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Various non-governmental organizations and individuals have accused the Sri Lankan government of committing state terrorism. These allegations characterize much of the Sri Lankan government's handling of inter-ethnic relationships dating from 1956, including the civil war against Tamil militant groups and the state response to the Janata Vimukthi Peramuna insurrections, as state terrorism. Specific acts alleged include massacres of civilians, mass graves, torture, unlawful incarceration, forced disappearances and recruitment of child soldiers. The government denies the allegations.

1956-2000

v t e Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)
Origins	Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Sinhala Only Act 1956 1958 Vaddukoddai Resolution 1977 1981 Burning of Jaffna Library Black July
Combatants	Sri Lanka Army (LRRP) Navy Air Force Police Special Task Force Home Guards Attacks on civilians Assassinations LTTE Divisions Air Tigers Sea Tigers Black Tigers Attacks in the 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Assassinations Suicide bombings Other militants (list) ENDLF ENLF EPRLF EROS PLOTE TELO  India Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary groups EPDP TMVP
Phases	Eelam War I Indian intervention Eelam War II III IV Eastern / Northern theatres
Major battles	Kokkilai Vadamarachchi Poomalai Pawan Jaffna University Helidrop Balavegaya 1st Elephant Pass Pooneryn Riviresa 1st Mullaitivu Weli Oya Sath Jaya Vavunathivu Jayasikurui Thandikulam–Omanthai 1st Kilinochchi Oddusuddan A-9 highway 2nd Elephant Pass Bandaranaike Airport attack Point Pedro Jaffna Thoppigala Vidattaltivu 2nd Kilinochchi 2nd Mullaitivu Puthukkudiyirippu
Major events	Air Lanka Flight 512 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord Expulsions from Northern province Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa Temple of the Tooth attack Lionair Flight 602 Bandaranaike Airport attack Expulsions from Colombo 2009 suicide air raid on Colombo
Leaders	Sri Lanka Military Army Tissa Weeratunga Nalin Seneviratne Hamilton Wanasinghe Cecil Waidyaratne G. H. De Silva Rohan Daluwatte Srilal Weerasooriya L. P. Balagalle Shantha Kottegoda Sarath Fonseka Navy Asoka de Silva H. A. Silva Clancy Fernando D. A. M. R. Samarasekara H. C. A. C. Thisera Daya Sandagiri Wasantha Karannagoda Air Force Dick Perera Andibuduge Fernando Makalandage Gunawardena Oliver Ranasinghe Jayalath Weerakkody Donald Perera Roshan Goonetileke Civilian J. R. Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Chandrika Kumaratunga Mahinda Rajapaksa LTTE Militant Velupillai Prabhakaran Pottu Amman Soosai Karuna Amman Political Selvarasa Pathmanathan Anton Balasingham S. P. Thamilselvan India Military Harkirat Singh Ashok K. Mehta Kulwant Singh Depinder Singh Dalvir Singh Krishnaswamy Sundarji Civilian R. Venkataraman Rajiv Gandhi V. P. Singh Jyotindra Nath Dixit J. Jayalalithaa M. Karunanidhi Vaiko
Aftermath	Genocide Films NPC resolution LLRC Reactions (Protests) Remembrance Day UN Panel on Accountability War crimes Chemical weapons
Related topics	Casualties Assassinations Massacres Child soldiers Disappearances Office on Missing Persons Human rights Popular culture Terrorism Non-state State PTA Sexual violence Sixth Amendment Thirteenth Amendment 1988 Maldives coup attempt 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
Sri Lankan civil war at Wiktionary    Source texts at Wikisource    Textbooks at Wikibooks   Images and media at the Commons    Quotations at Wikiquote    News stories at Wikinews

According to the author of The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle, published by Tamil Information Centre in 1983, State terrorism was let loose when Sri Lankan Army occupied minority Sri Lankan Tamil dominant Jaffna Peninsula leading to the formation of rebel movements such as the Tamil New Tigers. According to them, due to Sri Lankan army occupation of Jaffna and the state terrorism let loose on the people, hostility began to grow and the emotional division between majority Sinhalese and minority Sri Lankan Tamils became more acute. A group of highly organized young Tamil militants, first calling themselves the Tamil New Tigers and later the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, emerged in 1976 to confront the government terrorism by bearing arms. Since then according to James Lutz and Brenda Lutz, this conflict eventually led to the outbreak of violence between the communities, (see Sri Lankan riots of 1977) and this violence quickly generated terrorist actions in a variety of situations. Both government forces and Tamil dissidents became perpetrators. In 1961, the Sri Lankan government declared a state of emergency and for the first time dispatched military troops to occupy the Tamil areas Northeast of Sri Lanka. This was in the wake of a mass non-violent protest (Satyagraha) in Jaffna, Vavuniya, Trincomalee and Batticaloa causing the entire Northeast to shut down. These were in peaceful retaliation of the Sri Lankan state marginalization of the Tamils in jobs and education. Furthermore, state terrorism and the violence on Tamils were parcels of general onslaught on the democratic right and freedom of the people. This violence by the Government of Sri Lanka provoked the attacks on Sri Lankan Army by small group of Tamil youths.

In 1986 Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, an American Tamil social anthropologist at Harvard University specializing in studies of Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Tamils, as well as the anthropology of religion and politics, stated that the Sinhalese populace, the Tamil rebels and the Sri Lankan government armed forces were all engaged in "terrorism"; he describes the latter as practicing "deadly terrorism and intimidation". Though all parties in the conflict have resorted to the use of terror tactics, in the scale, duration, and sheer numbers of victims, it is the Sri Lankan state that is most guilty of the massive use of terror.

This was echoed by the Secretary of Movement for Development and Democratic Rights, a NGO, that terrorism was used in the north as a political tool and the resultant state terrorism restricted their operation in the north. It further claimed that the state viewed killing as an essential tool . This according to Kumar Rupesinghe led to solidification of demand for separate state for minority Tamils called Tamil Eelam under conditions of state terrorism and genocidal situations. The idea of an independent state for Tamils was originally articulated by S.J.V. Chelvanayagam in 1976.

The author of State, Nation, and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia states that as a result of ethnic assault of Tamils, the Sri Lankan social democracy was tainted by State Terrorism.

Dias Hewagama and Wiswa Warnapala claim that experience of State terrorism could not be erased from the mind of people from Jaffna and this is what prompted the UNP to attack Jaffna.

JVP insurrection

From 1985 to 1989, according to Gananath Obeyesekere, Sri Lanka practiced state terrorism against the Sinhalese majority as part of the counter insurgency measures against the uprising by the Marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) party. As part of pacifying the support base of JVP a wide range of acts of cruelty including the torture and mass murder of school children were carried out by the state.

Likewise, state terrorism came to peak among the Sinhala population during 1989-1990

Chandrika Kumaratunga, the President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005, has also stated in an in interview with David Frost that at the time that her husband Vijaya Kumaranatunga was assassinated, "Sri Lanka had a killing fields, there was a lot of terror perpetrated by the government itself, state terrorism. This was supported by a report released by the Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC), a non-governmental organization based in Hong Kong and associated with the United Nations, also claimed that there was widespread terrorism by the state organ during the same period.

Post 2000 events

Since the collapse of peace talks since 2006, human rights agencies such as the Asian Center of Human Rights (ACHR), the University Teachers for Human Rights (UTHR), and pro LTTE political parties such as the Tamil National Alliance, have claimed that government of Sri Lanka has unleashed state terrorism as part of its counter insurgency measures against the rebel LTTE movement. To which the government has claimed that such claims by the LTTE is an attempt at justifying terrorism of the LTTE. The ACHR has also reported that, "since the collapse of the Geneva talks of February 2006", the government of Sri Lanka has perpetrated a campaign of state terrorism by targeting alleged LTTE sympathizers and Tamil civilians.As noted by Brad Adams, Asia Director, Human Rights Watch,

"The Sri Lankan government has apparently given its security forces a green light to use ‘dirty war’ tactics".

Many commentators have requested international intervention in Sri Lanka to protect the civilians from State terror.Subsequently the United States has stopped military supplies to Sri Lanka.

Civilian deaths

The Padahuthurai bombing, in which 15 civilians died, was termed as state terrorism and a Crime against humanity by the Mannar Bishop Rayappu Joseph, who was accused as pro-LTTE by the Sri Lankan Government.When referring to the massacre of five school kids in Trincomalee , and the subsequent incidents of intimidation of the witnesses and the perceived lack of investigative vigor, the local human rights group UTHR termed it an act of state terror.

Forced disappearances

Sri Lanka has suffered numerous forced disappearances over the last few years, these acts according pro-LTTE Tamil daily Uthayan, published from Jaffna, include the forced disappearances of number of individuals in the north and east of the country.

Recruitment of children

According to the Asian Centre for Human Rights (ACHR), the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court identifies "conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into armed forces or groups or using them to participate actively in hostilities" as a war crime. The agency has accused that Sri Lankan government backed paramilitary forces of recruiting children, describing is a "state terror" and has appealed to the international community to refer Sri Lanka to the ICC for investigation into the violations of the Rome Statute.

Torture and Rape

The International Federation of Tamils, a pro-LTTE consortium of Tamil groups, alleged that the systematic use of torture and rape is instruments of state terrorism. David Jeyaraj a prominent Sri Lankan journalist from Canada has termed the act of torture, rape and murder of a family in the Vankalai massacre as an act of State terrorism. Human Rights groups have condemned this massacre and demanded an independent investigation. In Trauma of Terrorism author Yael Danieli states that the Sri Lankan state is the most guilty in the use of terror. It further claimed that state terrorism became institutionalized into very law of structure of society and mechanism of governance.

Media Freedom

Opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe has charged that the government of Sri Lanka has turned into a junta, "This junta has control over the economy, business activities and defense. They have unleashed corruption and terror on the country." He claimed that the attack on the Sunday Leader press facility, an independent English weekly could not have occurred without the knowledge of Sri Lankan Defense Ministry, since its located in a High Security Zone, neighboring military air force base, defense academy and a military camp .

Furthermore, UTHR, a local human rights organization claimed that the media has been repressed by State Terrorism.

Ethnic cleansing

On June 7, 2007 at least 376 Ethnic Tamils were expelled from Colombo by the Sri Lankan Police. Human rights groups, Local think tank and other observers have termed this act as "Ethnic Cleansing".

See also

• State terrorism
• State sponsored terrorism
• Allegations of Iranian state terrorism
• Allegations of state terrorism by Russia
• Allegations of state terrorism by the United States

Notes

1. ^ Ching-In Moon and Chaesung Chun, Sovereignty: Dominance of the Westphalian Concept and Implications for Regional Security, Muthiah Alagappa (edit), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, pp. 128
2. James M Lutz, Brenda J Lutz, Global Terrorism, p. 216
3. Ponnambalam, Sri Lanka: The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle, pp. 105-106
4. World Marxist Review, pp. 64 - 66
5. ^ Hattotuwa, From violence to peace: Terrorism and Human Rights in Sri Lanka, pp.11-13
6. Tambiah, Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy, p. 116
7. Danieli, Yael, D. Brom, and Joe Sills,The trauma of terrorism: sharing knowledge and shared care, pp.216
8. "Child soldiers: Understanding the context" (html). Daya Somasundaram. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
9. ACHR, Sri Lanka: Disappearances and the Collapse of the Police System,ACHR, pp.34-42
10. Rupesinghe, Ethnic Conflict in South Asia: The Case of Sri Lanka and the Indian Peace-Keeping Force (IPKF), pp.337
11. "Sri Lanka: testimony to state terror". Race & Class. 26 (4). Institute of Race Relations: 71–84. 1985. doi:10.1177/030639688502600405. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
12. "S.J.V.Chelvanayagam Q.C". Tamil Nation. Tamil Nation. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2008-01-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. ^ Ishtiaq Ahmed, State, Nation, and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1996, p. 55. ISBN 1855675781.
14. W. A. Wiswa Warnapala, L. Dias Hewagama, Recent Politics in Sri Lanka: The Presidential Election and the Referendum, Navrang (Original from the University of Michigan), 1983, p. 29. ASIN: B000II886W.
15. Gananath Obeyesekere, Narratives of the self: Chevalier Peter Dillon's Fijian cannibal adventures, in Barbara Creed, Jeanette Hoorn, Body Trade: captivity, cannibalism and colonialism in the Pacific, Routledge, 2001, p. 100. ISBN 0415938848. "The 'time of dread' was roughly 1985-89, when ethnic Sinhala youth took over vast areas of the country and practiced enormous atrocities; they were only eliminated by equally dreadful state terrorism."
16. "JVP: Lessons for the Genuine Left" (html). Imayavaramban. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
17. Handelman, Don (2006). The Manchester School: Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology. Berghahn Books. p. 142. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
18. "BBC Breakfast with Frost Interview: President Chandrika Kumaratunga of Sri Lanka" (html). David Frost. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
19. "Tell the truth or you will be killed". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
20. ^ "Sri Lanka: Terror Vs State Terror". Retrieved 2007-08-11. Cite error: The named reference "ACHR1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
21. University Teachers for Human Rights , UTHR, October 28, 2001.
22. "Claims of state terror and genocide by LTTE attempts at justifying terrorism". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
23. "Claims of state terror and genocide by LTTE attempts at justifying terrorism". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
24. "Sri Lanka: Terror Vs State Terror". ACHR Weekly Review. Asian Human Rights Commission. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-07-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
25. "Sri Lanka: Government Abuses Intensify" (html). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
26. "Tamils 'entitled to' international help" (html). BBC. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
27. "Sri Lanka Trauma: International Community Revisits its Response" (html). V S Subramaniam. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
28. "US stops military supplies to Sri Lanka after truce abrogation" (html). Lanka Newspapers. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
29. "Padahuthurai bombing". Tamilnet.org. Retrieved 2006-01-07.
30. "Sri Lanka raid 'kills civilians'". BBC.com. Retrieved 2006-01-07.
31. "The Road to Pesalai Attack". Official Srilankan army website. 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
32. "2.0 State Terror in Trincomalee". UTHR. 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
33. "MEDIA-SRI LANKA: Press Left to Fend for Itself". Inter Press Service. 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "lasterera" ignored (help)
34. Hayner, The Unspeakable Truths : Confronting State Terror and Atrocity, pp.161
35. "Sri Lanka: Terror Vs State Terror". ACHR Weekly Review. Asian Human Rights Commission. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-07-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
36. "Extending a ban".
37. "Another family wiped out in Vankalai".
38. Danieli, The Trauma of Terrorism, p. 216
39. "No one can attack on the Leader Publications press without the knowledge of the Defence Ministry." -Opposition Leader" (html). Lanka News. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
40. "Can the East be won through Human Culling?" (html). UTHR. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
41. "Police evict Tamils from Colombo" (html). BBC. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
42. ""Ethnic Cleansing" in Sri Lanka?" (html). The Time. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
43. "Ethnic cleansing claim after police move Tamils at gunpoint" (html). The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 2008-01-17.

References

• Alagappa, Muthiah (2003). Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features. Stanford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 080474629X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
• Lutz, James M (2004). Global Terrorism. Routledge. ISBN 0415700507. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 0862321980.
• World Marxist Review. Central Books. 2007. ISBN 05123305. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Tambiah, Stanley James (1991). Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0226789527.
• Danieli, Yael (1989). The Trauma Of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1211-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Asian Center for Human Rights (1991). Sri Lanka: Disappearances and the Collapse of the Police System. ACHR. p. 205. ISBN 0226789527.
• Rupesinghe, Kumar (1988). "Ethnic Conflict in South Asia: The Case of Sri Lanka and the Indian Peace-Keeping Force (IPKF)". Journal of Peace Research. 25 (4): 337. doi:10.1177/002234338802500402. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
• Hattotuwa, Sanjana (2003). "From violence to peace: Terrorism and Human Rights in Sri Lanka". The online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. 5 (1): 14. 1522-211X. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
• Hayner, Priscill (20009). The Unspeakable Truths : Confronting State Terror and Atrocity. Routledge. ISBN 0415924774. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Further reading

• Myrdal, Gunnar (1968). Asian Drama: an Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. Pantheon. ASIN B000E80DGO.
• Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1989). The Break up of Sri Lanka: the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1211-5.
• Gunasingam, Murugar (1999). Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. Sydney: MV. p. 238. ISBN 0-646-38106-7.

• Political repression
• Politics of Sri Lanka
• Sri Lankan Tamil history
• Terrorism
• Terrorism in Sri Lanka