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Darwinius is a genus of Adapiformes, a group of basal or stem group primates from the Eocene epoch. Its only known species is Darwinius masillae, dated to 47 million years ago (Lutetian stage) based on dating of the fossil site. The genus Darwinius was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name masillae honors Messel where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur.

The only known fossil, dubbed Ida, was discovered in 1983 at the Messel pit, a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Frankfurt am Main. The fossil, divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the amateur excavation and sold separately, was not reassembled until 2006. The fossil is of a juvenile female, approximately 58 cm (23 in) overall length, with the head and body length excluding the tail being about 24 cm (9.4 in). It is estimated that Ida died at about 80–85% of her projected adult body and limb length.

The authors of the paper describing Darwinius classified it as a member of the primate family Notharctidae, subfamily Cercamoniinae, suggesting that it has the status of a significant transitional form (a missing link) between the prosimian and simian (anthropoid) primate lineages. Others have disagreed with this.

Concerns have been raised about the claims made about the fossil's relative importance, and the publicising of the fossil before adequate information was available for scrutiny by the academic community.

Taxonomy

Franzen et al. (2009) place the Darwinius genus in the Cercamoniinae subfamily of the Notharctidae family within the extinct Adapiformes suborder of early primates.

Darwinius masillae is the third primate species to be discovered at the Messel locality that belongs to the cercamoniine adapiforms, in addition to Europolemur koenigswaldi and Europolemur kelleri. Darwinius masillae is similar but not directly related to Godinotia neglecta from Geiseltal.

The adapiforms are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a suborder proper, or a paraphyletic grouping. They are usually grouped under the Strepsirrhini semiorder and would as such not be ancestral to the Haplorrhini semiorder.

Franzen et al. in their 2009 paper place Darwinius in the "Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification". This means that according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be entirely within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed but qualify as a "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini.

Older fossils are thought to represent the earliest anthropoids or the related tarsidae, and most experts hold that anthropoids evolved from tarsidae, while a smaller group agrees with Franzen et al. that the first anthropoids were adapidae. The view of paleontologist Tim White is that Darwinius is unlikely to end the argument.

Type specimen

The type specimen is a 95%-complete fossil, missing only its left rear leg. It has been named Ida after the daughter of Dr Jørn Hurum, the Norwegian vertebrate paleontologist from the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, who secured one section of the fossil from an anonymous owner, and led the research. In addition to the bones, remains of Ida's soft tissue and fur outline are present, along with remnants of her last meal of fruit and leaves. The animal is about 58 cm from nose to tail, or roughly the size of a small, long-tailed cat.

The fossil is placed within the primate family tree along with other fossil primates. Ida was originally thought to be a primitive lemur, but comparative tests revealed her to have anthropoid features. This indicates that she is a transitional fossil between primitive lemur-like primates and the monkeys, including the human lineage. Two of the key anatomical features found in lemurs are not present in the fossil: a grooming claw on the foot and a fused row of teeth, a toothcomb, in the bottom jaw. Instead, she has a short face with forward-facing eyes like humans as opposed to the long face of a lemur, nails instead of claws, and teeth similar to those of monkeys. The fossil's hands have five fingers and exhibit human-like opposable thumbs. These would have provided a "precision grip" which, for Ida, was useful for climbing and gathering fruit. Ida also has flexible arms and relatively short limbs.

Digital reconstructions of Ida's teeth reveal that she has unerupted molars in her jaw, indicating that she was about 8 months old, or the equivalent of a 6-year-old human. The shape of Ida's teeth provides clues as to her diet; jagged molars would have allowed her to slice food, suggesting that she was a leaf and seed eater. This is confirmed by the remarkable preservation of her gut content. Furthermore the lack of a baculum (penis bone) found in all lower primates means that the fossil was from a female. X-rays performed on Ida revealed that her right wrist was healing from a fracture, which may have contributed to her death. The scientists speculate she was overcome by carbon dioxide fumes whilst drinking from the Messel lake. Hampered by her broken wrist, she slipped into unconsciousness, was washed into the lake and sank to the bottom, where unique fossilisation conditions preserved her for 47 million years.

Discovery and acquisition

The events regarding the original unearthing of the fossil are not clear, though some facts are known. It was found at the Messel pit in 1983, after the pit had been closed to amateur fossil hunters in preparation for using the site as a landfill. The fossil came as a slab and partial counter slab, and was expertly prepared by encasing each slab in resin. At some point the slab and counter slab went separate ways. The counter slab was incorporated in a composite of fabricated parts to represent a complete specimen, and arrived at a private Wyoming museum in 1991. Analysis by Jens Franzen of the Natural History Museum of Basel, Switzerland revealed that the mixed actual and faked nature of this slab. A comparison of the two slabs indicates that the forger had access to the whole fossil.

The primary slab remained in Germany, in the possession of a private collector who kept it secret for twenty years before deciding to sell it anonymously via a German fossil dealer. Two German museums turned it down as too expensive, then a year later at the Hamburg Fossil and Mineral Fair in December 2006 the dealer asked vertebrate palaeontologist Dr. Hurum, who had done some previous deals, to discuss something privately. The dealer showed Hurum three high resolution colour photographs of the fossil, and told him that the asking price was $1 million. Dr. Hurum knew that it was a primate, and according to Tudge's book "was fast concluding that the specimen he was looking at could be one of the holy grails of science — the 'missing link' from the crucial time period." He asked for time until after Christmas to organise funding to pay for the specimen and ensure that it had been legally collected, had an export permit and would be legitimately available for study. His first choice was the Natural History Museum of Oslo, but it was beyond their means and he began to think of other museums with sponsors available. He persuaded the Oslo museum to make half the funding available, with the remainder to be paid only X-ray scans proved conclusively that it was not a fake, a process which took several months. He put together a team including leading German experts on the Messel fossils, ensuring international ownership.

After its acquisition it was studied in secret for two years by a team of scientists; Hurum was joined by primate evolution expert Professor Philip Gingerich of the University of Michigan, and palaeontologists Dr. Jens Franzen who had studied the counter slab and Dr. Jörg Habersetzer of the Senckenberg Museum's Research Institute.

Publication

While studies were in progress, negotiations were put in place for a book and with various broadcasters for documentary programs, all of whom agreed to keep the project secret. A deal went through in the summer of 2008 with The History Channel which has been reported as paying more for this than any other documentary. The team decided to publish their findings online in PLoS ONE, an open access journal of the Public Library of Science. The paper for publication was received by PLoS ONE on March 19, 2009, and accepted on May 12, 2009.

On May 10, 2009, the Daily Mail published reports that the BBC had made a documentary revealing the discovery of what might be a vital ‘missing link’ in human evolution, giving an outline of the study and its intended publication date as well as a brief statement from Gingerich. On 15 May the Wall Street Journal carried a report with interviews with Gingerich and with Tim White, who cautioned that "Lemur advocates will be delighted, but tarsier advocates will be underwhelmed". At about the same time a press release headed "World Renowned Scientists Reveal a Revolutionary Scientific Find That Will Change Everything" announced that the find was "lauded as the most significant scientific discovery of recent times."

On May 19, 2009, the team revealed their findings to the world at a press conference, simultaneously with online publication of the paper in PLoS ONE (for naming purposes, the paper was officially published in print on May 21, 2009). At the press conference, the fossil was described as the "missing link" in human evolution. Hurum said that “This fossil rewrites our understanding of the evolution of primates... It will probably be pictured in all the textbooks for the next 100 years," and compared its importance to the Mona Lisa. He also said that Darwinius was "the closest thing we can get to a direct ancestor" and that finding it was "a dream come true". Team member Dr Jens Franzen said the state of preservation was "like the Eighth Wonder of the World", with information "palaeontologists can normally only dream of", but while he said it bore "a close resemblance to ourselves" in some aspects, other features indicated that it was not a direct ancestor.

Independent experts were quick to question the claims. Dr Henry Gee, a senior editor at Nature, said the term "missing link" was misleading and that the scientific community would need to evaluate its significance, which was unlikely to match that of Homo floresiensis or feathered dinosaurs. Dr Chris Beard, curator of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, said he "would be absolutely dumbfounded if it turns out to be a potential ancestor to humans." At ScienceBlogs, Brian Switek titled his report "Poor, poor Ida, Or: 'Overselling an Adapid'". While describing the fossil as spectacularly complete and "the first time a fossil primate has been found exhibiting such extraordinary preservation", he deplored the sensationalist coverage and lack of adequate research in the published paper to back claims that it is an ancestor of the earliest anthropoids, that is, the "higher primates" infraorder grouping all monkeys and apes.

Publicity and media coverage

Having previously experienced how the blogosphere had picked up on his work, and seen Chinese dinosaur finds the object of bad early descriptions from blogging, Jørn Hurum decided to orchestrate launch of the fossil in a combined scientific and public event. Atlantic Productions, which had cooperated with Hurum on a program on the Predator X, a giant pliosaur from Svalbard, was brought in on the project in order to "take story straight to the masses in a way that would appeal to the average person, especially kids". The press conference and paper on the fossil was accompanied by the launch of a website, the publication of a book which had already been distributed to bookstores, The Link: Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestors by Colin Tudge, and the announcement of a documentary (Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestor: The Link), made by Atlantic Productions in the UK, directed by Tim Walker and produced by Lucie Ridout, to be screened six days later on the History Channel (US), BBC One (UK), and various stations in Germany and Norway. The New York Daily News noted that "The unveiling of the fossil came as part of an orchestrated publicity campaign unusual for scientific discoveries."

One of the paper's co-authors, paleontologist Philip D. Gingerich, expressed dissatisfaction with the media campaign, telling The Wall Street Journal that they had chosen to publish in PLoS ONE as "There was a TV company involved and time pressure" and they had been pushed to finish the study. "It's not how I like to do science," Gingerich concluded. In an interview, Jørn Hurum said that PLoS ONE had been chosen as it was open access and the research had been funded by Norwegian taxpayers who would benefit from free access, it did not restrict the length of manuscript or number of illustrations, and "PLoS ONE is the quickest way to publish a large work in the world!"

At the time its discovery was announced in the scientific and the popular press, the fossil was characterized as the "most complete fossil primate ever discovered"; Sir David Attenborough has described it as "extraordinary". Google commemorated the unveiling with a themed logo on May 20, 2009. During a ceremony at the American Museum of Natural History Hurum said that "This specimen is like finding the Lost Ark for archeologists" and "It is the scientific equivalent of the Holy Grail. This fossil will probably be the one that will be pictured in all textbooks for the next 100 years." Regarding the publicity, Matt Cartmill an anthropologist from Duke University said "The P.R. campaign on this fossil is I think more of a story than the fossil itself".

Independent experts have raised concern about publicity exaggerating the importance of the find before information was available for scrutiny. Dr Chris Beard, curator of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, was "awestruck" by the publicity machine but concerned that if the hype was exaggerated, it could damage the popularisation of science if the creature was not all that it was hyped up to be. Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of Duke University stated that it is a wonderful specimen but most of the information had been previously known, and paleoanthropologist Peter Brown of the University of New England said that the paper had insufficient evidence that Darwinius was the ancestral anthropoid. Others have also criticized claims that the fossil represents the "missing link in human evolution", arguing that there is no such thing unless evolution is visualized as a chain as there are an enormous number of missing branches, and that while the fossil is a primate, there is no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans. In a column in The Times, Switek stated that a unique opportunity to communicate science had quickly developed into a fiasco, with press releases forestalling the necessary discovery and debate which should now proceed.

The extra media hype may be rationalized as a way of recovery high acquisition cost of this fossil. When to do the research somebody had to to invest 1M, he can invest some some more money in PR to recover the initial cost. Overall it was economically justified and good for science.

See also

• List of fossil primates
• List of human evolution fossils
• List of transitional fossils
• Notharctus

Notes

1. Mertz, D.F., Renne, P.R. (2005): A numerical age for the Messel fossil deposit (UNESCO World Heritage Site) derived from 40Ar/39Ar dating on a basaltic rock fragment. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg no 255: pp 7–75.
2. ^ Franzen, Jens L. (2009). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
3. ^ Christine McGourty (19 May 2009). "Science & Environment; Scientists hail stunning fossil". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
4. "Deal in Hamburg bar led scientist to Ida fossil, the 'eighth wonder of the world'". The Guardian. May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
5. Wilford, John Noble (May 16, 2009). "Analysis Shows German Fossil to Be Early Primate". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
6. ^ Chris Beard (May 21, 2009). "Why Ida fossil is not the missing link". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
7. Callum Ross, Richard F. Kay, Anthropoid origins: new visions, Springer, 2004, ISBN 9780306481208, p. 100
8. ^ Dayton, Leigh (May 21, 2009). "Scientists divided on Ida as the missing link". The Australian. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
9. "Norske forskere: – Har funnet «the missing link»". Retrieved 2009-05-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
10. Watts, Alex (May 20, 2009). "Scientists Unveil Missing Link In Evolution". Sky News. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
11. Early Primate Provides Evolution Clues, a May 19, 2009 article from ABC News
12. ^ ""MISSING LINK" FOUND: New Fossil Links Humans, Lemurs?". National Geographic. May 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
13. Scientists Unveil Missing Link In Evolution An early article on Yahoo.com
14. Franzen, J.L. (1994), in Anthropoid Origins (eds Fleagle, J. F. & Kay, R. F.)pp 99-122 (Plenum, New York)
15. Fossil Ida: extraordinary find is 'missing link' in human evolution, a 19 May 2009 article from The Guardian
16. James Randerson (19 May 2009). "Fossil Ida: A profile of palaeontologist Jørn Hurum | Science | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
17. Tudge 2009, pp. 11–15 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTudge2009 (help)
18. ^ Elizabeth Cline (May 22, 2009). "Ida-lized! The Branding of a Fossil § SEEDMAGAZINE.COM". Seed (magazine). Retrieved 2009-05-23.
19. Sharon Churcher (10 May 2009). "Is David Attenborough set to reveal the Missing Link in human evolution? | Mail Online". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
20. "Fossil Discovery Is Heralded - WSJ.com". Retrieved 2009-05-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
21. Brian Switek (May 18, 2009). "A Discovery That Will Change Everything (!!!) ... Or Not : Laelaps". Retrieved 2009-05-24.
22. "Ida the fossil will reveal her secrets slowly | Adam Rutherford | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
23. Jonathan Leake (May 24, 2009). "Origin of the Specious - Times Online". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2009-05-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
24. Brian Switek (May 19, 2009). "Poor, poor Ida, Or: "Overselling an Adapid": Laelaps". Retrieved 2009-05-20.
25. ^ "Introducing Darwinius masillae « everyONE – the PLoS ONE community blog". Retrieved 2009-05-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
26. Hurum, Jørn (2009). "revealingthelink.com". Retrieved 2009-05-20.
27. Tudge, Colin. (2009). The Link: Uncovering Our Earliest Ancestors. Little Brown.
28. ^ Samantha Strong and Rich Schapiro (May 19, 2009). "Missing link found? Scientists unveil fossil of 47 million-year-old primate, Darwinius masillae". Retrieved 2009-05-20.
29. A History Channel documentary, The Link, devoted to the discovery is slated to air 25 May 2009.
30. The Implications from revealingthelink.com
31. "The Missing Link – Google Fossil Logo 2009". Google. May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
32. "Amid Media Circus, Scientists Doubt 'Ida' Is Your Ancestor". Livescience. May 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
33. "Let's Not Go Ape Over Ida". New York Times. May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
34. "The dangerous link between science and hype | Brian Switek - Times Online". The Times. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-25.

External links

• Life restoration of Darwinius masillae by paleoartist Julius T. Csotonyi

• Eocene primates
• Fossil species described in 2009
• Prehistoric prosimians