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Paranthropus is an extinct genus of bipedal hominid that is probably descended from the Australopithecine. All species of Paranthropus were bipedal, and many lived during a time when the Homo genus, also descended from Australopethicus, was prevelant. It first appeared roughly 2 million years ago. Most species of Paranthropus had a brain about 40 percent of the size of modern man. There was some size variation between the different species of Paranthropus, but most stood roughly 4 and a half feet tall and were quite well muscled.

The behavior of Paranthropus was quite different from that of representatives of the Homo genus, in that it was not as adaptable to its envirenment or as resourceful. Evidence of this exists in the form of its physiology which was specifically tailored to a diet of grubs and plants. This would have made it more reliant on favorable envirenmental conditions than a member of the Homo genus, such as Homo habilis, which would eat anything it could within reason.

Opinions differ as to whether the species aethiopicus, boisei and robustus should be included within the genus Australopithecus. The current consenses in the scientific community is that they should be placed in a distinct genus, Paranthropus, which is believed to have developed from the ancestral Australopithecus line. Up until the last half decade the majority, however, included all the species of both Australopethicus and Paranthropus in a single genus.

For the most part the Australopithecines species afarensis, africanus, and anamensis either disappeared off of the fossil record before the appearance of early humans or seem to have been the ancestors of Homo habilis, yet boisei and aethiopicus continued to evolve along a seperate path distinct and unrelated to early humans. Paranthropus shared the earth with some early examples of the Homo genus, such as Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and possibly even Homo erectus. The Australopithecus aferensis and anamenis species, for the most part, had disappeared by this time. There were also signifant morphological differences between Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The latter was more massively built, specialized, and tended to sport sagital crests on the cranium upon which massive jaws were anchored. Paranthropus seemed to be evolving away from human-likeness, not toward or preceding it. The contrast between Paranthropus and Homo was even greater.

Species of Paranthropus were not as advanced in intellect as species of the Homo genus, yet they had significantly larger and more advanced brains than Australopethicines. There is even evidence that some species of Paranthropus were using tools similar to that used in the lower paleolithic era, though they were not quite as advanced as those used by Homo habilis. Species of Paranthropus almost certainly did not use language or control fire.