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Garda Síochána na hÉireann (IPA: [ˈgaːrdə ʃiːˈxaːnə nə ˈheːɾʲən]; Irish for "Peace Guard of Ireland", often rendered as "The Guardians of the Peace of Ireland") is the police force of the Republic of Ireland. The force is headed by the Garda Commissioner who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are located in the Phoenix Park in Dublin.

Terminology

The former English language name of the force was the Civic Guard; this is no longer used. In the English of Ireland the force is known (in decreasing order of formality) as An Garda Síochána (An pronounced ); the Garda Síochána; the Garda (in the preceding names, Garda "guard" is a collective noun, like police); the Gardaí (; "guards", plural); or the guards. Police is used infrequently and policeman rarely.

An individual officer is also called a garda (plural gardaí), or, informally, a guard. A police station is called a Garda station. Garda is also the lowest rank within the force, also used as a title (e.g. "Garda John Murphy", analogous to the British term "constable" or the American "officer" ("deputy/trooper/special agent/etc."). "Guard" is the most common form of address used by members of the public speaking to a garda on duty. A female officer was once officially referred to as a bangharda ([banɣaːrdə; "female guard"; plural banghardaí). This term was abolished in 1990, but is still used colloquially in place of the now gender-neutral garda.

In line with the renaming of the old Royal Ulster Constabulary to the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), Ulster Unionist peer Lord Laird has proposed a change of the name of the force to An Garda Síochána/Hannin Polis. The Dublin government currently have no plans to implement this, nor any other of Laird's ideas.

Organisation

The force is headed by the Commissioner. His immediate subordinates are the two Deputy Commissioners, one in charge of "Strategic and Resource Management", and the other in charge of "Operations". "Strategic and Resource Management" primarily deals with national organisational and technical matters and does not directly deal with crime, whilst the majority of operational and staffing matters comes under "Operations". There are ten Assistant Commissioners: and six of them are geographically based, the other four are assigned to various national support roles. A civilian Director of Finance is placed at a similar organisational level to the Assistant Commissioners.

The six geographical "Assistant Commissioners" command the six "Garda Force Regions", which are currently:

1. Dublin Metropolitan
2. Eastern
3. Northern
4. Southern
5. South-Eastern
6. Western

Subordinate to the Assistant Commissioners there are twenty-five Chief Superintendents, who supervise what are called Divisions. Each Division contains a number of Districts, each of which is commanded by a Superintendent, who is assisted by a team of Inspectors. Within each District there are a number of Subdistricts, which are usually commanded by Sergeants.

Typically each Subdistrict contains only one police station. A different number of Gardaí will be based at each station depending on its importance. Most of these stations employ the basic rank of Garda, which was referred to as the rank of Guard until 1972. The most junior members of the force are students, whose duties can vary depending on their training progress. They are often bestowed with clerical duties, as part of their extra curriculum studies.

The force also has over 2,000 civilian support staff, including a Chief Administrative Officer at Deputy Commissioner level and a Chief Medical Officer. These 2,000 civilian posts encompass a diverse range of areas such as human resources, finance, IT, photographers, research and analysis, teaching and general administration. The figure also includes industrial staff such as traffic wardens, drivers and cleaners. It is ongoing government policy to bring the level of civilian support in the organisation up to international standards - thus enhancing its expertise in a range of specialist and administrative functions, and releasing more of its police officers for operational duties.

Garda Reserve

The Garda Síochána Act 2005 provided for the establishment of a Garda Reserve, consisting of 4,000 persons, to assist the Force in performing its functions, and supplement the work of members of the Garda Síochána.

The intent of the Garda Reserve is "to be a source of local strength and knowledge". Reserve members are to carry out duties defined by the Garda Commissioner and sanctioned by the Minister for Justice. With reduced training, these duties and powers must be operated under the supervision of regular members of the Force, and are also limited from those of regular members.

As of December 2006 more than 7,000 people had applied to join the Garda Reserve, and the first 36 graduated on 15 December 2006 at the Garda College, in Templemore.

Sections

• Criminal Assets Bureau
• Special Detective Unit
• Water Unit
• Dog Unit
• Mounted Unit
• National Bureau of Criminal Investigation
• National Immigration Bureau
• Bureau of Fraud Investigation
• Public Order Unit
• Emergency Response Unit
• Technical Bureau
• Central Vetting Unit
• Garda Information Services Centre
• Air Support Unit

An unarmed force

Uniformed members of An Garda Síochána do not routinely carry firearms. It is a tradition of the service that standard policing should be carried out in both rural and urban areas by uniformed officers equipped only with a wooden truncheon (from March 2007 new Gardaí leaving the training college are equipped with ASP 21" Extendable Batons. In time the whole force will be equipped with same dependent on training requirements). The force when originally created was armed, but in a u-turn the Provisional Government decided to reverse the decision and reconstitute the force as an unarmed police force, in contrast to the refusal of the British Dublin Castle administration which had refused appeals from the Royal Irish Constabulary that that force be disarmed. In the words of first Commissioner, Michael Staines, TD:

The Garda Síochána will succeed not by force of arms or numbers, but on their moral authority as servants of the people.

According to Garvin such a decision gave the new force a cultural ace: "the taboo on killing unarmed men and women who could not reasonably be seen as spies and informers."

According to a recent government report, 3,000 (out of 12,000) members of the force are armed — this includes the Emergency Response Unit and Special Branch/Special Detective Unit (SDU) as well as the majority of detectives. However, all officers are trained in the use of firearms while undergoing police training.

Vehicles

Garda Síochána patrol cars are mainly white, with two small blue strips and one large fluorescent yellow strip running down the center. The Garda badge is also on the patrol cars. Garda patrol cars are usually identical to civilian vehicles however, higher performance cars are often bought, such as the Ford Mondeo 2.5 V6. Other models being bought in recent years include Saab 9-3, the Volvo S40 and the Renault Laguna II. High levels of collision protection are one of the reasons that led to the force to acquire vehicles such as the Saab 9-3, partly due to an increase in so called 'ramming' incidents involving Joyriders.

Undercover cars recently acquired by the Department of Justice for the Gardaí include: Subaru Forester 2.5XT, Ford Mondeo, Toyota Camry 2.2, Peugeot 407 and the new Opel Vectra. Other such Garda cars being supposedly introduced are the Skoda Octavia vRS, and Opel Astra OPC.

Several models of offroad vehicle are also operated, including the Trooper, Jeep Cherokee and Nissan Navara. The traffic corps have also recently purchased new BMW 5 series for everyday use.

The Gardaí are also involved in the operation of cars transporting members of Government, Including the Mercedes S Class, E Class and Volvo S80.

History

The Civic Guard was formed by the Provisional Government in February 1922 to take over the responsibility of policing the fledgling Irish Free State. It replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and the Irish Republican Police of 1919-1922. In August 1922 the force accompanied Michael Collins when he met the Lord Lieutenant in Dublin Castle.

The Garda Síochána Act(also known as the Temporary Provisions Act) enacted after the creation of the Irish Free State on the 8 August 1923, provided for the creation of "a force of police to be called and known as 'The Garda Síochána'". Under section 22, The Civic Guard were deemed to have been established under and to be governed by the Act. The law therefore effectively renamed the existing force.

In Dublin, policing remained the responsibility of the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP, founded 1836) until it merged with the Garda Síochána in 1925. Since then the Garda has been the only police force in the state now known as the Republic of Ireland, with the exception of the Military Police within the Irish Defence Forces, the Airport Police, and Dublin Port and Dun Laoghaire Harbour police forces.

Scott Medal

First established in 1925, the Scott Medal for Bravery is the highest honour for bravery and valour which can be awarded to a member of the Garda Síochána. The first medals were funded by Colonel Walter Scott, an honorary Commissioner of the New York Police Department. The first recipient of the Scott Medal was Pat Malone of St. Luke's Cork City who - as an unarmed Garda - disarmed Tomás Óg Mac Curtain (the son of Tomás Mac Curtain).

To mark the United States link, the American English spelling of valor is used on the medal. The Commissioner of An Garda Síochána chooses the recipients of the medal, which is presented by the Minister for Justice.

In 2000, Anne McCabe - widow of Garda Jerry McCabe, who was killed by armed bank robbers in Provisional IRA accepted the Scott Medal for Bravery that had been awarded posthumously to her husband.

The Garda Roll of Honor lists 31 members of the Garda killed between 1922 and 1999. {See Below}

Garda Commissioners

The first Commissioner, Michael Staines, who was a Pro-Treaty member of Dáil Éireann, held office for only eight months. It was his successors, Eoin O'Duffy and Éamon Broy, who played a central role in the development of the force. O’Duffy was Commissioner in the early years of the force when to many people’s surprise the viability of an unarmed police force was established. O'Duffy later became a short-lived political leader of the quasi-fascist Blueshirts before heading to Spain to fight alongside Francisco Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. Broy had greatly assisted the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Anglo-Irish War, while serving with the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). Broy's fame grew in the 1990s when he featured in the film Michael Collins, in which it was misleadingly suggested that he had been murdered by the British during the War of Independence, when in reality he lived for decades and headed the Garda Síochána from 1933 to 1938.

One later Commissioner, Edmund Garvey, was sacked by the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch in 1978 after it had lost confidence in him. Many rank-and-file Gardaí had become unhappy with what they saw as his eagerness to do as the British government wished regarding policing the Troubles, to the detriment of Irish interests. Garvey won 'unfair dismissal' legal proceedings against the government. The case made its way to the Supreme Court which found the action of the government improper. This outcome required the passing of the Garda Síochána Act, 1979 to retrospectively validate the actions of Garvey's successor since he had become Commissioner. His successor in turn, Patrick McLaughlin, was forced to resign along with his deputy in 1983 over his peripheral involvement in a political scandal. The current commissioner is Fachtna Murphy.

Past reserve forces

During The Emergency their were two reserve forces to the Garda Síochána, An Taca Síochána and the Local Security Force.

An Taca Síochána had the power of arrest and wore uniform, and were allowed to leave the reserve or sign-up as full members of the Garda Síochána at the end of the war before the reserve was disbanded. The reserve was established by the Emergency Powers (Temporary Special Police Force) Order, 1939.

The Local Security Force (LSF) did not have the power of arrest, and part of the reserve was soon absorbed into the Local Defense Force under the command of the Irish Army.

Policing abroad

Since 1989, An Garda Síochána has undertaken United Nations peace-keeping duties. Its first such mission was a 50 strong contingent sent to Namibia. Since then the force has acted in Angola, Cambodia, Cyprus, Mozambique, South Africa and the former Yugoslavia. The force's first fatality whilst working abroad was Sergeant Paul M. Reid, who was fatally injured while on duty with the United Nations UNPROFOR at "Sniper's Alley" in Sarajevo on 18 May, 1995.

Members of An Garda Síochána also serve in the Embassies of Ireland in London, The Hague, Madrid and Paris. Members are also seconded to Europol in The Hague, Holland and Interpol in Lyon, France. There are also many members working directly for UN and European agencies such as the War Crimes Tribunal.

Garda officers also co-operate with members of the Police Service of Northern Ireland in order to combat cross-border crime. They have also accompanied politicians from the Republic, such as the President on visits to Northern Ireland.

Under an agreement with the British Government and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Garda Síochána and the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland are allowed to inspect the Sellafield nuclear facility, Cumbria, England.

Controversy and allegations involving the force

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Like most police forces there have been many allegations of discourtesy, harassment, confiscating a person's property but using it for their own purposes, aggressive interrogation techniques, perjury, etc. While most allegations have not been proven, many out-of-court settlements have been made. A total of 1,173 complaints were made by the public against the Gardaí in 2005. Some incidents involving an Garda have attracted wide scale attention - such as those which resulted in the Morris and Barr Tribunal's - and have resulted in broad reform initiatives.

The force has also attracted scrutiny in how it deals with existing and prospective members. For example, in 2007, there was some debate when a Sikh recruit was not allowed to wear a turban while on duty.

Shell to Sea controversy

The Gardaí's handling of the Shell to Sea protests in Erris has attracted criticism for using excessive force. The use of extrajudicial punishment results from a decision to avoid arresting protesters (for either traffic and public order violations), so as to reduce coverage of the campaign. The Green Party leader Trevor Sargent condemned the Gardaí's handling of the protest at the time, saying it displayed "...the worst signs of law and order...It is a disgrace for people to be manhandled and beaten in the way that the community has been in that area." Scores of complaints of unprovoked assault, trespass, intimidation and property damage have been made by Shell to Sea campaigners to the new Garda Ombudsman, whose team spends days in Mayo interviewing people. This has led to Mayo now having the highest per capita rate of complaints against Gardaí in the State, despite having one of its lowest crime per capita rates. Garda security for Royal Dutch Shell's operations in Mayo costs the state over €25,000 a day , leading to it being dubbed the Golden Mile by Gardaí delighted with the overtime opportunities .

Allegations involving mishandling of cases and complaints

The Kerry Babies case was one of the first public inquiries into mishandling of a Garda investigation. Later in the 1980s, the Ferns Report (an inquiry into allegations of clerical sexual abuse) described as 'wholly inadequate' the handling of one of eight formal complaints made to Wexford gardaí , but noted that the remaining formal complaints were handled in an effective, professional and sensitive manner.

Other more recent reports (including one released by gay rights organisation Johnny) suggest that people who frequent gay and lesbian establishments feel that the Gardaí are not doing enough to tackle reported homophobic crime in Ireland, and that Gardaí should be sent for training in anti-homophobia and heterosexism.

Allegations resulting in Tribunals of Inquiry

In the 1990s and early 2000s An Garda Síochána faced a series of allegations, including suggestions of corrupt and dishonest policing in County Donegal. This became the subject of a judicial inquiry: the Morris Tribunal. The tribunal found that some County Donegal gardaí had invented an Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) informer, made bombs and claimed credit for locating them, and attempted to frame Raphoe publican Frank McBrearty Junior for murder — the latter case was recently settled in a €1.5m settlement with the State. In a report to the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform the Morris Tribunal expressed grave concern about "organised insubordination" within the force that "proper discipline has been lost from An Garda Síochána", suggesting that a few mischief-makers have abused their positions within the Garda and used the disciplinary process to damage the force. The tribunal also expressed concern that recruits are brought into an undisciplined culture that has the potential to do great damage to them in the longer term, and warned that a "terrible and costly" waste of talent will occur if the situation continues.

On April 20, 2000, members of the Emergency Response Unit shot dead, from behind, 27-year-old John Carthy at the end of a 25-hour siege as he left his home in Toneymore, Abbeylara, County Longford with a loaded shotgun in his hands. There were allegations made of inappropriate handling of the situation and of the overuse of armed force by the Gardaí; a "shoot to kill" policy. This led to a Garda inquiry, and subsequently, a Tribunal of Inquiry under the Chairmanship of Mr Justice Robert Barr.

This inquiry (into the facts and circumstances surrounding the fatal shooting - in which four bullets were fired; two by Garda McCabe and two by Sgt Jackson) was established on July 1 2002, and the hearing of evidence was completed on December 7 2004. It was expected to report its findings within six months, but publication of its Report was delayed until July 20 2006. The official findings of the Barr Tribunal were that Sgt Michael Jackson made 14 mistakes in his role as negotiator during the siege, and that he failed to make real efforts to achieve resolution during the armed stand-off. It further stated however that Sgt Jackson was limited by lack of experience and resources (psychologists, solicitors, dogs). The tribunal recommended that there be an urgent review of Garda command structures, and that the ERU be equipped with stun guns and other non-lethal options, including "non-compliant firearms support police dogs". (Non-compliant dogs are 'attack' dogs that will bite or bring a person to the ground on command.)

The Barr tribunal further recommended a formal working arrangement between Gardaí and State psychologists, and improvements in Garda training (especially in the context of ERU in siege situations, including those with mental illness as a factor). This included a recommendation that local Garda superintendents undergo refresher training for one week every year as scene commanders and a similar refresher course for ERU officers of the rank of inspector or superintendent. Garda Commissioner Conroy, in a letter to the family of John Carthy, stated that the force was 'truly apologetic' for his death.

Former Superintendent Joe Shelley, whose failure to interview John Carthy was cited in The Barr Tribunal Report as "extraordinary", and who was also severely criticised in the Report of the Morris Tribunal into the controversial death of Richie Barron, was awarded a top-up bonus of €110,000 when he took early retirement in July 2005. Mr Justice Morris described Shelleys probe as "prejudiced, tendentious, utterly negligent in the highest degree".

Allegations involving abuse of powers

One of the first charges of serious impropriety against the force rose out of the handling of the Sallins Train Robbery in 1976; this case eventually led to a serious miscarriage of justice and accusations of a "Heavy Gang" operating within the force which intimidated and tortured the accused. This eventually led to a Presidential pardon for one of the accused.

In 2004, an RTÉ Prime Time documentary accused elements within the Garda of abusing their powers by physically assaulting people arrested. A retired Circuit Court judge (W. A. Murphy) suggested that some members of the force had committed perjury in criminal trials before him but later stated that he was misquoted, while a Minister of State (Dick Roche) (junior government minister) accused Gardaí in one instance of "torture". The Garda Commissioner accused the television programme of lacking balance.

The Prime Time documentary followed footage published by the Independent Media Centre Ireland showing scuffles between Gardaí and Reclaim the Streets demonstrators. One Garda shown in this footage was later convicted of common assault which is a summary matter, while several other Gardaí were acquitted of all offences.

Allegations involving cross-border policing

The family of Eddie Fullerton, a Buncrana Sinn Féin councillor killed in his home by members of the Ulster Defence Association in 1991, have criticised the Gardaí's handling of the investigation and in 2005 they started a campaign for an inquiry.

The Smithwick Tribunal is also investigating allegations of collusion following the deaths of two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army as they returned from a meeting with the Gardaí in the Republic of Ireland following a recommendation from the Cory Collusion Inquiry.

Reform initiatives

Arising from some of the above incidents, an Garda Síochána has undergone a number of reform initiatives in recent years. The Morris tribunal in particular identified areas that required redress, and highlighted that reforms were required in order to effect such a redress.

The Tribunal has been staggered by the amount of indiscipline and insubordination it has found in the Garda force. There is a small, but disproportionately influential, core of mischief-making members who will not obey orders, who will not follow procedures, who will not tell the truth and who have no respect for their officers

— Justice Frederick Morris, Chairman and Sole Member of The Morris Tribunal,

It was also stated by the tribunal Chairman, Mr Justice Morris, that the code of discipline was extremely complex and, at times, "cynically manipulated" to promote indiscipline across the force. Judicial reviews, for example, were cited as a means by which disciplinary action could be delayed.

The Garda Siochana Act 2005 was the key vehicle put in place to facilitate change, the provisions for which arise from the fall out and findings of the tribunal and from the events in Donegal and elsewhere.

While fifteen members of the force were sacked between 2001 and 2006, and a further 42 resigned in lieu of dismissal in the same period, Commissioner Conroy stated that he was constrained in the responses available to deal with members whose misbehaviour is cited in public inquiries.

New procedures and code of discipline

With strong support from opposition parties, and reflecting widespread political consensus, the Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform responded to many of these issues by announcing a new draft code of discipline on August 17 2006. The new streamlined code introduced new procedures to enable the Commissioner to summarily dismiss a garda alleged to have brought the force into disrepute, abandoned duties, compromised the security of the State or unjustifiably infringed the rights of other persons.

In addition, a four member "civilian management advisory team" was appointed on August 2 2006 to advise on implementing change options and addressing management and leadership challenges facing the Gardaí. The advisers are also mandated to promote a culture of performance management; succession planning; with the recruitment of civilians with specialist expertise and improving training. The advisory team include Senator Maurice Hayes, Emer Daly (former director of strategic planning and risk management at Axa Insurance), Maurice Keane (former group chief executive at Bank of Ireland), Michael Flahive (Assistant Secretary at the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform and Dr Michael Mulreany (assistant director general at the Institute of Public Administration).

Enhanced civilian support

Civilian clerical and administrative support has been significantly enhanced in recent times. Since January 2007 an increase of approximately 33% in civilian staff levels has taken place, in furtherance of government policies to release more desk-bound Gardaí for operational duties and to bring the level of civilian support in line with international norms. A new tier of senior civilian management is also being introduced in a range of administrative and technical/professional support areas such as human resources, training, information technology, research and analysis, legal affairs, finance and procurement, accommodation and fleet management, and communications/public relations. A civilian Chief Administrative Officer at Deputy Commissioner level was appointed in October 2007 to oversee many of these key support functions, which in time will be largely if not completely managed by civilian staff.

Garda Inspectorate

In accordance with Section 115 of the Garda Síochána Act, the Garda Síochána Inspectorate consists of 3 members who are appointed by the Irish Government. The functions of the Inspectorate, inter alia, are as follows:

• carry out, at the request or with the consent of the Minister, inspections or inquiries in relation to any particular aspects of the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána,
• submit to the Minister (1) a report on those inspections or inquiries, and (2) if required by the Minister, a report on the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána during a specified period and on any significant developments in that regard during that period, and any such reports will contain recommendations for any action that the Inspectorate considers necessary.
• provide advice to the Minister with regard to best policing practice.

The first Chief Inspector (since July 2006), is former Commissioner of Boston Police , Kathleen M. O'Toole, who reports to the Minister for Justice.

The two other inspectors are Robert Olsen and Gwen M. Boniface. Olsen was Chief of Police for 8 years of the Minneapolis Police Department. Boniface is a former Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, and was one of 3 female police commissioners in Canada when appointed in May 1998. She recently suggested that rank and file Gardaí are not equipped to perform their duties or protect themselves properly. She also suggested routine arming may become a reality but dismissed the suggestion that this was currently being considered.

Garda Ombudsman Commission

Also newly instrumented, the Garda Ombudsman Commission replaces the earlier system of complaints (the Garda Síochána Complaints Board). Becoming fully operational on 9 May 2007, the Commission is empowered to:

• Directly and independently investigate complaints against members of the Garda Síochána
• Investigate any matter, even where no complaint has been made, where it appears that a Garda may have committed an offence or behaved in a way that would justify disciplinary proceedings
• Investigate any practise, policy or procedure of the Garda Síochána with a view to reducing the incidence of related complaints

The Members of the Garda Ombudsman Commission are: Justice Kevin Haugh (High Court Judge and Chairman of the Commission), Carmel Foley (former Director of Consumer Affairs), and Conor Brady (former Editor of The Irish Times and author of a book on the history of the Gardaí).

Garda Band

The Garda Band is a public relations branch of An Garda Síochána, and was formed shortly after the foundation of the force. It gave its first public performance on Dún Laoghaire Pier on Easter Monday, 1923. The first Band Master was Superintendent D.J. Delaney and he formed a céili and pipe band within the Garda Band. In 1938, the Dublin Metropolitan Garda Band (based at Kevin Street) and the Garda Band amalgamated and were based at the Garda Headquarters in the Phoenix Park.

The band was disbanded in 1965. However to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of An Garda Síochána it was reformed on 1972.

Besides providing music for official Garda functions (such as Graduation Ceremonies at the Garda College) the band undertakes a community orientated programme each year performing at schools, festivals and sporting events. It has a long association with Lansdowne Road for Rugby union and Soccer Internationals, the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Dublin and the Rose of Tralee Festival.

In 1964 the band toured America and Canada under Superintendent J. Moloney, and has also traveled to international events and represented the country at police festivals and concerts in Switzerland, Germany and Northern Ireland.

References

1. "Short History of An Garda Siochana". Garda Síochána. Retrieved 2006-12-17. the Garda Síochána (meaning in English: "The Guardians of the Peace")
2. Dolan, Terence Patrick (2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno English: the Irish use of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 103. ISBN 0-7171-3535-7.
3. Written Answers - Garda Titles from Dáil Éireann - Volume 404 - 5 February 1991
4. Gaelport.com - Gearrthóga Laethúla
5. http://www.garda.ie/angarda/faq.html#G2 Official Garda figures as at 2005-12-31
6. "First Garda Reserve members graduate". RTÉ News. RTÉ. 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
7. ^ Garvin, Tom (2005). 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (3rd edition ed.). Gill and Macmillan. p. 111. ISBN 0-312-16477-7. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
8. According to Irish constitutional theory he met the Lord Lieutenant to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle. However, as far as the British government were concerned, the purpose of the meeting was for the Lord Lieutenant to formally appoint Collins as Chairman of the Provisional Government.
9. "Garda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
10. Garda.ie - History of the Scott Medal
11. ""Murdered garda hero honoured"". Encyclopedia of Things. Irish Examiner. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
12. "Garda Síochána Act 1979". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
13. [http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2006/02/26/story12147.asp Analysis: McDowell not for turning on Garda reserve, February 26, 2006, The Sunday Business Post
14. Army Reserve - History, The Defense Forces, Retrieved May 23, 2008
15. Garda Síochána Complaints Board - Annual Report 2005
16. "More than 1,000 complaints against gardaí in year". . May 15, 2006. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
17. "Green Party calls on Gardaí to rethink its ban on Sikh turban".
18. Global Community Monitor - Report of fact finding delegation to Mayo, Ireland - February 2007
19. Scan of "Garda Review" - November 2006
21. Western People: Complaints against 20 Gardaí in Corrib row
22. SHELL TO SEA: The West's Awake!
23. TheMayoNews - Corrib protesters meet Minister as Garda costs escalate
24. Irish Times - Analysis - New gas pipeline route likely to be as controversial as original - Tuesday, April 29, 2008
25. The Ferns Report, October 25 2005
26. http://www.gayhealthnetwork.ie/folder/web/pdf/hatecrimereport.pdf
27. Irish Independent, August 11 2006 'Top garda apologies to Carthy family for fatal siege'
28. Irish Independent, July 24 2006 'Garda got €110,000 bonus despite chequered job history'
29. ""Garda Goes Berserk"". indymedia.ie. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
30. "Report 5, Arrest and Detention of 7 persons at Burnfoot, County Donegal on May 23 1998 and the Investigation relating to same - Conclusions and Recommendations: The Danger of Indiscipline" (PDF). Department of Justice, Equality & Law Reform. 2006-08-17. p. 254. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
31. "Insubordination not widespread, says Garda chief". The Irish Times. 2006-09-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. "Statement by the Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform on the publication of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Reports of the Morris Tribunal". Department of Justice, Equality & Law Reform. August 17 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

See also

• Criminal Assets Bureau
• Emergency Response Unit
• Garda Síochána College
• GUBU
• Irish Army Rangers
• Police Service of Northern Ireland
• Royal Ulster Constabulary
• Special constable
• Terrestrial Trunked Radio
• Juvenile Liaison Officer

External links

• Official site - An Garda Síochána
• Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission
• Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin
• Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors
• Garda Síochána mission statement on community policing
• Morris Tribunal
• Garda Síochána Act, 2005
• Garda Roll of Honour

v t e Garda Síochána
Organised & Serious Crime	National Bureau of Criminal Investigation Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau National Economic Crime Bureau National Cyber Crime Bureau National Immigration Bureau National Protective Services Bureau Technical Bureau Operational Support (Air Support Unit, Water Unit, Dog Unit, Mounted Unit) Criminal Assets Bureau
Security and Intelligence	National Surveillance Unit Special Detective Unit Counter-Terrorism International Witness Security Programme
Traffic	National Roads Policing Bureau Vehicles
Other units / structure	Garda Síochána College Emergency Response Unit Armed Support Units Public Order Units List of districts Garda Síochána Reserve Garda Band
Scandals	Irish Phone Tapping Scandal (1982) "Rape Tape" Scandal (2011) Penalty Points Scandal (2012) Phone recordings scandal (2014) Whistleblower scandal (2014) GSOC bugging scandal (2014)
Other	Garda Commissioner PULSE Gardaí killed in the line of duty Scott Medal Garda Museum Garda College Museum and Visitor Centre Garda ar Lár James "Lugs" Branigan Death of Terence Wheelock (2005) Death of George Nkencho
Oversight	Policing Authority Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission Garda Síochána Inspectorate
Associated bodies	Garda Representative Association Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors Garda GAA

• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from December 2007
• Law enforcement agencies of Ireland
• Garda Síochána
• Entities with Irish names