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Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian religious movement. Sociologists of religion have classified the group as an Adventist sect. The religion emerged from the Bible Student Movement, founded in the late 19th century by Charles Taze Russell. It underwent significant changes between 1917 and the 1940s as its authority structure was centralized and its preaching methods brought under greater regimentation. The religion today claims an active worldwide membership of 7.0 million.

They are most well-known for their door-to-door preaching ministry, and their refusal to serve in the military and take blood transfusions. Since 1876, adherents have believed that they are living in the last days of the present world. In the years leading up to 1925 and 1975, the religion's publications expressed strong expectations that Armageddon would occur in those years, both times resulting in surges in membership and subsequent defections.

The religion has been acknowledged for its contributions to medical practice in bloodless surgery, its assistance in the development of constitutional law concerning civil liberties and conscientious objection to military service, and its international publishing and missionary activity. The religion's stance against military service has brought it into conflict with governments that conscript citizens for military service, and activities of Jehovah's Witnesses have subsequently been banned in some countries.

The organization's teachings and practices diverge greatly from traditional Christian theology, which has caused several major Christian denominations to denounce the group as either a cult or heretical sect. Medical ethicists have criticized Jehovah's Witnesses as an authoritarian group that coerces members to obey doctrines including the ban on blood transfusions. Former adherents have claimed that the religion demands unquestioning obedience from members, with the consequence of expulsion and shunning facing any who fail to comply with, express doubts about, or disagree with its doctrines.

History

1879-1916: Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Students

In July 1879, Charles Taze Russell, who had earlier studied the Bible with the Millerist Adventist group and jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning, began leading a Bible study group and publishing a magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, highlighting Biblical time prophecies and Russell's belief that the world was in "the last days". In 1881 Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to disseminate tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles and three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became the president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania.

Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and Russell's writings. Russell firmly rejected as "wholly unnecessary" the concept of a formal organization for his followers and declared his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds and no sectarian name. The group became known as "Bible Students". Russell died in 1916 and was succeeded by Joseph Franklin Rutherford (also known as "Judge" Rutherford).

1916-1942: Joseph Rutherford

Organizational changes

A power struggle developed between Rutherford and the Society's Board of Directors, who objected to his dogmatic, authoritarian style of leadership. On July 17, 1917 Rutherford dismissed four of the directors and announced the release of The Finished Mystery, a book described as the "posthumous work of Russell", but actually written by two Bible Students. Controversy erupted over Rutherford's actions and many Bible Students left to form splinter groups. Eight years later Rutherford dismissed the Watch Tower's Editorial Committee following a dispute over a proposed article, giving him full control of the organization and material published in the magazine.

The Finished Mystery strongly criticised Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in war. Citing this book, the United States federal government indicted Rutherford and the new board of directors for violation of the Espionage Act on May 7, 1918. They were found guilty and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. However, in March 1919, the judgment against them was reversed and they were released from prison. The charges were later dropped. Patriotic fervor during World War I fueled persecution of the Bible Students both in America and in Europe, including mob violence and tarring and feathering.

Rutherford continued to tighten and centralize organizational control of the Bible Students, with the Brooklyn headquarters appointing a "director" in each congregation in 1919 and a year later requiring all congregation members who participated in the preaching work to report weekly on their witnessing activity. In 1932 Rutherford eliminated the system of congregations electing bodies of elders and in 1938 introduced a "theocratic" or "God-ruled" organizational system in which the Brooklyn headquarters would make all appointments in congregations worldwide. On July 26, 1931, the name Jehovah's Witnesses was adopted by resolution at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, based on the scripture at Isaiah 43:10, "You are my witnesses, is the utterance of Jehovah...".

Doctrinal changes

At an international convention held at Cedar Point, on September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine were made under Rutherford's leadership, including the 1918 announcement that Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year reign, accompanied by an earthly paradise. The failed expectations for 1925 coupled with other doctrinal changes, led to a dramatic reduction in attendance at their yearly Memorial from 90,434 in 1925 to 17,380 in 1928. By 1933, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: pa'rou'si'a), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days", was moved from 1874 to 1914. From 1935 converts to the movement were generally identified as those who, if worthy, would survive Armageddon and live on a paradise earth. Membership before this time was generally composed of those who believed they would be resurrected to live in heaven to rule over the earth with Christ.

As the "body of theocratic law" continued to expand at a rapid pace, Witnesses were told they should refuse to salute the flag, stand for the national anthem or accept alternative service provided for those who had conscientous objection to military service. In Germany, Jehovah's Witnesses came under persecution, with as many as 5000 imprisoned in concentration camps. Witnesses also experienced mob violence in the US and were banned in Canada and Australia because of their refusal to accept military service.

1942-present: Nathan Knorr, Frederick Franz, Milton Henschel, Don Adams

Nathan Knorr was named the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society following Rutherford's death in January 1942. Knorr instituted major new training programs, for both missionaries and all congregation members, organized large-scale conventions attracting as many as 253,000 Witnesses to sports stadiums in the US, Canada and Germany and began a campaign of real estate acquisition in Brooklyn to expand the organisation's world headquarters. He commissioned a new translation of the Bible, which was released progressively from 1950 before being published as the complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in 1961. Knorr's vice-president, Frederick William Franz, became the leading theologian for the religion and helped shape the further growth of explicit rules on what conduct was acceptable among members, with a greater emphasis placed on disfellowshipping as a disciplinary measure.

From 1938 to 1955 the Witnesses launched a series of cases in the US Supreme Court to defend their right to worship and proselytize, winning 36 out of 45 cases.

From 1966, Witness publications began using biblical time prophecies to heighten anticipation of Christ's thousand-year millennial reign beginning in late 1975. Focus on 1975 was intensified with talks given at conventions and in 1974 a Watchtower Society publication commended Witnesses who had sold homes and property to devote themselves to preaching in the "short time" remaining. The number of baptisms soared from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974, but membership declined after expectations for the year were proved wrong. In 1980 the Watchtower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding 1975.

The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments being made from headquarters. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watchtower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the religion's Governing Body. Presidents since Knorr's death in 1977 have been Frederick Franz (1977-1992), Milton Henschel (1992-2000) and Don A. Adams (2000-).

Organization

Jehovah's Witnesses are organized under a hierarchical arrangement their leadership calls a "theocratic government" – the belief that it is God's government on earth.

The organization is headed by the Governing Body, based in the Watchtower Society's Brooklyn, New York headquarters – an all-male group that varies in size, but since 2005 has comprised nine members, including its president, most of whom claim to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life. There is no election for membership, with new members selected by the existing body. The Governing Body is described as the "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (the approximately 8000 remaining "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses), and is said to provide "spiritual food" for Witnesses worldwide on behalf of the "faithful and discreet slave class". In practice it seeks neither advice nor approval from any "anointed" Witnesses other than high-ranking members at Brooklyn Bethel when formulating policy and doctrines or when producing material for publications and conventions.

The Governing Body directs six committees that are responsible for various administrative functions within the Witness community, including publication, assembly programs and evangelizing activity. The committees oversee operations of about 100 Watchtower Society branches around the world, within which district and circuit overseers are appointed to supervise local congregations.

Witnesses have no formal clergy-laity division. Congregations are served by a body of appointed male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases that are seen as breaching scriptural or organizational laws. Elders are appointed by the society after recommendation from the local body of elders. Ministerial servants – appointed in a similar fashion to elders – fulfil clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings.

Beliefs

Unless explicitly stated, statements in this section reflect the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Jehovah

Jehovah's Witnesses give emphasis to the use of God's Biblical name, the Tetragrammaton, and in English they prefer to use the name, Jehovah. Jehovah's Witnesses see mankind as participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty.

Jesus Christ

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus was created by Jehovah, and that Jehovah then created everything else by means of Jesus. While on Earth as a human, Jesus performed miracles, but he does not perform them now. Jesus served as a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of mankind. They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than the traditional cross.

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus and the Archangel Michael are the same being.

Salvation

Publications of Jehovah's Witnesses have stated that only those serving Jehovah have Scriptural hope of surviving God's judgment of the world. They believe Jesus' death was necessary to atone for the sin brought into the world by the first man, Adam, opening the way for the hope of everlasting life for mankind, and that 144,000 anointed Christians will receive immortal life in heaven as co-rulers with Christ, ruling over the rest of mankind during the Millennial Reign. They believe that God’s kingdom was established "in heaven with Christ Jesus as King" in 1914. During the war of Armageddon, the wicked will be destroyed, while the survivors along with millions of others who will be resurrected will form a new earthly society ruled by a heavenly government, with the possibility of living forever in an earthly paradise.

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The vast majority of Jehovah's Witnesses expect to live in a renewed paradise on Earth. They believe that after Armageddon, the majority of mankind who have died, apart from those who die at Armageddon, will eventually be resurrected, with the chance of being judged righteous and living forever in paradise. The resurrected ones have a period of 1000 years to demonstrate obedience.

Mortality

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that death is a state of non-existence with no consciousness. They do not believe in any Hell of fiery torment. Hades and Sheol are understood to refer to the condition of death, termed common grave. They consider the soul and body to be the living being that expires. Their hope for life after death involves being resurrected by God, either with a new or renewed body on earth after Armageddon, or to heaven for the limited number of 144,000.

Authority of the Bible

Jehovah's Witnesses consider the entire Bible (following the Protestant canon, hence excluding the deuterocanonical books) to be the inspired word of God, historically and mostly literally true.They believe the Bible also uses symbolism, parable, figures of speech, and poeticism. They do not consider themselves to be fundamentalist.

Because of the intellectual expounding of their interpretation of the Bible, they have been termed a rational religion.

Jehovah’s Witness consider their religion the sole visible channel of Jehovah, and that the Bible cannot be understood without the assistance and guidance of what they call Jehovah’s visible organization.

Practices

Proselytization

Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs throughout the world. They do this mainly by visiting people from house to house. Free home Bible studies are offered to people who show interest in their beliefs. They use their publications, such as The Watchtower, to explain their beliefs. Literature is published in many languages through a wide variety of books, magazines and other publications, with a small selection available in more than 400 languages. They believe that their preaching work is a form of humanitarian effort by helping people apply Biblical principles to improve their lives, and that their preaching work gives people hope for the future. Witnesses are instructed to devote as much time as possible to preaching activities and are required to provide a monthly report to their congregation on their witnessing activity.

Ethics and morality

Their view of morality reflects conservative Christian values. All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion (disfellowshipping) if the accused is not deemed repentant. Abortion is considered murder. Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. Gambling, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden.

The family structure is patriarchal. The husband is considered the final authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. Marriages are required to be monogamous. Divorce is permissable only for adultery or cases in which a Witness's partner forces on them "repugnant and perverted" sexual practices. Abuse and willful nonsupport of one's family are considered grounds for separation.

Avoidance of interfaith activity

Jehovah's Witnesses contend that the Bible has always condemned the mixing of religions on the basis that there can only be one truth from God. They believe only their religion represents true Christianity and that all other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will be destroyed. They are opposed to 'councils' that unite or combine different religions.

Holidays

Weddings, anniversaries, and funerals are observed. Religious holidays such as New Year's Day, Easter, Halloween, and Christmas are not celebrated, as Jehovah's Witnesses believe these customs come from ancient false religions. They also refrain from celebrating birthdays.

Relationship with governments

Jehovah's Witnesses believe their allegiance belongs to God's Kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government. Thus they refrain from saluting the flag of any country or singing nationalistic songs. They believe that these acts are tantamount to worship. The political neutrality of Jehovah's Witnesses is also expressed by their refusal to participate in military service – even when it is compulsory – and by their detachment from secular politics. However, they believe that they owe the secular authorities their obedience. Members are expected to obey all laws of their native governments, so long as these do not violate their interpretations of scripture. They are instructed to pay all taxes of the country in which they reside, considering the government to be solely responsible for how they are used.

Blood

Jehovah's Witnesses are opposed to blood transfusions based on their understanding of how the Bible says blood should be treated. In 1961, accepting a blood transfusion became grounds for expulsion from the religion. They do not accept the threat of death as sufficient to dissuade them from rejecting blood transfusions for themselves or their children. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible prohibits blood transfusions based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28-29.

While Jehovah's Witnesses are not permitted to accept red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma, they may accept fractions made from these components at their own discretion. The Watchtower Society provides members with Power of Attorney documents to indicate which optional fractions they accept, with preformatted wording prohibiting major components. If a fraction, "makes up a significant portion of that component" or "carries out the key function of a primary component" it may be objectionable to some but is permissible.

Aid work

Aid work after large natural disasters is considered an important part of their work, though secondary to their preaching effort. Large sums of donated money are used in the affected areas to rebuild communities and provide aid. The focus of relief efforts is primarily on rebuilding Kingdom Halls, and helping fellow members, but assistance is also provided to non-members in need near the area in which they are working. Examples of relief work include that provided to Hutu and Tutsi victims during the Rwandan genocide, to Congo refugees, and after Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America.

The Memorial

Their most important annual event is the commemoration of Jesus' death on behalf of mankind, referred to as the Memorial or the Lord's Evening Meal. It is held after sundown on the day corresponding to the date of the Hebrew Passover (Nisan 14 on the Hebrew calendar). This is usually in March or April on the first full moon after the spring equinox. The event is open to anyone. Invitations are given out in communities about a month before. Over 17 million attended the Memorial worldwide in 2007.

During the event, unleavened bread and wine, emblems symbolizing Jesus' perfect body and shed blood, are passed to each person in attendance. Only those members who profess to be of the anointed 144,000 partake of the emblems. They believe that those who partake unworthily of the emblems will be judged by Jehovah.

Demographics

Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, though they do not form a large part of the population of any country. Brazil, Mexico, and the United States are the only countries where the number of active Witness publishers exceeds half a million. As of February 2008, Jehovah's Witnesses have an average of 6.8 million members actively involved in preaching. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 7.0 million. However, there has been a decline in growth rates, from over 8% per annum in the mid 1970s, to 5% per annum in the mid 1990s, to about 2%–3% per annum since 1999. Growth rates and activity reports tend to show significant geographical variation. The official published membership statistics only include those who have reported preaching activity. 'Inactive' and disfellowshipped members, and any who have either not been involved in preaching or have not submitted reports, are not included in the reported figures but may be reflected in the attendance at the Witnesses' annual Memorial. In the United States where the religion’s world headquarters is located, about one-third of children among Jehovah’s Witnesses still identify themselves with the religion as adults.

Main publications used

The publishing arm of Jehovah's Witnesses, known as the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, engages in extensive publication work, with the production of books, brochures, and other media. The most widely spread are:

• New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. (1961, revised 1984) A translation of the Bible by the New World Bible Translation Committee. It extensively uses the name Jehovah, an English version of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, also replacing the Greek word for "Lord" some 237 times in the New Testament. It is available in 72 languages.

• The Watchtower. A 32-page magazine, published since 1879, for use in the public ministry; published twice per month, on the 1st and a 15th of each month. From 2008 onward, the issue published on the 15th of each month is a Study Edition for use at the Watchtower Study and not used in the public ministry. It is available in 169 languages.

• Awake!. A 32-page general interest magazine, with a wider scope than the Watchtower, usually including articles on science, nature, and geography, usually with a religious slant. Earlier titles for this magazine were The Golden Age (1919–1937) and Consolation (1937–1946). Until 2005, Awake! was published on the 8th and 22nd of each month; from 2006 onwards, one issue is published each month. It is available in 81 languages.

• What Does the Bible Really Teach? (2005) The textbook used to conduct Bible studies.

Criticism and controversies

Jehovah's Witnesses have attracted controversy over issues surrounding their Bible translation, doctrines, their handling of sexual abuse cases and what is claimed to be coercion of members.

Biblical controversies

The Watchtower Society's New World Translation of the Bible has attracted criticism over the credentials of its translators, its insertion of the name "Jehovah" 237 times in the New Testament without evidence that the name existed in the original Greek manuscripts and the translation of certain texts which may be biased towards specific Witness practices and doctrines.

Doctrinal controversies

The Watchtower Society has been accused of making false predictions and issuing self-aggrandizing statements. Watchtower publications since the 1870s have issued numerous predictions based on Biblical chronology, many of them surrounding the dates 1914, 1925 and 1975. None of these predictions have been fulfilled. It has also been accused of making false claims to act as a prophet in making predictions about the future. Its publications have made the explicit claim that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses as a prophet and urged members of the religion to place unwavering trust in those predictions, but has condemned others for making false predictions about the future.

The Watchtower Society claims that Jehovah's Witnesses alone practise true Christianity and that the religion's Governing Body is the sole "channel" of communication between God and man. It has claimed God used "invisible deputies" and "invisible angels" to pass his "messages" to the Watchtower. The Watchtower Society has claimed the Bible cannot be properly understood "without Jehovah's visible organization in mind" and warned that individual interpretation of the Bible is dangerous and foolish.

The Watchtower Society has substantially altered doctrines since its inception and abandoned core teachings, many involving Bible chronology, it had earlier claimed as beyond question.

Social controversies

Critics claim the Watchtower Society's emphasis on its "theocratic" organization is designed to exercise control over every aspect of the lives of Jehovah's Witnesses and condition them to think it is wrong for them to question statements by the Watchtower Society. Watchtower literature strongly emphasises the importance of avoiding the "dangers" and "infection" of "independent thinking", such as "questioning the counsel that is provided by God's visible organization". Critics claim that the Watchtower Society's firm discouragement of members to read criticism of the organization or scriptural material published by other religions, creates a form of mental isolation that has been cited as an element of mind control. Constant urging to devote increasing amounts of time to door-to-door preaching has been described as coercive pressure. Medical and legal commentators have also noted cases of Witness medical patients being coerced to obey the religion's ban on blood transfusions.

Critics such as Silentlambs have accused Jehovah's Witnesses of employing organizational policies that make the reporting of sexual abuse difficult for members and some victims of sexual abuse have asserted that when reporting abuse they were ordered to maintain silence to avoid embarrassment to both the accused and the organization.

References

1. Stark et al, Why Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application, Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 12, Num. 2, 1997: 133–157
2. OED definition of "Jehovah's Witness": "a member of a fundamentalist millenary sect..." (emphasis added)
3. BBC "Jehovah’s Witness at a glance", BBC - Religion & Ethics (bbc.co.uk) Accessed Nov 16, 2008.
4. "Religious affiliation and psychiatric diagnosis: The influence of Christian sect membership on diagnosis distribution", (Journal : European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Publisher: Steinkopff, ISSN 0940-1334 (Print), 1433-8491 (Online), Volume 243, Number 1 / July, 1993. DOI: 10.1007/BF02191523.)
5. Joel Elliott. "Jehovah's Witnesses", Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Hartford Institute for Religion Research, Harftord Seminary (hirr.hartsem.edu) Accessed Nov 16, 2008.
6. Ronald Lawson. "Sect-State Relations: Accounting for the Differing Trajectories of Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses", Questia Media America (questia.com). (Journal article by Ronald Lawson; Sociology of Religion, Vol. 56, 1995. 27 pgs.) Accessed Nov 16, 2008.
7. ^ Botting, Heather (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 60–75. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
8. A.H. MacMillan, Faith on the March, 1957, as cited by Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, Commentary Press, 2007, page 190.|"Rutherford wanted to unify the preaching work and, instead of having each individual give his own opinion ... gradually Rutherford himself began to be the main spokesman for the organization."
9. Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses
10. Evans, Allan S. (1973). What man Believes: A study of the World’s Great Faiths. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 424. ISBN 0-07-077440-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
11. M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed, 1997, page 1.
12. Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 7. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
13. "Armenia violates Jehovah's Witnesses' rights-Amnesty", Reuters news agency, January 16, 2008
14. UNHCR report, May 28, 2008
15. "Syrian Arab Republic: Treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses by the authorities and society in general, and protection offered", Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 2005
16. "Tajikistan: Jehovah's Witnesses Banned", F18News, October 18, 2007
17. House, H. Wayne (1992). Charts of Cults, Sects, and Religious Movements. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0310385516.
18. ^ “Jehovah's Witnesses case heads to B.C. court”, Vancouver Sun, April 1, 2007
19. Medical emergencies in children of orthodox Jehovah's Witness families: Three recent legal cases, ethical issues and proposals for management”, by J Guicho and, I Mitchell, Paediatrics & Child Health, Canadian Pediatric Society, December 2006.
20. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Atlanta: Commentary Press. p. 754. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
21. Botting, Heather (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
22. The issues of Herald of the Morning from 1874-1876 are available online at: http://tjliberte.free.fr/Library/Watchtower_Publications/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf accessed August 23, 2007
23. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p.18) Routledge.
24. Online copies of The Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at or by article at or in a PDF at . These are taken from the seven-volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.
25. Text of Watchtower, July 1, 1879
26. Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. p. 576.
27. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p.18) Routledge.
28. ^ Raymond Franz, "In Search of Christian Freedom", Commentary Press, 2007, chapter 4 Cite error: The named reference "Franz4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
29. ^ M James Penton, "Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses", University of Toronto Press, 1997, ISBN 0802079733
30. ^ Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2002, chapter 3.
31. A.H. MacMillan. Faith on the March (PDF). p. 80. Retrieved 2007-10-25.. Rutherford claimed the four directors had not been legally elected, but the ousted directors disagreed: "...if the directors were not legally elected, neither were the Society's three officers: Rutherford, Pierson, and Van Amburgh. In order to have been chosen officers in January 1917, they would have had to have been legally elected directors. Yet, they had not been, and hence, by Rutherford's own logic, did not hold office legally."—Apocalypse Delayed, M. James Penton, p. 52
32. The Finished Mystery. Watchtower., published 1917, was called the seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. PDF version of The Finished Mystery
33. "Unrecognized charisma? A study of four charismatic leaders" by George D. Chryssides. Paper presented at the 2001 International Conference "The Spiritual Supermarket: Religious Pluralism in the 21st Century", organized by INFORM and CESNUR (London, April 19-22, 2001.
34. The Finished Mystery pp. 247–253 468 and 474. See also The Fall of Babylon, published in 1917, which contains extracts from The Finished Mystery.
35. Trial documents: Rutherford et al. vs. the United States, Application for Executive Clemency – 1919, Reversal by Appeals Court
36. M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed. pp. 55–56. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 647–654. Rutherford gives his defense against the charges in Souvenir Report of the Bible Student's Convention (1919) (PDF). Watchtower. pp. 62–63. and in the tract The Case of the IBSA
37. "Distress of Nations: Cause, Warning, Remedy" (PDF). The Golden Age: 712–718. 1920. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
38. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 72–77.
39. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 144.
40. Edmond C. Gross, Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes, and Prophetic Speculation. What Does the Record Show?, Xulon Press, 2001, ISBN 193123230X, chapter 24.[
41. Your Will Be Done on Earth. Watchtower. 1958. p. 337.
42. Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower. 1959. p. 313.
43. M. James Penton. Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. p. 61.
44. When Pastor Russell Died (PDF). Dawn Bible Students Association. 1946. pp. 6–16. Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the Watch Tower) shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from 1929–1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146."Watchtower". August 15, 1996: 31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
45. Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 62. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
46. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 144.
47. The Harp of God. 1921. pp. 231–236. affirms that "the Lord's second presence dates from 1874." "Watchtower". Watchtower. 1922: 71. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) and Prophecy. 1930. pp. 65–66. reiterated this position. The eschatological changes during this period are documented in Thomas Daniels. Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses (PDF). pp. 3–37. Retrieved 2006-02-01.
48. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 84–85.
49. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 247.
50. See article on the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses from the "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
51. Hans Hesse (2001). Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi Regime. p. 10.
52. American Civil Liberties Union (1941). The Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses (PDF). pp. 1–24. Barbara Grizzuti Harrison (1978). Visions of Glory. pp. 185, 281. Jayne Persian (2005). "The Banning of Jehovah's Witnesses in Australia in 1941" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc. v. The Commonwealth of Australia
53. M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, 1997, page 86.
54. Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2007, page 72.
55. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christain Freedom, Commentary Press, 2007, chapter 8.
56. M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, 1997, page 89.
57. Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God, Watchtower Society, 1966, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, chapter 9.
58. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1966). "How Much Longer Will It Be?". Awake!. 104: 17–20. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
59. See 1975: 'THE APPROPRIATE TIME FOR GOD TO ACT'. Page 14 of the October 8, 1968 Awake! demonstrates the disclaimer that was made at the time: "Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us."
60. Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, chapter 9.
61. Our Kingdom Ministry, May 1974, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, chapter 9.
62. Raymond Franz. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act". Crisis of Conscience (PDF). pp. 237–253. Retrieved 2006-07-27. This drop in membership has been variously analyzed. Richard Singelenberg ("The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses") in Sociological Analysis 50(1)1989, pp 23–40 notes a nine per cent drop in total publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands. Stark and Iannoccone have analyzed the impact on US Witnesses. "The Journal of Contemporary Religion" (PDF). 1997: 142–143. {{cite journal}}: |article= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) The January 30, 1982 Los Angeles Times ("Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth" by John Dart, p. B4) cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from 1971–1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.
63. The Watchtower, March 15, 1980, p.17 "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."
64. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. p. 106.
65. 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 258
66. ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
67. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
68. Botting, Heather & Gary (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
69. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
70. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
71. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 154–164. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
72. Holden, A. (2002) Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah’s Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith, (Endnote ). Published by the Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK at www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/holden-cavorting-with-the-devil.pdf
73. The Bible Answers Vital Questions of Our Day (November 15, 1999) The Watchtower. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
74. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 1019.
75. Jesus Christ—God’s Beloved Son The Watchtower June 1 1988 p. 13 par. 17
76. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: portrait of a contemporary movement, (p.180). Routledge.
77. ""His Vital Place in God's Purpose" and "Chief Agent of life"". Insight on the Scriptures Vol. e2. Watchtower. pp. 60–61.
78. Reasoning From the Scriptures. 1989. pp. 89–90.
79. Angels: how they affect us (2006) The Watchtower, January 15. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society
    "The angel foremost in power and authority is Michael the archangel, or Jesus Christ. (1 Thessalonians 4:16; Jude 9) Seraphs, cherubs, and other angels are under him."
80. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. pp. 393–394.
81. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1989). "Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium". Watchtower. 104: 19. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. Only Jehovah's Witnesses, those of the anointed remnant and the "great crowd", as a united organization under the protection of the Supreme Organizer, have Scriptural hope of surviving the impending end of this doomed system now dominated by Satan the Devil. When will that day of judgment come? The bible states in several scriptures that only God himself knows when he will execute his judgment. For an example, see Mathew 24:36–39, Mark 13:23,33, {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
82. Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses (1975) in Gruss, (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses. Xulon Press.
83. The Watchtower (1945) 1 September (p. 259) in Gruss, E. (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses. Xulon Press.
84. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement Routledge.
85. What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower. 2005. pp. 33–36..
86. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1998). ""Death Is to Be Brought to Nothing"". Watchtower. 104: 19–24. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
87. What Does The Bible Really Teach? p. 214 par. 3 Judgment Day—What Is It? "To live forever, both Armageddon survivors and resurrected ones will have to obey God's commandments, including whatever new requirements Jehovah might reveal during the thousand years. Thus, individuals will be judged on the basis of what they do during Judgment Day"
88. "Is There LIFE After Death?". The Watchtower. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
89. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1993). "Hell—Eternal Torture or Common Grave?". The Watchtower. 104: 6. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
90. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 189.
91. "The...Scriptures show 'soul' to be a person, an animal, or the life that a person or an animal enjoys." Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 1004.
92. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement (p.23) Routledge.
    "The exceptions are the recorded visions in the Books of Daniel and Revelation."
93. A Book for All People (2005) Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
94. Watchtower 10/151974 p. 629 "How Are Jehovah's Witnesses Different?" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
95. Watchtower 10/15 1977. 618 par. 8 | "Obedience to the Good News a Way of Life" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
96. Watchtower 9/1 1994. 6 | "Science, Religion, and the Search for Truth" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
97. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement>. (p.61) Routledge.
98. Holden, A. (2007) "True to thee 'til death: why Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood" The Journal, 20 November. The Edinburgh Journal Ltd.
99. Watchtower, October 1, 1967, pages 587, 590, as cited by R. Franz, “In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 4.
100. Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, chap. 25 pg. 570" –1993| "House-to-House Preaching —An Identifying Mark" | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
101. The Watchtower – May 15, 1981, p. 17. | "Showing Lifesaving Neighbor Love" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
102. The Watchtower – January 15, 1987, p. 6. | "Social Ministry—How It Affects People" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
103. The Watchtower – July 15, 1971, p. 426. | "How the True Church Helps" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania "The most important thing for you, for every individual—including the poor and afflicted—is to enter into a right relationship with God and Christ. To that end the Christian witnesses of Jehovah are sent into the world, not with material bread, which would be only a temporary help, but with spiritual food, the word of life. These words from God will open the way to peace with Him, and at the same time the way to eternal life in God's new order, when there will be plenty for all."
104. "Watchtower". November 1, 1966: 647. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
105. Botting, Heather (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8029-2537-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
106. Chryssides, G.D. (1999) Exploring New Religions, (p.103). Continuum International Publishing Group
107. "Why Living a Godly Life Brings Happiness". Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower. 1995. p. 118.
108. Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower. 1995. p. 120.
109. Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
110. "The Bible's Viewpoint What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?". Awake!: 26. 2004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
111. Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
112. Watchtower 2/1/52 p. 69 Is Interfaith God's Way?"JEHOVAH is a God of truth. He does not compromise with error"
113. Awake! 11/22/89 p. 22 "this willingness to compromise has become more pronounced because of a growing acceptance of the idea that all "Christian" religions have an inherent God-given unity."
114. What Does The Bible Really Teach? chap. 15 p. 145 par. 3 Worship That God Approves | "3 ... Many people believe that all religions are pleasing to God, but the Bible does not teach that. It is not even enough just to claim to be a Christian. Jesus said: "Not everyone saying to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter into the kingdom of the heavens, but the one doing the will of my Father who is in the heavens will." "
115. Watchtower 12/15/53 pp. 741–742 Should the Religions Unite? "While these councils may provide a strong political lobby, or aid in mission work, they have no unity of doctrine, no message for the world, no direction to the kingdom of God as earth's only hope, no counsel for the Christian conscience in the present crisis. They are merely "United Nations" of religions, 'agencies of cooperation' between widely divided denominations, but are not organizations that could bring their members to a unity of correct belief."
116. "What Does God Require of Us? Lesson 11; Beliefs and Customs That Displease God" Jehovah's Witnesses Official Web Site, ©2006 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
117. ""Salvation Belongs to Jehovah"". Watchtower: 21. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
118. "Watchtower" 11/15/00 p. 15 par. 18 Christians Find Happiness in Serving "There are many people who claim to worship God, but their worship is really directed to the gods of nationalism, tribalism, wealth, self, or some other deity"
119. "Watchtower" 2/15/67 p. 115 par. 15 "(Dan. 2:44) "Thus the nationalistic governments on which the various religious systems depend so heavily for support are destined to be crushed by God's heavenly kingdom."
120. Watchtower 11/1/90 p. 24 par. 5 " … what if part of the tax money is used to finance something we disagree with, such as free abortions, blood banks, or programs that conflict with our neutral views? We still pay all our taxes. It is the authority that must take responsibility for how it uses the tax money."
121. "God and Caesar". Watchtower: 9. 1996. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
122. Penton, M.J. (1997) Apocalypse Delayed (p. i)
123. Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). "Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses". BMJ. 322: 37–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37. PMID 11141155.
124. Bowman, R.M, Beisner, E.C., Ehrenborg, Rev. T. (1995) Jehovah's Witnesses, (p. 13). Zondervan.
125. The Watchtower, June 15, 2000 p. 30. Sniesinski; et al. (2007). "Coagulopathy After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Management of Two Cases Using Fractionated Components and Factor VIIa" (PDF). Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104: 763. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
126. Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1, "I accept all fractions derived from any primary component of blood." Examples of permitted fractions are: Interferon, Immune Serum Globulins and Factor VIII; preparations made from Hemoglobin such as PolyHeme and Hemopure. Examples of permitted procedures involving the medical use of one's own blood include: Cell Salvage, Hemodilution, Heart-Lung Machine, Dialysis, Epidural Blood Patch, Plasmapheresis, Labeling or Tagging of Blood and Platelet Gel (Autologous). See November 2006 Our Kingdom Ministry, pp. 5–6
127. Awake! August 2006 box on P. 11
128. Awake! 6/8/89 p. 30 From Our Readers "By no means do Jehovah's Witnesses ignore the plight of others when disasters occur. Previous articles have demonstrated how willing Jehovah's Witnesses are to assist their neighbors during such times. See, for example, the article entitled "The Levee Has Broken!" (October 8, 1986) We thus endeavor to "work what is good toward all, but especially toward those related to us in the faith." (Galatians 6:10)
129. Awake! 6/06 p. 19 Heeding the Warnings Made a Difference "This group cares for the Louisiana area, which took the brunt of Hurricane Katrina. Of the 2,700 homes of Witnesses needing repair there, work on 1,119 had been completed by the middle of February, so a huge task was still facing that relief committee. Again, neighbors and families with dire need were also helped."
130. Sniecinski, Roman M. (2007). "Christianity in Action: Amid Turmoil". Watchtower. 104. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania: 763. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. Retrieved 2005-12-04. Since 1994, Jehovah's Witnesses in Europe alone have sent more than 190 tons of food, clothing, medicine, and other relief supplies to the Great Lakes region of Africa to fellow Jehovah's Witnesses {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
131. "Awake!". 2006: 14–19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
132. "What Does the Bible Really Teach?", Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2005), p. 206.
133. To be counted, an individual must be approved as a minister and report at least 15 minutes in the ministry. In 2007, these reports indicated a total of over 1.3 billion hours.
134. Yearbooks of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1996–2008.
135. Grundy, Paul. "Facts about truth and Jehovah's Witnesses".
136. "Statistics".
137. If Witnesses counted members like other churches, the number of members (1995 data) would then be over 15 million. (See study by Rodney Stark on Jehovah's Witness growth at http://www.geocities.com/rogueactivex/JWGrow-O.pdf and article comparing Mormon and other churches' growth, including the Witnesses, at http://www.sltrib.com/ci_2890645).
138. "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2008: 9, 30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
139. "Our Kingdom Ministry 1/06 p. 1 "The Bible Teach Book—Our Primary Bible Study Aid" … "publishers are encouraged to begin using it immediately to start and conduct Bible studies."
140. Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-914675-23-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
141. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 494–505. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
142. Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 174–176. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
143. Waldeck, Val Jehovah's Witnesses: What do they believe?. Pilgrim Publications SA. ISBN 1-920092-08-0.
144. Buttrey, John M (2004). Let No One Mislead You. iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-30710-8.
145. "They Shall Know That a Prophet Was Among Them", Watchtower, April 1, 1972, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007.
146. The Watchtower, Jan. 15, 1959, pp.39-41|"Whom has God actually used as his prophet? ... Jehovah's witnesses are deeply grateful today that the plain facts show that God has been pleased to use them. ... It has been because Jehovah thrust out his hand of power and touched their lips and put his words in their mouths..."
147. Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007, page 174.
148. Awake!, October 8, 1968, p. 23.
149. The Watchtower, What Does God Require of Us?, January 15, 1997, p. 22|“There is only one religious organization on this earth that has all these marks of true Christianity—Jehovah’s Witnesses!”
150. "Jehovah and Christ—Foremost Communicators", Watchtower, September 1, 1991, pages 15-19.
151. "Christian Channel of Communication", Watchtower, May 15, 1955.
152. Light 1, 1930, page 64.
153. Light 1, 1930, page 106.
154. Watchtower, October 1, 1967, as cited by M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, page 163.
155. Watchtower, February 1, 1952, pages 79, 80 as cited by Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 97.
156. R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 17.
157. "Exposing the Devil’s Subtle Designs" and "Armed for the Fight Against Wicked Spirits", Watchtower, January 15, 1983, as cited by Heather and Gary Botting, The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1984, page 92.
158. "Do not be quickly shaken from your reason", Watchtower, March 15, 1986
159. "At which table are you feeding?" Watchtower, July 1, 1994
160. Watchtower, May 1, 1984, page 31, as cited by R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", chapter 12
161. "Firmly uphold godly teaching," Watchtower, May 1, 2000, page 9.
162. R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", chapter 12
163. R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 6.
164. Medical emergencies in children of orthodox Jehovah's Witness families: Three recent legal cases, ethical issues and proposals for management”, by J Guicho and, I Mitchell, Paediatrics & Child Health, Canadian Pediatric Society, December 2006.
165. "Another Church Sex Scandal" (Apr. 29, 2003). CBS News.
166. Cutrer, Corrie (Mar. 5, 2001). "Witness Leaders Accused of Shielding Molesters", Christianity Today.

Further reading

Books

• Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses by M. James Penton. Penton, professor emeritus of history at University of Lethbridge and a former member of the religion, examines the history of Jehovah's Witnesses, and their doctrines. Read selections from: Apocalypse Delayed: the Story of Jehovah's Witnesses University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3 (Canada, 1998) (Google book search)
• Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement by Andrew Holden. An academic study on the sociological aspects of Jehovah's Witnesses phenomenon. Publisher: Routledge; 1st edition 2002, ISBN 978–0415266109. 224 pages.
• Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Official history of the development of the beliefs, practices, and organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses. 750 pages.
• A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation by Tony Wills, (2006) 2nd edition. (The first edition was published under the pseudonym Timothy White.) He explores the Witnesses' doctrinal growth and shifts and notes schisms from the main body. 300 pages. ISBN 978–1-4303–0100–4 Selections from Google Books
• Controversies regarding Jehovah's Witnesses#Books Critical of Jehovah's Witnesses

External links

Official sites

• Jehovah's Witnesses: Watchtower Society Official Web Site
• Jehovah's Witnesses: Office of Public Information and Archives
• Official Jehovah’s Witnesses website for distribution of publications

Other sites

• BBC Religion: Jehovah's Witnesses
• Strictly Genteel Theocratic Resources – Scans of complete books and booklets from Russell's era to Knorr's.
• 'Knocking' – An independently made documentary about Jehovah's Witnesses. Sample Trailer

Template:Link FA

• Antitrinitarianism
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Premillennialism
• Restorationism