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Revision as of 01:57, 7 July 2008 by Kewp (talk | contribs) (→Slavery: copyedit)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Brigitta Scherzenfeldt | |
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| Born | Brigitta Christina Scherzenfeldt 1684 Bäckaskog, Sweden |
| Died | 1736 (aged c. 52) Stockholm, Sweden |
| Other names | Brigitta Christina Bernow; Brigitta Christina Lindström; Brigitta Christina Ziems; Brigitta Christina Renat ? |
| Occupation(s) | Memoirist, weaving teacher |
| Known for | Living as a slave |
| Spouse(s) | Mats Bernow; Johan Lindström; Michael Ziems; Johan Gustaf Renat ? |
Brigitta Christina Scherzenfeldt, as married Bernow, Lindström, Ziems, and Renat, (Bäckaskog, Sweden, 1684 – Stockholm, Sweden, 4 April 1736), was a Swedish memoirist and weaving teacher who was captured during the Great Northern War and lived as a slave in the kingdom of the Kalmyks in Central Asia. Her story is regarded as a unique source of information about life inside the historic Kalmyk Khanate.
Background
Born in Bäckaskog Manor in Scania in Sweden as the child of the noble Lieutenant Knut Scherzenfeldt and Brigitta Tranander, she married the military Mats Bernow at the Livgardet in 1699 and followed him to war in 1700. She mainly lived in Riga, and when her husband died in Thorn in 1703, she married the military officer Johan Lindström. They were both taken prisoner at the fall of Narva in 1704 and taken to Moscow, where she became a widow in 1711. She remarried again in 1712, this time to a lieutenant, Michael Ziems, a German who had ben taken prisoner of war in by the Russians during his service in the Swedish army; they were subsequently both deported to Tobolsk in Siberia.
Ziems, who was clearly not a Swedish subject, joined the service of the Russian army in 1715 in order to gain their freedom. In 1716, Ziems was a part of the reinforcements sent to the garrison of Ivan Bucholtz at Jarmyn Lake, above the Irtysh River, by Governor Gagarin. Scherzenfeldt, as well as several other Swedish and German people in Russian service, was a part of that convoy. At the same time, the garrison was attacked and captured by the Kalmyks, who also met and defeated the convoy, killing Michael Ziems during the conflict.
Slavery
Scherzenfeldt was captured, abused with iron and ropes, stripped and almost raped, but she defended herself so forcefully that she tore a piece of flesh from the leg of her attacker. The attacker then wished to kill her, but was stopped by a comrade, and she was then taken naked to the Khanate in Ili with the other survivors and presented to the Khan himself; he curiously asked her why she had resisted the rape so forcefully, and when she told him about the customs of her country, he ordered that she should never be sexually attacked in the future. The Khan then gave her as a gift to one of his wives, a Princess from Tibet, who gave Scherzenfeldt clothes to wear. The story about the rape attempt is not in her official story, but was told to an English woman, Mrs. Vigor, several years later in Moscow.
Scherzenfeldt was made teacher in weaving and knitting, and soon became appreciated for her knowledge in these crafts and her good manners; she was appointed knitting instructor to the Kahn's favorite daughter, Princess Seson, and was soon regarded as more of a lady-in-waitng than a slave; during a period of two years, she was the official representative for the purchases from the Princess' dowry in Jarkend in Xinjiang in China, where she would have ben the first Swedish person until the 1890s. She was also active in making a better life for other slaves belonging to the Kalmykians. Among them was a Swedish man named Johan Gustaf Renat (born 1682 in Stockholm), the son of Dutch Jewish immigrants who converted nationalities in 1681, and he was then captured during his service in the Swedish army; he became an instructor in the making of cannons and the printing of books, and led an attack during a battle against the Chinese; he also made some of the weaving-looms for Scherzenfeldt's workshops. Princess Seson wanted Scherzenfeldt to come with her when she was to marry the Khan of the Volga Kalmyks, but she refused, as she feared she would never again see Sweden if she did so, and instead, she "married" Renat (the marriage never actually took place), and left the court of the Princess. Shortly after this, in 1727, the Khan, Tsevans Arabtay died, and the Princess, her mother, and everyone belonging to her court were accused of having posined him in order to place Seson's brother on the throne; they confessed, and were tortured and executed.
Scherzenfeldt was the target of many suspicions and intrigues, but survived due to her good sense and great care, and even managed to get the new Khan to agree on her demand that the eighteen Swedish and one hundred and thirty four Russian slaves be released.
The release
In 1733, Scherzenfeldt and Renat left Central Asia in the company of a Russian ambassador and twenty Kalmyk slaves, which were given to them upon their departure; six of them were subsequently kept by the Russians, but several others died before arriving in Moscow. They hade ben allowed to leave only to visit their home country; they where excpected to return. In Moscow, she told an English woman, Mrs Vigor, some about her experiences, which where published by Vigor in a book about Russia. When the survivors entered Stockholm in 1734, the three remaining Kalmyks (Altan, Iamakiss and Zara) were baptized to become Anna Catharina, Maria Stina and Sara Greta; they then became maids in the Renat household.
Scherzenfeldt died in 1736. Her Kalmyk costume of red silk is now on display in the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm.
See also
References
- Alf Åberg, "Fångars elände", Template:Sv icon.
- Gunvor blomquist, "Starka Kvinnor", Template:Sv icon.
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