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The Twelve Colonies of Man was the main human civilization in the original 1978 science fiction movie and television series Battlestar Galactica

The Twelve Colonies of Kobol

The Twelve Colonies were founded by settlers from Kobol, the birthplace of all humans. Twelve tribes of humans settled twelve different planets, presumably in the same solar system (representing the Twelve Lost Tribes of Israel). The names of the planets are taken from the signs of the Zodiac:

• Tauron (Taura in the original)
• Geminon
• Virgon
• Sagittara (Sagittaron in the new series)
• Caprica
  • Homeworld of most of the characters on the Galactica. Appears to be the most important colony.
• Picon
• Leonis *
• Canceron *
• Aerilon *
• Aquarion *
• Scorpia *
• Libris *

"*" - revealed in the new series' DVD box set and in episode 'Colonial Day'

All Colonial planets were depopulated by the Cylons during The Destruction of the Twelve Colonies.

The Government of the Twelve Colonies

Warning: Spoilers!

"Battlestar Galactica" (1979) The Quorum of the Twelve is the main governing body of the Twelve Colonies. There are twelve members, one from each colony. There is a President of the Twelve Colonies, who acts as the head of state. There is also a Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The President and civilian government leads the Colonies, unless martial law is declared. After the death of President Adar and the death of the Quorum of the Twelve, the Colonial remnants under the protection of the Battlestar Galactica were placed under martial law by Commander Adama, the last surviving member of the pre-Destruction Quorum. Count Baltar, a member of the Quorum who survived due to his treachery, was presumably stripped of his rank by his gross betrayal of humanity. The Quorum has the power to repeal martial law itself, but after a disastrous attempt at reestablishing civilian rule in the "Rag-Tag Fleet," such matters were dropped for the present.

The Quorum has also been called the "Council of the Twelve."

"Battlestar Galactica" (2003) The Quorum of Twelve is the main governing body of the Twelve Colonies. There are twelve members, one from each colony. There is a President of the Twelve Colonies, who acts as the head of state. There is also a Vice President, who is selected by the Quorum and serves the President. The President and civilian government leads the Colonies, unless martial law is declared.

After the death of President Adar and the death of the Quorum of the Twelve, the Presidency reverted to Laura Roslin, the former Secretary of Education, and a new quorum was selected. The Quorum met on Cloud Nine, a luxury liner, and at the suggestion of Tom Zarek of, nominations for Vice President were accepted, and Gaius Baltar was elected after a tie between Mr. Baltar and Mr. Zarek was broken by a vote from President Roslin.

President Roslin was arrested by "Galactica" forces after requesting Starbuck to defy orders in order to help fulfill and ancient prophecy. Following an assasination attempt on Commander Adama by Boomer, a Cylon sleeper agent, Colonel Tigh ("Galactica"'s second-in-command) declared martial law, dismissing the Quorum of Twelve, and also relieving Gaius Baltar from his role as Vice President.

Colonial law

There is no death penalty, even for treason. The maximum punishment is life imprisonment. Officers of the court include 'Opposers' (prosecuting attorneys) and 'Advocates' (defense).

The Colonial military

The Colonial Navy

The Colonial Navy is the first line of defence against Cylon invasion. This force of battlestars and Vipers has held the Cylons at bay for at least a thousand yahren and can easily outfight superior Cylon numbers through human cleverness.

Colonial warriors

Renowned for their bravery and prowess in warfare in the Colonies and beyond, Warriors are the Viper pilots and ground troops of the Colonies. They are similar to Earth-bound Marines in their versatility.

Colonial/Council security

These officers clad in black form a catch-all police force, under the direct control of the Quorum of the Twelve. Their jurisdiction appears to cover both civilian and military police roles.

In the remake

In the 2003 remake of Battlestar Galactica, the Colonial government (what is known) is somewhat different. There is a Presidency, and a "Political Cabinet" (which includes the ministries of Defense, Civil Defense, and Education), which each ministry headed by a secretary. The Secretary of Education is the 43rd and presumably last in the order of succession. There is a death penalty, and treason is punishable by it. Local government includes mayors, of whom President Adar was one before his first term as President of the Twelve Colonies. The Colonial Government appears to include some form of civil religion. The Quorum of the Twelve does exist in the series (an interim one is established a month into the exodus) but its structure and purpose is different.

The differences in Colonial government in the 2003 remake stem from the fact the new situation that Cylons were created by Man as servants and soldiers, though there are no alien races. The production team has established that the Cylons were used as soldiers in wars between the Twelve Colonies. Indeed, while the Exodus from Kobol was 3,600 years before the final Cylon defeat of the Twelve Colonies in the TV series, the "Articles of Colonization" are stated as being only 52 years old (predating the First Cylon War, which was 40 years ago, by only 12 years). As such, the Colonial Government made up of the Presidency and the Quorum was meant to be less the unified one seen in the original series and more of an alliance of independent members, like NATO or the United Nations. This is evidenced by statements that different colonies had entirely different governments and laws i.e. Sagiterra was ruled by a corrupt military dictatorship. Further, it is stated that Sagiterron law allows a convict that has served their sentence to regain citizenship, implying that all of the colonies were not ruled by the same law.

• Fictional governments
• Battlestar Galactica