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Animal Farm

US first edition cover
Author	George Orwell
Original title	Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
Language	English
Genre	Satire
Publisher	Secker and Warburg (London)
Publication date	17 August 1945
Publication place	United Kingdom
Media type	Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
Pages	112 pp (UK paperback edition)
ISBN	ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (present) ISBN 978-0-452-28424-1 Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character
OCLC	53163540
Preceded by	The Lion And The Unicorn
Followed by	Nineteen Eighty-Four

Animal Farm is a dystopian novella by George Orwell. Published in England on 17 August 1945, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II. Orwell, a democratic socialist and a member of the Independent Labour Party for many years, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and was suspicious of Moscow-directed Stalinism after his experiences with the NKVD during the Spanish Civil War. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel "contre Stalin". The book does not embrace capitalism. To the contrary, Orwell's main idea in the novel is that communism is just as bad as capitalism.

The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but A Fairy Story was dropped by the US publishers for its 1946 publication. Of all the translations during Orwell's lifetime, only Telugu kept the original title. Other variations in the title include: A Satire and A Contemporary Satire. Orwell suggested for the French translation the title Union des républiques socialistes animales, recalling the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques, and which abbreviates URSA, which means "bear" in Latin.

Time Magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005); it also places at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is also included in the Great Books of the Western World.

Overview

The novel addresses not only the corruption of the revolution by its leaders but also how wickedness, indifference, ignorance, greed and myopia destroy any possibility of a Utopia. While this novel portrays corrupt leadership as the flaw in revolution (and not the act of revolution itself), it also shows how potential ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution could allow horrors to happen if smooth transition to a people's government isn't satisfied.

Animalism

Animalism is an allegorical mirror of the Soviet Union, particularly between the 1910s and the 1940s, as well as the evolution of the view of the Russian revolutionaries and government of how to practice it. It is invented by the highly respected pig Old Major. The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into an actual philosophy, which they formally name Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer begin indulging in the vices of humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading). Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for his humanization, which represents the Soviet government's tweaking of communist theory to make it more of a reformation of capitalism than a replacement.

The Seven Commandments are a list of rules or laws that were supposed to keep order and ensure elementary Animalism within Animal Farm. The Seven Commandments were designed to unite the animals together in a common cause against the humans and to prevent animals from following the humans' evil habits. Since not all of the animals can remember them, they are boiled down into one basic statement: "Four legs good, two legs bad!" (with wings counting as legs for this purpose, Snowball arguing that wings count as legs as they are objects of propulsion rather than manipulation), which the sheep constantly repeat, distracting the crowd from the lies of the pigs. The commandments are:

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal.

Later on, Napoleon and his pigs were corrupted by the absolute power they held over the farm. To maintain their popularity with the other animals, Squealer secretly painted additions to some commandments to make it benefit the pigs while keeping them free of accusation of breaking the laws. The laws are eventually completely removed, and replaced with "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better!" as the pigs become more human.

Characters

The events and characters in Animal Farm satirise Communism ("Animalism"), authoritarian government and human gullibility generally; Snowball is seen as Leon Trotsky and the head pig, Napoleon, is Stalin.

Pigs

Old Major

A prize Middle White boar is the inspiration that fuels the Rebellion in the book. He is 12 years old. According to one interpretation, he could be based upon both Karl Marx, founder of modern Marxism and the base for Communism, (in that he describes the ideal society the animals could create if the humans are overthrown) and Vladimir Lenin (in that his skull is put on revered public display, as was Lenin's embalmed corpse). However, according to Christopher Hitchens: "the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one , or, it might even be to say, there is no Lenin at all."

Napoleon

"A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way", Napoleon is the main tyrant and villain of Animal Farm; he is based upon Joseph Stalin. He begins to gradually build up his power, using puppies he took from their parents, the dogs Jessie and Bluebell, and which he raises to be vicious dogs, as his secret police. After driving Snowball off the farm, Napoleon usurps full power, using false propaganda from Squealer and threats and intimidation from the dogs to keep the other animals in line. Among other things, he gradually changes the Commandments for his benefit. By the end of the book, Napoleon and his fellow pigs have learned to walk upright and started to behave similarly to the humans against whom they originally revolted.

In the first French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called César, the French spelling of Caesar, although another translation has him as Napoléon.

Snowball

Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. He is probably an allusion to Leon Trotsky, although given Orwell's opinion of Trotsky he could be interpreted as representing the Mensheviks. He wins over most animals and gains their trust by leading a very successful first harvest, but is driven out of the farm by Napoleon. Snowball genuinely works for the good of the farm and the animals and devises plans to help the animals achieve their vision of an egalitarian utopia, but Napoleon and his dogs chase him from the farm, and Napoleon spreads rumours to make him seem evil and corrupt and that he had secretly sabotaged the animals' efforts to improve the farm. In his biography of Orwell, Bernard Crick suggests that Snowball was as much inspired by the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) leader Andrés Nin as by Trotsky. Nin was a similarly adept orator and also fell victim to the Communist purges of the Left during the Spanish Civil War.

Squealer

A small fat porker who serves as Napoleon's right hand pig and minister of propaganda. He was inspired by Vyacheslav Molotov and the Soviet paper Pravda. Squealer manipulates the language to excuse, justify, and extol all of Napoleon's actions. He represents the legal defendants of the propaganda Stalin used to justify his own terrible acts. In all of his work, George Orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language to suit their interests. Squealer limits debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients, making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in order to function properly, for example. However, when questions persist, he usually uses the threat of the return of Mr Jones, the former owner of the farm, to justify the pigs' privileges. Squealer uses statistics to convince the animals that life is getting better and better. Most of the animals have only dim memories of life before the revolution; therefore, they are convinced. In the end, he is the first pig to walk on his hind legs.

Minimus

A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned. He represents admirers of Stalin both inside and outside the USSR such as Maxim Gorky. His name could also be play on Gorky's first name. As Minimus composed the replacement of "Beasts of England", he may equate to the three main composers of the National Anthem of the Soviet Union which replaced The Internationale – Gabriel El-Registan, Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov and Sergey Mikhalkov.

The Piglets

Hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not truly noted in the novel) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality. They could also be interpreted as the generation raised under Lenin's regime.

The young pigs

Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed.

Pinkeye

A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.

Humans

Mr. Jones

The former owner of the farm, Jones is a very heavy drinker and the animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them. Jones is based on Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

The attempt by Jones and his farmhands to recapture the farm is foiled in the Battle of the Cowshed.

Mr. Frederick

The tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm. He buys wood from the animals for forged money and later attacks them, destroying the windmill but being finally beaten in the resulting Battle of the Windmill. There are stories of him mistreating his own animals, such as throwing dogs into a furnace. Frederick is based on Adolf Hitler and Pinchfield on Nazi Germany: Pinchfield is noted as being smaller than Pilkington's Foxwood farm but more efficiently run, and Frederick briefly enters into an "alliance" with Napoleon by offering to buy wood from him but then betrays the deal and mounts a bloody invasion of Animal Farm.

Mr. Pilkington

The easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, as described in the book. At the end of the game, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades and then begin fighting loudly. Pilkington and Foxwood farm are based on Great Britain: Foxwood is described as being much larger than Pinchfield, but therefore not as efficiently run (i.e. the sprawling British Empire).

Mr. Whymper

A man hired by Napoleon for the public relations of Animal Farm to human society. Whymper is used as a go-between to trade with human society for things the animals can't produce on their own: at first this is a legitimate need because the animals can't manufacture their own windmill components, but eventually Whymper is used to procure luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.

Equines

There are four main equine characters: Boxer, Clover, and Mollie, who are horses, and Benjamin, who is a donkey. Boxer is a loyal, kind, dedicated, and respectful worker. He is physically the strongest animal on the farm, but naive and slow, which leaves him constantly stating "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right" despite the corruption. Clover is Boxer's companion, who constantly cares for him, and she also acts as the matriarch for the other horses. Mollie is a self-centered and vain white mare who likes wearing ribbons in her mane, eating sugar cubes, and being pampered and groomed by humans. She quickly leaves for another farm and is only once mentioned again. Benjamin is one of the longest-lived animals, and one of the few who can read. He is a dedicated friend to Boxer, and does nothing to warn the other animals of the pigs' corruption. When asked if he was happier post-Revolution than before the Revolution, Benjamin remarks, "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey." He is one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is able to "read as well as any pig".

Other animals

Muriel

A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read (with some difficulty, she has to spell the words out first) and helps Clover discover that the Seven Commandments have been continually changed.

The Puppies

Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, raised by Napoleon to be his security force.

Moses the Raven

An old bird that occasionally goes to the farm with tales of a place in the sky called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says animals go when they die, but only if they work hard. He spends time turning the animals' minds to Sugarcandy Mountain and he does no work. He feels unequal in comparison to the other animals, so he leaves after the rebellion, for all animals were supposed to be equal. However, much later in the book he returns to the farm and continues to proclaim the existence of Sugarcandy Mountain. The other animals are confused by the pigs' attitude towards Moses; they denounce his claims as nonsense, but allow him to remain on the farm. The pigs do this to offer the hope of a happy afterlife to the other animals, probably to keep their minds on Sugarcandy Mountain and not on possible uprisings. In the end, Moses is one of few animals to remember the rebellion, along with Clover, Benjamin, and the pigs.

The Sheep

They show limited understanding of the situations but support him anyway, and regularly chant "Four legs good, Two legs bad". At the end of the novel, one of the Seven Commandments is changed after the pigs learn to walk on two legs, so they shout "Four legs good, two legs better". They can be relied on by the pigs to shout down any dissent from others.

The Hens

They destroy their eggs instead of handing them to the higher powers.

The Cows

Their milk is greedily stolen by the pigs as a luxury, and is not shared out equally.

The Cat

Promises the birds that they are 'comrades' and they are safe to land in her paw.

Origin

George Orwell wrote the manuscript in 1943 and 1944 following his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, which he described in his 1938 Homage to Catalonia.

In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries." This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the Stalinist corruption of the original socialist ideals.

In that preface Orwell also described what gave him the idea of setting the book on a farm:

...I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.

Orwell encountered great difficulty getting the manuscript published. Four publishers refused; one had initially accepted the work but declined after consulting with the Ministry of Information. Eventually Secker and Warburg published the first edition in 1945.

Significance

In the Eastern Bloc both Animal Farm and later, also Nineteen Eighty-Four were on the list of forbidden books up until die Wende in 1989, and were only available via clandestine Samizdat networks.

The 1947 Ukrainian edition was an early propaganda use of the book. It was printed to be distributed among the Soviet citizens of Ukraine who were some of the many millions of displaced persons throughout Europe at the end of the Second World War. The American occupation forces considered the edition to be propaganda printed on illegal presses, and handed 1,500 confiscated copies of Animal Farm over to the Soviet authorities. The politics in the book also affected the UK, with Orwell reporting that Ernest Bevin was "terrified" that it may cause embarrassment if published before the 1945 general election.

In recent years, the book has been used to compare new movements that overthrow heads of a corrupt and undemocratic government or organisation, only eventually to become corrupt and oppressive themselves as they succumb to the trappings of power and begin using violent and dictatorial methods to keep it. Such analogies have been used for many former African colonies such as Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, whose succeeding native African rulers were accused of being as corrupt as or worse than the European-origin rulers they supplanted.

The novel's Battle of the Windmill is referred to by Sant Singh Bal as one "of the important episodes which constitute the essence of the plot of the novel." Harold Bloom writes that the "Battle of the Windmill rings a special bell: the repulse of the Duke of Brunswick in 1792, following the Prussian bombardment that made the windmill of Valmy famous." By contrast, Peter Edgerly Firchow and Peter Hobley Davison consider that in real life, with events in Animal Farm mirroring those in the Soviet Union, this fictional battle represents the Great Patriotic War (World War II), especially the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow. Prestwick House's Activity Pack for Animal Farm also identifies the Battle of the Windmill as an allegory for World War II, while noting that the "catalyst for the Battle of the Windmill, though, is less clear." During the battle, Fredrick drills a hole and places explosives inside, and it is followed by "All the animals, except Napoleon" took cover; Orwell had the publisher alter this from "All the animals, including Napoleon" in recognition of Joseph Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.

The Battle of the Cowshed represents the allied invasion of the Soviet Russia in 1918, and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.

Efforts to find a publisher

During World War II it became apparent to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch — including his regular publisher Gollancz. He also submitted the manuscript to Faber and Faber, where the poet T. S. Eliot (who was a director of the firm) also rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising its "good writing" and "fundamental integrity" but declaring that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint "which I take to be generally Trotskyite". Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed .. was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".

One publisher he sought during the war, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected his book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off — although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a Soviet spy. The publisher then wrote to Orwell, saying:

If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators , that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships. Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are.

Although it was written in 1943, Animal Farm was not published until 1945 due to paper rationing and fear of damaging the Anglo-Soviet alliance.

"The Freedom of the Press"

Orwell originally wrote a preface which complains about self-imposed British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally. "The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary. ... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that 'it wouldn't do' to mention that particular fact." The preface itself was censored and as of June 2009 has not been published with most editions of the book. His wife Eileen Blair had worked during the war at the Ministry of Information censoring newspapers.

Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without any introduction. However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript. For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied and all the page numbers needed to be redone at the last minute.

Years later, in 1972, Ian Angus found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press", and Bernard Crick published it, together with his own introduction in The Times Literary Supplement on 15 September 1972 as "How the essay came to be written". Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government. The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 Animal Farm edition, with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface. Other publishers were still declining to publish it.

Cultural references

References to the novella are frequent in other works of popular culture, particularly in popular music and television series.

Adaptations

Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. The 1954 Animal Farm film was an animated feature and the 1999 Animal Farm film was a TV live action version, both differ from the novel. In the 1954 film Napoleon is overthrown in a second revolution while the 1999 film shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, as happened in the Soviet Union. Then the pigs live in the farm under the 7 laws they made

Editions

• ISBN 0-451-51679-6 (paperback, 1956, Signet Classic)
• ISBN 0-582-02173-1 (paper text, 1989)
• ISBN 0-15-107255-8 (hardcover, 1990)
• ISBN 0-582-06010-9 (paper text, 1991)
• ISBN 0-679-42039-8 (hardcover, 1993)
• ISBN 0-606-00102-6 (prebound, 1996)
• ISBN 0-15-100217-7 (hardcover, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
• ISBN 0-452-27750-7 (paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
• ISBN 0-451-52634-1 (mass market paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
• ISBN 0-582-53008-3 (1996)
• ISBN 1-56000-520-3 (cloth text, 1998, Large Type Edition)
• ISBN 0-7910-4774-1 (hardcover, 1999)
• ISBN 0-451-52536-1 (paperback, 1999)
• ISBN 0-7641-0819-0 (paperback, 1999)
• ISBN 0-8220-7009-X (e-book, 1999)
• ISBN 0-7587-7843-0 (hardcover, 2002)
• ISBN 0-15-101026-9 (hardcover, 2003, with Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (paperback, 2003, Centennial Edition)
• ISBN 0-8488-0120-2 (hardcover)
• ISBN 0-03-055434-9 (hardcover) Animal Farm with Connections
• ISBN 0-395-79677-6 (hardcover) Animal Farm & Related Readings, 1997
• ISBN 0-582-43447-5 (hardcover, 2007)
• ISBN 0-141-03349-5 (paperback, 2007)

On July 17, 2009, Amazon.com withdrew certain Amazon Kindle titles, including Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, from sale, refunded buyers, and remotely deleted items from purchasers' devices after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish the titles in question. Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were also deleted. After the move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Four itself, Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener stated that the company is "… changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."

See also

• History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)
• History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
• New class

Books:

• Snowball's Chance, a send-up of Animal Farm by John Reed, Roof Books 2002
• Bunt, published in 1924, is a book with a theme similar to Animal Farm by Władysław Reymont.
• White Acre vs. Black Acre, published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for slavery in the United States similar to Animal Farm's portrayal of Soviet history.
• Flatland, another satirical work parodying the social order

Notes

1. "Why I Write" (1936) (The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945-1950 p.23 (Penguin))
2. ^ Davison 2000
3. Grossman 2005
4. Hitchens, Christopher (17 September 2002), Why Orwell Matters, Basic Books, pp. 186–187, ISBN 978-0465030491
5. page 7
6. Jean Quéval (1981), La ferme des animaux, Edition Gallimard, ISBN 978-2-07-037516-5 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |collection= ignored (help)
7. Crick, Bernard (March 1981), Orwell: A Life, Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0316161121
8. Orwell, George (1946). Animal Farm. New York: The New American Library. p. 40.
9. Orwell, George (1946). Animal Farm. New York: The New American Library. p. 40.
10. ^ Orwell 1947
11. ^ Dag 2004
12. Orwell 1976 page 25 La libertà di stampa
13. Editors of German Misplaced Pages
14. Letter to Herbert Read, 18 August, 1945
15. Sant Singh Bal, George Orwell (1981), 124.
16. Harold Bloom, George Orwell (2007), 148.
17. ^ Peter Edgerly Firchow, Modern Utopian Fictions from H.G. Wells to Iris Murdoch (2008), 102.
18. ^ Peter Hobley Davison, George Orwell (1996), 161.
19. George Orwell, Animal Farm - Activity Pack (Prestwick House, Inc., 2004), T-3, T-23, S-23.
20. Joseph Conrad and Paul Kirschner, Under Western Eyes (1996), 286.
21. Richard Brooks, "TS Eliot’s snort of rejection for Animal Farm", Sunday Times, 29 March 2009.
22. Eliot, Valery (6 January 1969). "T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection". Full text of the T.S. Eliot rejection letter. The Times. Retrieved 2009-04-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
23. ^ "The whitewashing of Stalin". BBC News. 2008-11-11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
24. Taylor page 337 Writing to Leonard Moore, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher "Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable: and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. The 'important official' was, or so it may reasonably be assumed, a man named Peter Smollett, later unmasked as a Soviet agent."
25. Bailey83221 (Bailey83221 includes a preface and two cites: 1995-08-26 The Guardian page 28; 1995-08-26 New Statesman & Society 8 (366): 11. ISSN: 0954-2361)
26. ^ Orwell page 15. introduction by Bernard Crick
27. ^ George Orwell: The Freedom of the Press – Orwell's Proposed Preface to 'Animal Farm’. 1945
28. Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others
29. Stone, Brad (July 18, 2009), "Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle", The New York Times, pp. B1{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
30. Amazon says it won't repeat Kindle book recall - CNet News

References

• Bailey83221 (2006-05-12). "Animal Farm suppression". LiveJournal.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Bott, George (1968) . Selected Writings. London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books. pp. 13–14, 23. ISBN 0-4351-3675-5.
• Dag, O. (2004-12-19). "George Orwell: The Freedom of the Press". orwell.ru. Archived from the original on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
• Davison, Peter (2000). "George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story -- 'A Note on the Text'". England: Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 2006-12-12.
• doollee.com. "Wooldridge Ian – playwright". Retrieved 2008-07-31.
• Grossman, Lev (2005). "The Complete List / TIME Magazine – ALL-TIME 100 Novels". TIME magazine. Retrieved 2008-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Hitchens, Christopher. Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere. Verso. p. 38. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
• Christian Lowe (editor) (2006-03-10). "Defense Tech: CIA, Movie Producer". Retrieved 2008-07-31. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Moran, Daniel. Critical Essays – Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. CliffsNotes. p. 39. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
• Orwell, George (March 1947). "Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm".
• Taylor, David John (2003). Orwell: The Life. H. Holt. p. 197. ISBN 0-8050-7473-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Woolridge, Ian. "Ian Wooldridge – Animal Farm". Retrieved 2008-07-31.

External links

• Lua error in Module:Gutenberg at line 74: Parameter id is missing. See Template:Gutenberg Australia documentation.
• Excerpts from Orwell's letters to his agent concerning Animal Farm
• Entire text as scanned pages online
• Animal Farm Book Notes from Literapedia
• Learning Activities
• Literary Journal review
• Orwell's original preface to the book
• Animal Farm study guide, symbols, quotes, teaching guide

• Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2009
• 1945 novels
• Animal Farm
• Books critical of communism and communists
• English-language novels
• Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters
• Novellas
• Novels by George Orwell
• Allegory
• Hugo Award Winner for Best Novella
• Roman à clef novels
• Satirical novels
• Dystopian novels