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Therea petiveriana

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Therea petiveriana
From Thiruvannamalai, South India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Blattodea
Family: Polyphagidae
Genus: Therea
Species: T. petiveriana
Binomial name
Therea petiveriana
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms

Corydia petiveriana
Cassida petiveriana

Therea petiveriana, variously called the "desert cockroach", "seven-spotted cockroach" or "Indian domino cockroach", is a species of crepuscular cockroach found in southern India. They are members of a basal group within the cockroaches. This somewhat roundish and contrastingly marked cockroach is mainly found on the ground in scrub forest habitats where they may burrow under leaf-litter or loose ground during the heat of the day.

Appearance

Pattern of spots on the tegmina.

The black and white pattern of adults is believed to have evolved to mimic the pattern of the aggressive ground beetle Anthia sexguttata that has strong defenses, including the ability to spray chemical irritants. The upperside of the abdomen is orange-yellow, but is hidden by the tegmina. The spots on the asymmetrical tegmina are placed so that when closed the spots appear symmetrical. The right tegmen has a lobe that is bright orange-yellow. The species has been said to be one of the few cockroaches with "grace and beauty". The head is bent back underneath the pronotal shield (hypognathous) and the ocelli (simple eyes) face forward, helping sense light and thereby time foraging activity during early morning and late evening.

Reproduction

Once a female copulates with a male, it does not allow males to approach, kicking them away with the hind legs. The eggs are laid in leaf litter. Up to 13 oothecae are laid by a female over 3 to 40 days (blocking the ocelli of the females has been found to inhibit the laying of eggs). The oothecae are produced as in other cockroaches by the asymmetrical colleterial glands of the females. Once the ootheca is extruded it is laid in a suitable moist leaf litter substrate. Nymphs lead a life hidden below the ground and may go as deep as 30 cm during the dry season.

Taxonomy

This is the type species for the genus Therea. The species epithet is after James Petiver (1663-1718), who collected specimens in Madras and its vicinity. Carolus Linnaeus placed the species under Cassida and described C. petiveriana and another that he called C. septemguttata, now considered a synonym.

Communication

Like other cockroaches, T. petiveriana uses chemical pheromones to communicate with each other. When disturbed, they are said to raise their wings and evert lateral glands on the second and third abdominal segment. Their glandular secretions were found to contain volatile compounds N-3-methylbutylacetamide (MBA) and N-3-methylbutylpropanamide (MBP), making up nearly 60% of the volatile fraction. These chemicals appeared to induce alarm behaviour.

Digestion

Like termites, these cockroaches have symbiotic flagellates and bacteria in their gut that aid in digestion.

As pets

This species is popular as a pet in many parts of the world and are easy to keep.

References

  1. ^ Judith A. Marshall (1975). "The orthopteroid insects described by Linnaeus, with notes on the Linnaean collection". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 78 (4): 375–396. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1975.tb02266.x. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)
  2. de Wattenwyl, Charles Brunner (1865). Nouveau Systeme des Blattaires. p. 34. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)
  3. Linnaeus, C. 1766. Syst. Nat. II p. 577 n. 28
  4. "ZooBank".
  5. Grandcolas, P. (1993). "Le genre Therea Billberg, 1820: position phylogenetique, nouvelles especes, repartition, valence ecologique (Dictyoptera, Blattaria, Polyphaginae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 71 (9): 1816–1822. doi:10.1139/z93-259. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)
  6. Philippe Grandcolas, Yung Chul Park, Jae C. Choe, Maria-Dolors Piulachs, Xavier Bellés , Cyrille D'Haese, Jean-Pierre Farine, Rémy Brossut and Jena-Pierre Farine (2001). "What Does Cryptocercus kyebangensis, n.sp. (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Polyphagidae) from Korea Reveal about Cryptocercus Evolution? A Study in Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny, and Chemistry of Tergal Glands". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 151: 61–79. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0061:WDCKNS]2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Livingston, D & M Rajambal (1980). "Association of ocelli with the neuroendocrine system of Therea petiveriana (L.) (Blaberoidea: Polyphagidae)" (PDF). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.),. 89 (2): 147–153. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. "Mimicry".
  9. Sharp, David (1895). The Cambridge Natural History. Volume 5. Macmillan and Co. London. pp. 233–234.
  10. Livingstone D and Ramani R (1978). "Studies on the reproductive biology". Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 87: 229–247. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)
  11. Ananthasubramanian, K.S., and T.N. Ananthakrishnan (1959). "The structure of the ootheca and egg laying habits of Corydia petiveriana L.". Indian Journal of Entomology. 21: 59–64.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. Annie Courrent, André Quennedey, Christine A. Nalepa, Alain Robert, Michael Lenz and Christian Bordereau (2008). "The fine structure of colleterial glands in two cockroaches and three termites, including a detailed study of Cryptocercus punctulatus (Blattaria, Cryptocercidae) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 37 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2007.03.004. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. William J. Bell, Louis Marcus Roth, Christine A. Nalepa (2007). Cockroaches: ecology, behavior, and natural history. John Hopkins University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0801886163.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. Bhoopathy, S. (1997). "Microhabitat preferences among four species of cockroaches". Journal of Nature Conservation. 9: 259–264.
  15. Farine, J. P., Semon, E., Everaerts, C., Abed, D., Grandcolas, P. and Brossut, R. (2002). "Defensive secretion of Therea petiveriana: chemical identification and evidence of an alarm function" (PDF). J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1629–1640. doi:10.1023/A:1019932630787. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Rao TB and Todd SR (1968). "A new flagellate Trichomitus corydiae from the insect Corydia petiveriana". Rivista di parassitologia. 29 (2): 91–5. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |ps= (help)
  17. Nathan Lo, Tiziana Beninati, Fred Stone, James Walker and Luciano Sacchi (2007). "Cockroaches that lack Blattabacterium endosymbionts: the phylogenetically divergent genus Nocticola" (PDF). Biol. Lett. 3: 327–330. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0614. PMID 17376757.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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