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Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, PC, OC, KCSG (born 25 August, 1944, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former newspaper publisher, biographer, and media proprietor. In 2007 he was convicted in the United States of three counts of mail fraud and one count of obstruction of justice.

With associates, Black managed and controlled Hollinger International, Inc., a Delaware holding company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Through multiple holding companies and subsidiaries, Hollinger International at one time owned and published important newspapers including Daily Telegraph, Chicago Sun Times, Jerusalem Post, National Post and hundreds of community newspapers in North America.

In 2003, a special committee appointed by its directors reported that Hollinger International had made $32 million in unauthorized payments to Conrad Black and associates. Black later resigned under pressure as CEO of Hollinger International. In July 2006, the name Hollinger International Inc. changed to Sun-Times Media Group. Its publications then included The Chicago Sun-Times, The Naperville Sun in Illinois and The Post Tribune of Indiana. The company had agreed in 2004 to sell London's Daily Telegraph.

Black was convicted in Illinois U.S. District Court on July 13 2007 and later sentenced to serve 78 months in federal prison, pay Hollinger $6.1 million and a fine of $125,000. Black was guilty of diverting funds for personal benefit from money properly due Hollinger International when the company sold certain publishing assets. Black and other executives received 'non-compete' fees paid by purchasers who acquired Hollinger International properties.

Black was imprisoned March 3 2008 at Federal Correctional Institution Coleman Low, a low-security penitentiary situated 50 miles (80 kilometres) northwest of Orlando, Florida. Unless his convictions are overturned on appeal, Black's projected release date is October 2013.

Personal relationships and family

Conrad Black was born in Montreal to a wealthy family originally from Winnipeg. His father, George Montegu Black, Jr., C.A., was the president of Canadian Breweries, an international brewing conglomerate which earlier had absorbed Winnipeg Breweries, which was founded by George Black Sr. Conrad Black's mother was the former Jean Elizabeth Riley, a daughter of Conrad Stephenson Riley (whose father founded the Great-West Life Assurance Company), and a great-granddaughter of an early co-owner of the Daily Telegraph.

Conrad Black's first marriage was to Joanna (born Shirley) Hishon of Montreal, who worked as a secretary in his brother Montegu's brokerage office. The couple had two sons, Jonathan-David Conrad and James Patrick Leonard Black, and a daughter, Alana Whitney Elizabeth Black. The couple separated in 1991. The Black divorce was finalized in 1992; the same year Black married Watford-born journalist Barbara Amiel. It was said that marriage to Amiel affirmed Black's position in the British glamour set. Black flattered Amiel, describing her variously as "beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit" and "chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy." Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails.

Early life and career

Black was first educated at Upper Canada College (UCC), during which time, at age 8, he purchased shares in General Motors. Six years later, according to Tom Bower's biography Outrageous Fortune, he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen exam papers. He then attended Trinity College School where he lasted less than a year, being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. Black eventually graduated from a small, now defunct private school in Toronto called Thornton Hall, continuing on to post-secondary education at Carleton University (History, 1965). For a time, he attended Toronto's Osgoode Hall Law School of York University; however, his studies ended when he failed exams after first year. He completed a law degree at Université Laval (Law, 1970), later completing a Master of Arts degree in history at McGill University in 1973. Black's thesis, later published as a biography, was on Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis. Biographer George Toombs said of Black's motivations: "he was born into a very large family of athletic, handsome people. He wasn't particularly athletic or handsome like they were, so he developed a different skill - wordplay, which he practised a lot with his father."

Black became involved in a number of businesses, mainly publishing newspapers, but briefly in mining. In 1966 Black bought his first newspaper, the Eastern Townships Advertiser in Quebec. Following the foundation, as an investment vehicle, of the Ravelston Corporation by the Black family in 1969, Black, together with friends David Radler and Peter G. White, purchased and operated the Sherbrooke Record, the small English language daily in Sherbrooke, Quebec. In 1971, the three formed Sterling Newspapers Limited, a holding company that would acquire several other small Canadian regional newspapers.

Corporate ownership through holding companies

George Black died in June 1976, leaving Conrad and his older brother, Montegu, a 22.4% stake in Ravelston Corp., which by then owned 61% voting control of Argus Corporation, an influential holding company in Canada. Argus exercised control of major Canadian corporations, including Canadian Breweries Limited, Dominion Stores, Hollinger Mines, Standard Broadcasting and others.

Through his father's holdings in Ravelston, Conrad Black gained early association with two of Canada's most prominent businessmen: John Angus "Bud" McDougald and E. P. Taylor, president and founder of Argus, respectively. Following McDougald's death in 1978, Conrad Black paid $30-million to take control of Ravelston and thereby, control of Toronto based Argus. This controversial arrangement resulted in accusations that Black had taken advantage of the aging widows of deceased Ravelston Directors McDougald and Eric Phillips.

Black resigned as Chairman of the struggling Massey Ferguson company in 1979, after which Argus donated its shares to the employee union. Hollinger Mines was then turned into a holding company.

In 1981 Norcen Energy, one of his companies, acquired a minority position in Ohio-based Hanna Mining Co. A filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission stated that Norcen took "an investment position" in Hanna. However, the filing failed to disclose that Norcen's board planned to seek majority control. Black subsequently was charged by the SEC with filing misleading public statements, charges that were later withdrawn by "consent decree" after Black and Norcen agreed not to break securities laws in the future.

Black was ranked 235th in the Sunday Times Rich List 2004, with an estimated wealth of £175m.

Dominion pension dispute

In 1984, Dominion Stores Ltd. withdrew over $56 million from the Dominion workers' pension plan surplus without consulting plan members. The firm said it considered the surplus the rightful property of the employer (Dominion Stores Ltd.). The Dominion Union complained, a public outcry ensued, and the case went to court. The Supreme Court of Ontario eventually ruled against the company on this case, and ordered the company to return the money to the pension fund, claiming that though the most recent language in the plan suggested the employer had ownership of the surplus, the original intention was to keep the surplus in the plan to increase members' benefits. The company appealed the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada, which upheld the lower court's decision.

Growth and divestment of press holdings

In 1985, Andrew Knight, then editor of The Economist, asked Black to invest in the ailing Telegraph Group. By this investment, Black made his first entry into British press ownership. Five years following, he bought the Jerusalem Post, and subsequently fired the majority of its staff. By 1990, his companies ran over 400 newspaper titles in North America, the preponderance of them small community papers.

Hollinger bought a minority stake in the Southam newspaper chain in 1993 and acquired the Chicago Sun Times in 1994. Hollinger International shares were listed on New York Stock Exchange in 1996, at which time the company boosted its stake in Southam to a control position. Becoming a public company trading in the U.S. has been called "a fateful move, exposing Black's empire to America's more rigorous regulatory regime and its more aggressive institutional shareholders."

Under Black, Hollinger launched the National Post in Toronto in 1998. From 1999 to 2000 Hollinger International sold several newspapers in five deals worth a total of US$679-million, a total that included millions of dollars in "non-compete agreements" for Hollinger insiders. Later in the year, Hollinger International announced the sale of thirteen major Canadian newspapers, 126 community newspapers, Internet properties and half of the National Post to CanWest Global Communications Corp. Hollinger International sold the rest of the National Post to CanWest in the summer of 2001.

In May 2003, following shareholder complaints, a special committee appointed by Hollinger International directors began investigation of internal financial management, particularly compensation and fees paid directly and indirectly to Ravelston and Black's asoociates. The subsequent report supported allegations of impropriety and led to criminal investigations and ultimately, the unravelling of Conrad Black's financial empire.

Black's allegations of libel

Settled

The following cases have been settled.

• 1983: U.S. magazine Town & Country over an article by Canadian journalist and Black biographer Peter C. Newman. The magazine issues a clarification and apology.

• 1989: Toronto’s Globe and Mail over a profile of Black two years earlier. The paper settles the suit, publishing a lengthy apology as part of an out-of-court settlement.

• 1990: Publisher McClelland & Stewart following the publication of Ron Graham’s book, God’s Dominion. An out-of-court settlement was reached.

• 1990: Canadian division of U.K-based Penguin Books regarding Ann Finlayson’s Whose Money Is It Anyway? The Showdown on Pensions. The company agrees to destroy the unsold 6,200 copies of the book..

• 2000: Sir Paul Lever, Britain’s ambassador to Germany, for defamation after a speech in which Sir Paul called coverage of Black’s Daily Telegraph “anti-European.” Lever agrees to pay Black's court costs.

• 2004: Toronto Life magazine, author Robert Mason Lee and illustrator Barry Blitt over an article entitled, "A Toast to Lord Black on His Arrival in Hell," Black says the article depicts him as "so irredeemably evil that he should be consigned to hell." The lawsuit is settled when the magazine publishes a one-paragraph apology.

• 2005: Peter C. Newman over references to Black and Amiel in Newman's 2004 memoir, Here Be Dragons. Newman issues a "statement of regret" settling the suit.

Still in litigation

2004

• Certain Hollinger International, Inc. directors and advisors, claiming that "false and malicious representations" of him have caused Black to be "pilloried and mocked mercilessly in the media," making him a "social leper" and a "loathsome laughingstock."

• Hollinger International’s three-person special board committee that issued the Breeden Report, and also naming committee counsel Richard Breeden and former investor relations head Mark Kipnis.

2007

• British author Tom Bower for alleged defamatory passages in Bower's biography. Black writes that Bower's "keyhole, smut-mongering side-piece portrayal of my wife as a man-eating sex maniac prior to her marriage to me is disgusting."

Quotations and points of view

Despite Black's deep involvement in the media world, he retained a particular disdain for the press. Black was quoted as saying: "a substantial number of journalists are ignorant, lazy, opinionated and intellectually dishonest. The profession is heavily cluttered with aged hacks, toiling through a miasma of mounting decrepitude and often alcoholism."

Upon arriving at court in Chicago in 2007, Black gave the finger to the gathered media covering his trial.

On journalists: The "swarming, grunting masses of jackals..."

On journalist Norman Mailer: "The bedraggled warhorse of American blowhardism."

On a Canadian author, "Those who would retain his services should confine him to subjects better suited…to his sniggering, puerile, defamatory and cruelly limited talents."

Using his various media outlets, Black put forward his views on the Canadian establishment: he denounced the country's welfare system as "an overgenerous reinsurance policy for an underachieving people"; blamed brain drain on Canada's high taxes; attacked trade unions; and derided liberal politicians, once calling an Ontario politician the "Salvador Allende of Canada," trying to "strangle, disembowel, and immolate the vestiges of the incentive-based economy."

Black called the Bishop of Calgary a "jumped-up little twerp" and a "prime candidate for exorcism" for backing a strike at Black's Calgary Herald newspaper.

From Peter C. Newman's 1982 Black biography: "Greed has been severely underestimated and denigrated – unfairly so, in my opinion.

On U.S. Democratic senators opposed to the appointment of Robert Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1988: "It is galling to see such mendacious hypocrites as Kennedy and Biden at the Senate Judiciary Committee sitting in judgment on distinguished jurists."

Lifestyle

Born to a rich family, Black acquired the family home and seven acres of land in Toronto's very exclusive Bridle Path neighbourhood after his father's death in 1976. For a time, Black and wife Barbara Amiel maintained luxurious homes in Palm Beach, New York, Toronto and London.

Black's Palm Beach mansion is valued near $35.5 million. He previously owned an apartment on Park Avenue in New York. When he sold it in 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice seized net proceeds of $8.5 million, pending the outcome of court actions.

He also owned a London townhouse in the famous Kensington district and sold it in 2005 for about $25 million USD.

According to biographer Tom Brewer, "They flaunted their wealth." Black's critics, including former Daily Telegraph editor Charles Moore, suggested it was Black's second wife, Amiel, who pushed him towards a life of opulence, citing extravagant expenditures such as items billed to Hollinger expenses that included $2,463 (£1,272) on handbags, $2,785 in opera tickets, and $140 for Amiel's "jogging attire."

At the time of his fraud trial in 2007, Black was aware of the disdain much of the public held towards him because of his wealth, stating: "Since biblical times, and probably before, the wealthy have been envied and condemned."

Peerage controversy and citizenship

The Canadian Prime Minister originally prevented Black from receiving a British peerage that was offered on the advice of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, to be awarded by Queen Elizabeth II. Jean Chrétien referred to the 1919 Nickle Resolution, by which the Canadian House of Commons resolved that the Canadian Monarch should not confer titular honours on Canadians.

Black said he would accept the peerage as a British citizen rather than as a Canadian citizen. However, Prime Minister Chrétien still asserted that the Queen should not give titular honour to a Canadian. Black sued Chrétien, arguing that strict interpretation of the Nickle Resolution was payback for Black's political opinions and past criticism of Chrétien. Black lost the lawsuit and on appeal, the Court of Appeal for Ontario stated that the Prime Minister had a constitutional right to advise the Queen on exercising the Royal Prerogative.

In 2001, Black renounced his citizenship of Canada, which he called "an oppressive little world". Eric Reguly wrote in The Times, "The great man fled his native Canada for Britain. He couldn’t wait to leave, he said, because Canada was turning into a Third World dump run by raving socialists." Black's lawyer, Eddie Greenspan, later stated Black's citizenship: "was stolen from him" by "spiteful" former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.

Black was created a life peer as Baron Black of Crossharbour, of Crossharbour in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Baron Black sat as a member of the British Conservative Party until July 13, 2007, when he was denied the whip (effectively, expulsion from the Conservative caucus) because of conviction. Black cannot lose his peerage without a change in law. However, the British government proposed in a recent White Paper that convicted criminals be stripped of peerages and, if that policy is implemented, Black could lose his barony unless his criminal convictions are overturned on appeal.

It was on 26 September, 2006, that the Globe and Mail reported Black was taking steps to regain his Canadian citizenship. Although possibly a strategic manoeuvre against potentially serving a sentence in the US or being prevented from crossing the border following a conviction, Black, in an interview on TVOntario on 25 September, claimed that his legal problems had retarded the process by which he would reclaim his citizenship: "I always said that I would take my citizenship back, and if it wasn't for all these legal problems, I would have done it by now." He told interviewer Steve Paikin that he was working through "normal channels."

Even without Canadian citizenship, Black continues membership in the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, to which he was appointed by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, in 1992. The full Privy Council meets very rarely and has no substantive power so appointment is honorific.

Criminal fraud trial

After an internal inquiry alleged that Black had received over $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds, Hollinger International announced on 17 November, 2003 that Black would resign as chief executive of Hollinger. By 17 January the following year it was reported that the executive committee of the board of directors of Hollinger had also obtained Black's resignation as chairman. A special committee at Hollinger, investigating the unauthorized payments, filed a lawsuit in New York for the recovery of the money, and Hollinger International filed a $200 million (USD) lawsuit against Black and his former top lieutenant, David Radler, as well as against the companies Black has used to control the publishing.

On 15 November, 2004, the SEC filed civil fraud lawsuits against Black and several others, and just over one year later, on 17 November, eleven criminal fraud charges were brought by U. S. Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald against Black and three former Hollinger executives; eight of the criminal fraud charges were against Black, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. After a hearing in late 2006, his bail was raised to $21 million (USD).

Fitzgerald laid four new federal charges against Black in Chicago on 15 December, 2005, consisting of racketeering, obstruction of justice, money laundering and wire fraud. Under the racketeering count, Fitzgerald was seeking forfeiture of more than $92,000,000 (USD). The obstruction count related to Black and his chauffeur removing boxes of documents from Hollinger offices in Toronto on June 9, 2005 contrary to a Canadian court order that prohibited removal.

Black's trial for criminal fraud commenced on 14 March, 2007.

Verdict and imprisonment

After twelve days of deliberation, on 13 July, 2007, a jury found Black guilty of three counts of mail fraud and one count of obstruction of justice, but acquitted him of nine other charges, including wire fraud and racketeering. He faced a potential maximum penalty of 35 years in prison. His co-accused, Peter Y. Atkinson, John A. Boultbee and Mark Kipnis, were also found guilty.

Six days following, Judge Amy St. Eve sustained Black's $21 million bail and restricted him to travel within the court's jurisdiction in Illinois, and to his Florida home. He was barred from returning to Canada because of the judge's concerns over possible extradition problems.

On November 5, 2007, Judge St. Eve denied Black's bid for a new trial. On December 10, 2007, Black was sentenced to 78 months in jail. Twelve weeks later, he lost a bid in the Court of Appeals to remain free on bail while appealing his convictions. Black requested to be housed in a minimum security prison camp near Miami but the Bureau of Prisons denied his request and instead ordered him to report to Coleman Federal Correctional Complex near Orlando, Florida on March 3, 2008 to begin serving his sentence.

Reaction and consequences

Black told journalists he would continue his "long war" against the charges and said "any conviction is unsatisfactory." After the verdicts, Black's Canadian lawyer Edward Greenspan said, "The heart of their case was lost." However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a "stunning victory" for the government and explained how a split verdict "highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations."

Investigators hired by Hollinger companies have been examining more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and another in Bermuda called Sugra Bermuda Ltd. A report by a special committee of the board of Hollinger International Inc. said Black co-owned two Barbados companies, Moffat Management Inc. and Black-Amiel Management Inc., which both received millions of dollars in payments, the former allegedly owned by Black and his co-defendants, and the latter by Black, his wife and Boultbee. If Black's conviction is upheld on appeal, Hollinger is expected to seek repayment of the fees; in March, 2006, the company said in a regulatory filing that it had spent $61.9-million on legal fees for Black, Boultbee, Kipniss and Atkinson.

After the verdict, New Democratic Party of Canada Member of Parliament Charlie Angus publicly called for Black's expulsion from the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and for his removal from the Order of Canada. The Toronto Star similarly called for Governor General Michaëlle Jean to remove Black from the Order. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that Black would have to go through regular channels to attempt to regain his Canadian citizenship, that membership in the Order of Canada is the purview of the Governor General and that decisions about the Privy Council would only take place after the legal process, including appeal, had been completed.

Unless Black's conviction is overturned, his ability to enter Canada is uncertain unless he obtains dispensation from the Canadian Government. Even if he were to regain residency, "Canadian citizenship can't be granted to those who are criminally inadmissible and neither the minister nor the Governor in Council (cabinet) can override that," according to an immigration department spokesperson. The loss of his Canadian citizenship also makes it impossible for Black to be transferred to a Canadian prison where he would be eligible for parole much sooner than if he were to serve time in the United States.

Books and other publications

As a young man, Black wrote a thesis on Quebec's controversial long-serving premier, Maurice Duplessis, which was subsequently published in 1977 as a laudatory biography, entitled Duplessis (ISBN 0-7710-1530-5).

Black published an autobiography in 1993, titled A Life in Progress (ISBN 9781550135206).

While Black was CEO of Hollinger International, the company spent millions of dollars purchasing collections of private papers of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. . Black subsequently completed a 1,280-page biography, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Champion of Freedom (ISBN 978-1586481841), in 2003.

In 2004, Black wrote an essay on the possible results had the Japanese not bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, for the imaginary history book What Might Have Been edited by Andrew Roberts.

Published in 2007, Black's Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full (ISBN 978-1586485191), was a biography of US President Richard Nixon that runs 1,152 pages. One reviewer wrote that Black provided "exculpatory gloss for seemingly every grimy facet of Nixon’s career."

Biographies and portrayal in popular culture

• The documentary film Citizen Black, which premiered at the 2004 Montreal and Cambridge film festivals, traces Black's life and filmmaker Debbie Melnyk's attempts in 2003 to interview Black, and her eventual interview. US prosecutors subpoenad unused footage of a 2003 shareholders meeting for use in Black's trial.
• Canadian actor Albert Schultz portrayed Black in the 2006 CTV movie Shades of Black.
• Bower's biography Conrad and Lady Black: Dancing on the Edge (ISBN 0007232349) was published in 2006 by Harper Collins. It was republished in August 2007 with an additional chapter reporting on the trial and its outcomes.
• There is talk of two dramas based on his life: one from Tom Bower and Andrew Lloyd Webber and another from Alistair Beaton.
• The last authorized portrait busts of Conrad Black and Barbara Amiel were created between 2001-2002 by Canadian sculptor Dr. Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook and arranged by noted Canadian artist Christian Corbet.

References

1. Suntimes.com accessed February 29, 2008
2. NY Times, Jul 7, 2006
3. Associated Press, Jun 23 2004
4. BBC NEWS | Business | Conrad Black convicted of fraud
5. BOP FCI Coleman Low
6. thePeerage.com - Main Page
7. ^ Clark, Andrew; The Guardian: 'At some level, he's still asking the same question as he was when he was seven or eight - who am I?'; March 16, 2007
8. Outrageous Fortune: The Rise and Ruin of Conrad and Lady Black by Tom Bower
9. Tom Bower, Conrad & Lady Black - Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006), p.27
10. CBC News: Conrad Black: Timeline (Last Updated March, 2007)
11. Olive, David; Toronto Star: A Conrad Black timeline; March 11, 2007
12. Canadian Labour Congress: Dominion Food Stores
13. Randall, Jeff; BBC Money Programme: Nine News: The Rise and Fall of Citizen Black; November 21, 2004
14. Hollinger Hell: Jerusalem Post Suit Filed Here
15. ^ The Star accessed March 15, 2008
16. ^ Section 15 accessed March 15, 2008
17. ^ Canadian Magazine accessed March 15, 2008
18. TheStar.com | SpecialSections | A Conrad Black timeline
19. Numbers game
20. Berton, Paul; London Free Press: One-finger salute sums it up; July 23, 2007
21. Plotz, David; Slate Magazine: Conrad Black; August 31, 2001
22. TheStar.com, The World According to Black
23. DOJ press release following indictment
24. International Herald Tribune, May 20 2005
25. Tom Bower, Conrad & Lady Black - Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006), p.303
26. Black v Chrétien: suing a Minister of the Crown for abuse of power, misfeasance in public office and negligence
27. Black is back and ready for a fight . . . - Times Online
28. Eddie Greenspan '68 Confident Conrad Black will Win in Court
29. "Rozenberg, Joshua; Daily Telegraph: No comfort for Conrad Black; July 15, 2007
30. CBC News: Conrad Black wants to be Canadian again; September 26, 2006
31. BBC News: Conrad Black: Where did it all go wrong?; February 27, 2004
32. BBC News: Lord Black is charged with fraud; November 15, 2004
33. CTV.ca | Black guilty on 4 charges, including obstruction
34. Waldie, Paul; The Globe and Mail: Trump may testify for Black; March 14, 2007
35. CBC News: Conrad Black guilty of obstruction and mail fraud; July 13, 2007
36. Harris, Andrew; Bloomberg.com: Black to Remain Free Until Sentencing, Judge Rules; July 19, 2007
37. TheStar.com | World | Judge bars Black from returning to Canada
38. CBC News Conrad Black sentenced to 78 months in jail; December 10, 2007
39. Waldie, Paul; The Globe and Mail: Black gets bail – but is confined to U.S.; July 19, 2007
40. Fall of an arrogant fraud: What really brought down the empire of Conrad Black? - Americas, World - Independent.co.uk
41. Wisniewski, Barbara; Chicago Sun Times: The hunt for Conrad's cash; July 19, 2007
42. ^ Waldie, Paul; McNish, Jacquie; Leeder, Jessica; The Globe and Mail: Global hunt heightens for Black assets; July 19, 2007
43. Editorial; Toronto Star: Strip Black of honour; July 19, 2007
44. CTV News: Harper says he won't help Black return to Canada; July 18, 2007
45. ^ Canadian Press, July 13, 2007
46. Fine Books & Collections Magazine
47. The Lord of Springwood - New York Times
48. ISBN 978-0753818732
49. New Yorker Books Briefly Noted
50. DeWolf Smith, Nancy; The Wall Street Journal: "Citizen Black": An entertaining documentary; February 17, 2006
51. Wisniewski, Mary; Chicago Sun Times: Prosecutors to see 'Citizen Black' footage; November 23, 2006
52. Pendennis: Oliver Marre | 7 Days | The Observer

External links

• SEC - Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
• Inmate Locator showing Black's current location within the Bureau of Prisons systems
• "Conrad Black's apologia for Richard Nixon": a review in the TLS by Anthony Holden, August 8th 2007
• Conrad Black profile from NNDB
• Barbara Amiel profile from NNDB
• Conrad Black profile from RightWeb
• Lord Black of Crossharbour: The Life and Times of Conrad Black CBC, documentary originally aired 24 March, 2005
• Conrad Black at IdeaCity on CITY-TV
• A Conrad Black timeline, thestar.com, May 11 2007

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