrent of Force lightning upon Luke. Luke begs his father for help; unable to stand the sight of his son's agony, Vader finally turns on his master, throwing him into the Death Star's reactor core, killing him. In the process, however, Vader is mortally wounded by the Emperor's Force Lightning. Moments from death, Vader begs his son to take off his breath-mask so he can look at Luke "with own eyes"; Luke complies, and, for the first time, father and son truly see each other. Rescued from the dark side, Anakin Skywalker admits that there is some good left in him; he dies redeemed. Luke escapes on a shuttle with his father's body as the Death Star explodes, destroyed by the Rebel Alliance. That night, Luke cremates his father's armor and, during the victory celebration on Endor's forest moon, Luke sees the redeemed spirit of Anakin Skywalker standing alongside the spirits of Obi-Wan and Yoda, all of them smiling.

Prequel trilogy

Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, the third prequel and sixth movie to be produced, features the character's earliest appearance in the fictional chronology.

Revenge of the Sith

The last episode of the prequel trilogy portrays Anakin Skywalker's fall to the dark side of the Force. In the closing days of the Clone Wars, Palpatine reveals himself to Anakin as the Sith Lord Darth Sidious and tempts him to join the dark side by promising that it will enable him to save his pregnant wife, Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), from dying in childbirth. Anakin eventually submits to the dark side and becomes Palpatine's apprentice, whom Palpatine dubs "Darth Vader". His first assignment is to assault the Jedi Temple and kill everyone inside, including children, paving the way for Palpatine to destroy the Jedi and form his Empire from the ashes of the Galactic Republic.

Vader then travels to the lava planet Mustafar, where Separatist leaders have gathered, and mercilessly slaughters them. There, Vader is surprised by the sudden appearance of Padmé, who has learned what her husband has done and begs him to go into hiding with her. Vader, mad with power, suspects her of betraying him. The appearance of Anakin's former teacher and friend, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), confirms in Vader's mind his suspicions about Padmé. In his anger, he uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness. Obi-Wan and Vader engage in a fierce, climactic lightsaber duel, from which Obi-Wan emerges victorious and Vader loses his limbs, slips close to the lava, and is nearly burned to death. Palpatine arrives in time to rescue his apprentice and transports him to Coruscant, where medical droids encase him in the black armored suit, mask, and respirator that make him recognizable as the iconic villain in the later films.

When Vader regains consciousness and asks for Padmé, Palpatine lies, claiming Vader killed her in the heat of his anger -- in reality, she dies of a broken heart after giving birth to their children, Luke and Leia. This breaks what remains of Anakin's spirit; he screams in torment, destroying the objects around him with the Force. He is last seen at Palpatine's side, where the two watch the construction of the Death Star.

Expanded Universe

Vader appears numerous times in Marvel Comics' Star Wars series. As chronicled in James Luceno's book Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader, Vader sheds his identity as Anakin Skywalker shortly after the events of Episode III. In the months afterward, he systematically pursues and kills the survivors of the Great Jedi Purge (except Obi-Wan and Yoda); in the process, he fully embraces his new identity as a Sith lord and disavows any connection to his former Jedi self. The novel also reveals Vader's plan to eventually overthrow Palpatine and rule the Empire himself, and that his primary motivation for betraying the Jedi Order was that he resented their supposed failure to recognize his power.

In the comic book Vader's Quest, he hires bounty hunters to bring him information about the pilot who destroyed the Death Star, ultimately meeting his son Luke for the first time. Later, in the Alan Dean Foster novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye (which takes place shortly after the events in A New Hope), Vader meets Luke for the second time and fights him in a lightsaber duel on Mimban. On Mimban, Vader is nearly defeated by Luke, who severs his right arm.

In The Star Wars Holiday Special, Vader searches for the Rebels responsible for the Death Star's destruction, almost thwarting Han and Chewbacca's goal of reaching Kashyyyk in order for Chewie to reach his family for Life Day.

Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy explains that Darth Vader is the first representative of the Empire to find the Noghri, a race with exceptional combat skills, whom he manipulated into serving as his personal commandos and revering him as their master. Vader later transferred their services to Grand Admiral Thrawn.

Video games

Vader appears in many Star Wars video games, with minor to major roles. He has a prominent role in the 1996 Shadows of the Empire multimedia project, including the video game, which takes place between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. In the story, Prince Xizor plots to overthrow Vader and take his place as the Emperor's second in command. The story also reveals that Vader knows there is some good left in him, and that he wishes to use the Force to return his physical appearance to that of his former self. Vader will be playable in the first level of The Force Unleashed, and the game's main character will be Vader's secret apprentice. Vader will also be a playable character in the Playstation 3 version of Soulcalibur IV from Namco.

Production and publication

Creation and concepts

The character's image was created when concept artist Ralph McQuarrie drew the opening scene where Vader and his stormtroopers board a Rebel ship. It was initially imagined that Darth Vader would fly through space to enter the ship, necessitating a suit and breathing mask. This equipment was later made permanent and incorporated in the story.

The iconic sound of the character's respirator breathing was created by sound designer Ben Burtt, who created the sound by recording himself breathing into a scuba regulator.

Darth Vader's costume is one of the areas in which Lucas' interest in feudal Japan -- in particular samurai warriors -- is most clearly manifested. According to Star Wars wardrobe master John Mollo, "Darth Vader's helmet started as a World War I German helmet".

Portrayals

David Prowse played the role of Darth Vader during filming of A New Hope. Prowse was originally given the choice between the roles of Chewbacca and Darth Vader, and chose the latter because he said "people would remember him." After filming, James Earl Jones was hired to read Vader's lines over Prowse's performance. This was in part due to Prowse's strong West Country accent. Producer George Lucas eventually chose Jones to provide Vader's voice for all the original trilogy films; Jones has since been closely identified with the role. In 1978, Jones returned as the voice of Darth Vader in The Star Wars Holiday Special, which used A New Hope footage of Prowse in the character's costume.

When National Public Radio commissioned writer Brian Daley to adapt Star Wars as a radio series, actor Brock Peters was hired to provide the voice of Darth Vader when James Earl Jones was not available.

The character of Darth Vader was also played by several stunt doubles, most notably fencing instructor Bob Anderson. Anderson handled all of Vader's fight sequences in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Mark Hamill, who portrayed Luke Skywalker in the original trilogy, noted in a 1983 interview in Starlog #72: "Bob Anderson was the man who actually did Vader's fighting. It was always supposed to be a secret, but I finally told George I didn't think it was fair any more. Bob worked so hard that he deserves some recognition. It's ridiculous to preserve the myth that it’s all done by one man."

Actor and former Industrial Light & Magic visual effects artist C. Andrew Nelson has also portrayed Vader at Lucasfilm events, in the Rebel Assault II and Dark Forces video games, and in footage filmed for the 1997 Special Edition releases of the original three Star Wars films. Nelson has also appeared as Vader on various television shows and in numerous commercials.

For Revenge of the Sith, Hayden Christensen, who played Anakin Skywalker in the preceding Attack of the Clones, wore the Vader armor rather than Prowse. However, as Christensen was shorter than Prowse, certain perspective trickery was used to make him seem as physically large as Prowse: a slightly scaled-down costume was created for him; the costume had extensions built into the boots and helmet; and some of the shots of Vader standing next to Palpatine were filmed using forced perspective. No one was credited for the briefly heard voice of Darth Vader at the film's end. When asked if he had supplied the voice, either newly or from a previous recording, James Earl Jones evasively told Newsday, "You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know". "Sith" producer Rick McCallum stated in a summer 2005 Starlog magazine that James Earl Jones worked on EP3 for less than one day and was "great to work with."

Translations

• Vader is called "Dart Fener" in Italy. Claudio Sorrentino proposed an online poll to decide whether to keep the name Dart Fener during the production of the new trilogy; 55.6 percent of voters chose "yes". However, the European packaging for the Darth Vader Voice Changer toy listed his name as "Darth Vader" in the Italian text.
• In France, Vader is known as "Dark Vador". In addition, although most characters including Vader had name changes in the original trilogy, he is one of few characters not to have his French name change reversed in the prequel trilogy and Expanded Universe. Retention of the "Dark" moniker caused several other Sith lords to be among the few characters who had French name changes in the prequels (e.g. "Dark Maul"). However, he has his original name in Québecois dubs. He was voiced by Georges Aminel in the French versions of Episodes V, VI, and III and by Denis Mercier in the Quebec version of Episode III.
• In a Chinese bootleg DVD version of Episode III known as Star War The Third Gathers: The Backstroke of the West, his name is displayed as "Reaching the west reaches" in the poor English subtitles. This was translated from "Daxi Weida", a Chinese phonetic rendering of Vader's name.
• In Japan, Vader was voiced by Toru Ohira in the films, who also voiced Boss Nass.

Cultural figure

Due to his central role in the Star Wars films, the character of Darth Vader has entered the public consciousness as the quintessential villain. His powerful bass voice and imposing image (he is 6 feet 8 inches tall in his full suit), coupled with his heavy mechanized breathing, is easily recognizable. The American Film Institute's list of the greatest movie villains placed him third, beating the Wicked Witch of the West and the Terminator and coming just after Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates. He has been parodied by such figures as "Duck Vader" from Tiny Toon Adventures, "Darth Benkyou" in an episode of Doraemon, "Dearth Nadir" as played by Gonzo for The Muppet Show's "Pigs in Space" sketch, "Girth Plotz" (Thaddeus Plotz) in an episode of Animaniacs that parodied the first trilogy, "Darth Koopa" as portrayed by Bowser from The Super Mario Bros. Super Show, "Dark Laser" from The Fairly OddParents, an episode of Codename: Kids Next Door where President Jimmy dresses in black and takes over the school, country music singer Darth Brooks in Late Night With Conan O'Brien, and Chef from South Park as Darth Chef in the episode "The Return of Chef". Marty McFly in Back to the Future (dressed in a radiation suit) pretends to be "Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan". At the beginning of Kevin Smith's Chasing Amy, the character Hooper X gives a speech at a comic convention on how Darth Vader is a metaphor for how poorly sci-fi treats black people; he is especially offended that Vader (the "blackest brother in the galaxy") reveals himself to be a "feeble crusty old white man". The character of the Huntsman from American Dragon: Jake Long was inspired by Darth Vader and a scene from the episode "Act 4 Scene 15" parodies the scene in The Empire Strikes Back when the back of Vader's head is briefly exposed before he dons his helmet.

In Mel Brooks' 1987 Star Wars parody Spaceballs, Darth Vader is parodied as Lord Dark Helmet (Rick Moranis), a short man with an oversize Darth Vader-like helmet who occasionally opens it to reveal his face. Instead of using a lightsaber, he has a ring that gives him abilities similar to The Force (called the "Schwartz"). The Schwartz ring allows Dark Helmet to produce a lightsaber-like projection at the ring's tip. He is given to making double entendres about his helmet and his ring sword. The film also pokes fun at Darth Vader's revelation to Luke Skywalker in The Empire Strikes Back; during their climactic battle, Dark Helmet declares himself to be main character's "father's brother's nephew's cousin's former roommate," before admitting that this means that they have no familial ties whatsoever.

In 2006, Blame Society Productions created a series of short videos featuring Chad Vader - Day Shift Manager. Chad Vader, ostensibly Darth Vader's younger brother, wears the same armor and cape and uses phrases and concepts associated with Darth Vader in the context of a modern grocery store. More recently, Family Guy parodied Episode IV, with Stewie Griffin appearing as Darth Vader. In another episode, Darth Vader is shown attempting to take out a loan. When asked what the loan is for, Vader replies, "To build a battle station that can destroy a planet"; when the accountant voices concern over his choice, Vader changes his answer to, "I want to open a sports bar."

Darth Vader as a cultural metaphor

Darth Vader's image and name have both become synonyms for evil in the public consciousness. Lucas has pointed to Vader's iconic status as a reason for making the prequel movies, since he felt the icon overshadowed the fact that Vader was intended to be a tragic character.

On June 22, 2006, U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney referred to himself as the Darth Vader of the Bush administration. Discussing the need for vigorous pursuit of intelligence, he said to CNN's John King, "It means we need to be able to go after and capture or kill those people who are trying to kill Americans. That's not a pleasant business. It's a very serious business. And I suppose, sometimes, people look at my demeanor and say, 'Well, he's the Darth Vader of the administration.'" Jon Stewart put on a Darth Vader helmet to "talk" to Dick Cheney as a "kindred spirit" on The Daily Show on January 25, 2007. Cheney's wife, Lynne, presented Stewart with a Darth Vader action figure on her appearance on the show on October 10, 2007. Both Stewart and Stephen Colbert have occasionally referred to Cheney as "Darth Cheney". In the satiric cartoon show Lil' Bush, Dick Cheney's father is portrayed as being Darth Vader. At her presidential campaign event on September 19, 2007, Hillary Rodham Clinton also referred to Cheney as Darth Vader. At the 2008 Washington Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner, Cheney joked that Lynne Cheney told him that the Vader comparison "humanizes" him.

Then-Vice President Al Gore referred to Tele-Communications Inc.'s John Malone as the "Darth Vader of cable." Political strategist Lee Atwater was known by his political enemies as "the Darth Vader of the Republican Party."

In 2005, former Cornell University entomologists Quentin Wheeler and Kelly Miller named 65 new species of slime-mold beetle of the genus Agathidium, with one named Agathidium vaderi after Darth Vader.

In the last years of construction, Washington National Cathedral held a competition for children to design new grotesques for the western towers. The third-place winner was a design featuring Darth Vader, which looms over the southern side of the northwest tower. Brisbane, California, has an ominous-looking building made of dark reflective glass and the architecturally acclaimed Dakin Building, a white futuristic antithesis -- these buildings are known as the "Darth Vader building" and "Luke Skywalker building", respectively.

The Fourth and Blanchard Building in Seattle, WA is informally dubbed the 'Darth Vader building'.

See also

• Skywalker family

References

1. AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains", American Film Institute, last accessed April 17, 2008
2. ^ "Darth Vader (Behind the Scenes)". Star Wars Databank. Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
3. DiGiacomo, Frank (2008). "The Game Has Changed". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2008-04-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
4. Burns, Kevin and Edith Becker (2004). Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy (Documentary).
5. Henderson, Mary (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books.
6. Ingram, Richard (2007). Buying and Selling Wartime Collectibles: An Enthusiast's Guide to Militaria. Crowood. p. 17. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
7. Not specified (1983), Starlog #72, Starlog Magazine, text available at TheForce.net
8. Template:Cite " web
9. "Vader o Fener? Ecco il responso".
10. "Transcripts". The Situation Room. Cable News Network. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
11. Gunther, Marc (2005-08-22). "Al Gore Battles Old Cable Demons". CNN. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
12. "Harvey Leroy "Lee" Atwater, was a Republican political consultant". Retrieved 2008-04-27.
13. "Bush, Cheney and Rumsfeld are now species of slime-mold beetles -- but strictly in homage". Cornell News. Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
14. "About Darth Vader". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
15. Egan, Timothy (June 29, 1986). "Focus: Seattle; Creating An Office Empire". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
16. "the bell awards - Tom Graff (interview)". Belltown Messenger. June 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-08.

Further reading

• Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace Novelization, 1st edition paperback, 1999. Terry Brooks, George Lucas, ISBN 0-345-43411-0
• Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones Novelization, 2003. R. A. Salvatore, ISBN 0-345-42882-X
• Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith Novelization, 1st edition hardcover, 2005. Matthew Woodring Stover, George Lucas, ISBN 0-7126-8427-1
• The New Essential Guide to Characters, 1st edition, 2002. Daniel Wallace, Michael Sutfin, ISBN 0-345-44900-2
• The Dark Side Sourcebook, Wizards of the Coast, 1st printing, 2001. Bill Slavicsek, J. D. Wiker, ISBN 0-7869-1849-7
• Vader: The Ultimate Guide, 2005.
• Star Wars: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 1998. Dr. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-3481-4
• Star Wars: The Phantom Menace: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 1999. Dr. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-4701-0
• Star Wars: Attack of the Clones: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 2002. Dr. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-8588-5
• Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary, hardcover, 2005. James Luceno, ISBN 0-7566-1128-8
• Shooting script of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi as available at Internet Movie Script Database
• Shooting script of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith as available at Internet Movie Script Database
• Star Wars Technical Commentaries, Dr. Curtis Saxton, 1995-2005. Available at TheForce.net
• Star Wars Databank. Skywalker, Anakin, Vader, Darth

External links

• Darth Vader in the StarWars.com Databank
• Anakin Skywalker on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
• Darth Vader Costumes
• The Vader Project Platform Show
• Darth Vader at The World of Star Wars
• Darth Vader and Date Masamune
• Darth Vader on Darthipedia, the Star Wars Humor Wiki

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