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Koreans
한민족(韓民族)

Complex of Goguryeo Tombs
Regions with significant populations
South Korea      48,379,392 (2008 est.)  North Korea      23,479,089 (2008 est.)Korean ancestry/overseas Korean without naturalization (but with the exception of China, CIS, Japan by reason of Korean diaspora) Source : Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 외교통상부 Korean : English :
China	2,762,160
United States	1,520,703
Japan	893,740
CIS (incl. Russia)	533,976
Canada	216,628
Australia	105,558
Philippines	86,800
Vietnam	53,800
Brazil	50,523
United Kingdom	41,995
New Zealand	32,972
Indonesia	30,700
Germany	29,800
Thailand	25,000
Argentina	21,592
Malaysia	14,934
France	13,981
Singapore	12,656
Mexico	12,070
Guatemala	9,944
India	7,367
Italy	5,502
Spain	3,606
South Africa	3,480
Taiwan	3,166
Mongolia	2,500
Languages
Korean speakers: 78 million
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity, Cheondoism. Background of Confucianism and Korean shamanism.

The Korean people are an East Asian ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language.

Names

South Koreans call Koreans Han-guk-in (한국인; 韓國人)–or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad–or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏn-in (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul;한글 and Hanja;한자.

Origins

Koreans are believed to be descendents of Altaic- or proto- Altaic-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongolians, Tungusics and Turkics. Archaeological evidence suggest proto-Koreans were Altaic-language-speaking migrants from south-central Siberia, who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age.

Recent advances in the study of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a very long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, as male Koreans display a high frequency of Y-chromosomes belonging to Haplogroup O2b that are more or less specific to Korean populations.

Haplogroup C-RPS4Y711 was present in Korea and Manchuria at moderate frequencies: higher than in populations from southeast Asia, but lower than those in the northeast, which may imply a northern Asian expansion of these lineages, perhaps from Mongolia or Siberia. The major Y-chromosomal expansions in east Asia were those of haplogroup O-M175 (and its sublineages). This haplogroup is likely to have originated in southern east Asia and subsequently expanded to all of east Asia. The moderate frequency of one sublineage in the Koreans, haplogroup O-LINE1 (12.5%), could be a result of interaction with Chinese populations. The age of another sublineage, haplogroup O-SRY+465, and Y-STR haplotype diversity provide evidence for relatively recent male migration, originally from China, through Korea into Japan. In conclusion, the distribution pattern of Y-chromosomal haplogroups reveals the complex origin of the Koreans, resulting from genetic contributions involving the northern Asian settlement and range expansions mostly from southern-to-northern China. This could be due to Chinese immigrating into korea when it was under chinese control during the Han Dynasty, and divided into 4 commandaries, Lelang being one of them. Emperor Liu Bang forcibly transported 40,000 Chinese peasants to colonies in Lelang and other commandaries in Korea such as Luolang(Pyongyang). He encourage intermarriage

Most Koreans and part-Koreans still display phenotypes suggesting Altaic origins. These features include higher cheekbones, and the Mongolian spot, a genetic predisposition for a bluish birthmark on the lower body which remains until early childhood; however, the Mongolian spot is also extremely common among non-Altaic people of Chinese, African, Native American, or East Indian ancestry.

Regional differences

Significant regional cultural and political differences exist.

Within South Korea, the most important regional difference is between the Gyeongsang region, embracing Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces in the southeast, and the Jeolla region, embracing Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces in the southwest. The two regions, separated by the Jiri Massif, nurture a rivalry said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms Period, which lasted from the fourth century to the seventh century A.D., when the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla struggled for control of the peninsula.

Observers noted that interregional marriages are rare, and that as of 1990 a new fourlane highway completed in 1984 between Gwangju and Daegu, the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, completed in 1984, was unsuccessful in promoting travel between the two areas.

South Korea's political elite, including presidents Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, and Roh Tae-woo, have come largely from the Gyeongsang region. As a result, Gyeongsang has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance.

By contrast, historically the Jeolla region has remained comparatively rural, undeveloped, and poor. Regional social disturbances intensified in the May 1980 Gwangju massacre, in which about 200 and perhaps many more inhabitants of the capital of Jeollanam-do were killed by Chun Doo-hwan's troops who were sent to quell demonstrations of citizens and students against military coup regime. The demonstration against military regime occurred all over the country, but only Gwangju was heavily damaged. Many of the troops who put down the demonstrations were reportedly from the rival Gyeongsang region.

Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Stereotypes remain important, however, in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, the people of Gyeonggi-do, surrounding Seoul, are often described as being cultured, and Chungcheong people, inhabiting the region embracing Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do provinces, are thought to be mild-mannered, manifesting true yangban virtues. The people of Gangwon-do in the northeast were viewed as poor and stolid, while Koreans from the northern provinces of Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyong, now in North Korea, are perceived as being diligent and aggressive. Jeju-do is known for its strong-minded and independent women.

Culture

North Korea and South Korea share a common heritage, but the political division since 1945 has resulted in some divergence of modern culture.

Language

The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses hangul as its main writing system. There are around 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide.

North Korea data

Estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Korea's population has been extremely difficult. Until release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterward) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il Sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world.

In 1989 the Central Statistics Bureau released demographic data to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) in order to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide census since the establishment of the state in 1948. Although the figures given to the United Nations might have been distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities. According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Judith Banister, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ri (“village”, the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the dong (“district” or “block”) level in urban areas.

Koreans outside of the Korean peninsula

Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million ethnic Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia. During the Japanese colonial period of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited and or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture, and Manchukuo; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans. Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965; as of 2007, roughly 2 million Koreans emigrants and people of Korean descent live in the United States.

Large Koreatowns can also be found in Australia, Brazil, and Canada. The largest Korean community outside of Korea is in Los Angeles, California. Koreans in the United Kingdom now form Western Europe's largest Korean community; Koreans in Germany used to outnumber the ones in the UK until the late 1990s. There are also Koreatowns in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Guatemala, and Mexico. During the 1990s and 2000s, the number of Koreans in the Philippines and Koreans in Vietnam have also grown significantly.

The Korean population in the United States is a small share of the US economy, but it has a disproportionately favorable impact. The Koreans in the United States have a saving rate double that of the average American. Koreans in the United States graduate from college at a rate double that of the average American providing a highly skilled and educated addition to the US workforce. The second generation of Koreans has an average income 70% above that of the average American, indicating both their attainment and the contribution they make to the US economy. Marcus Noland, an expert on South Korea, the Korean economy, North Korea, and outlook for Korean unification, has claimed that if somehow the Korean-American population were to double, the US would experience a growth rate of per capita income by 0.1 to 0.2 percent.

See also

• Korean diaspora
• Koreans in CIS (Koreans of the former Soviet Union)
• Koreatown
• Demographics of North Korea
• Demographics of South Korea
• List of Korea-related topics

Notes

1. CIA Factbook - South Korea
2. CIA Factbook - North Korea
3. ^ 재외동포 다수거주 국가, Overseas Korean Foundation, 2007, retrieved 2008-10-10
4. S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States, United States Census Bureau, retrieved 2007-09-22
5. Mongolia-South Korea relations
6. "Korean". ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
7. Korean Peninsulars + Korean diaspora: (48,379,392 + 23,479,089) + 5,769,738 = 77,628,219
8. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues - Page 40 by Pyrong Gap Min
9. Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbsn= ignored (help)
10. "Korean people(한민족)". Naver Encyclopedia (in Korean). Retrieved 2007-03-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
11. "Korean people(한민족)". Encyclopedia Britannica Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 2007-03-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
12. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, pp. 165
13. 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, pp. 44-45
14. Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Michael F. Hammer, Yutaka Nakahori, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ju-Won Lee, Feng Jin, Xuming Jia, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans," Human Genetics (2003)
15. HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE CLASSICAL WORLD 500 BC AD600, by John Haywood, copyright 1998 Andromeda Oxford Ltd, ISBN 0-7607-1973-X(casbound), ISBN 0-7607-1974-8(paperback), section 2.24
16. Mongolian Spots
17. "Korean". ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
18. Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
19. Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101-131. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
20. Ban, Byung-yool (2004-09-22). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". Korea Times. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
21. NOZAKI, Yoshiki. "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". Japan Focus. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
22. Kelly, Tim (2006-09-18). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
23. Meinardus, Ronaldo (2005-12-15). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2007-02-16.

References

• This image is available from the United States Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID {{{id}}} This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Misplaced Pages:Copyrights for more information.

• 서의식 and 강봉룡. 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, ISBN 89-8133-536-2
• Barnes, Gina. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, ISBN 05-0027-974-8

External links

• Korean Food Glossary
• Korean American Museum
• Korean Residents Union in Japan (Mindan)

• Ethnic groups in Asia
• Korean people
• North Korean people
• South Korean people