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It has been suggested that this article be merged into AIDS denialism. (Discuss)

HIV dissent encompasses numerous theories regarding HIV that differ from the general consensus regarding HIV. Some of these theories are far reaching, while others are pure conspiracy theory. Nevertheless, the bulk of these theories have been presented by scientists, HIV researches, Nobel Laureates, and medical professionals throughout the years. HIV dissent should not be confused with AIDS denialism.

HIV Debate

In 1982, the Centers for Disease Control CDC released a report entitled "Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" in which it separated AIDS into groups based on these risk factors: homosexual or bisexual males--75%, intravenous drug abusers with no history of male homosexual activity--13%, Haitians with neither a history of homosexuality nor a history of intravenous drug abuse--6%, persons with hemophilia A who were not Haitians, homosexuals, or intravenous drug abusers--0.3%, and persons in none of the other groups--5%. In 1983 Montagnier and coworkers suggested lymphadenopathy-associated virus (now termed human immunodeficiency virus HIV) and Gallo et al human T-cell leukemia virus HTLV as causes of AIDS.

Since those original publications in 1983, there have been dissidents regarding the legitimacy of the findings published. These dissidents call into question various concerns, which are discussed in detail herein.

HIV Isolation & Purification

There is a semi clandestine/censored debate regarding the isolation and purification of HIV. Some seem to think that the techniques used to isolate HIV falls short of "the most rigorous method available to date." Others, such as Montagnier, feel that while the virus was isolated, it was not able to be purified. The base of this debate is based on electron microscopy imaging standards set by the Pasteur Institute.

In 1957, J. W. Beard, a leading virologist of the day, discussing the isolation and analysis of particles wrote: "Although this has resulted in considerable success in some instances, there remain numerous unresolved problems in the general field, as well as outstanding omissions in the systematic use of the principles and procedures of well-recognised applicability. Fundamentally, the scheme of approach, as well illustrated by that devised and rigorously tested in investigations of viral agents, is relatively simple. This consists in (1) isolation of the particles of interest: (2) recovery (purification) of the particles in a given preparation that are homogeneous with respect to particle kind; (3) identification of the particles, and (4) analysis and characterisation of the particles for the physical, chemical, or biological properties desired"

As presented by the Perth Group, "the rules for isolation of a retrovirus were thoroughly discussed at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, in 1973, and are the logical minimum requirements for establishing the independent existence of HIV. They are:

  1. Culture of putatively infected tissue.
  2. Purification of specimens by density gradient ultracentrifugation.
  3. Electron micrographs of particles exhibiting the morfological characteristics and dimensions (100-120 nm) of retroviral particles at the sucrose (or percoll) density of 1.16 gm/ml and containing nothing else, not even particles of other morphologies or dimensions.
  4. Proof that the particles contain reverse transcriptase.
  5. Analysis of the particles' proteins and RNA and proof that these are unique.
  6. Proof that 1-5 are a property only of putatively infected tissues and can not be induced in control cultures. These are identical cultures, that is, tissues obtained from matched, unhealthy subjects and cultured under identical conditions differing only in that they are not putatively infected with a retrovirus.
  7. Proof that the particles are infectious, that is when PURE particles are introduced into an uninfected culture or animal, the identical particle is obtained as shown by repeating steps 1-5."

To date, the above has seemingly never been accomplished.

HIV Tests

There are a number of tests related to the diagnosis of HIV. HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect HIV antibodies, antigens, or RNA.

The argument here relates back to the question of isolation, and is that if the HIV virus has not been isolated, then what are the tests looking for? If the virus has yet to be isolated, then are the antibodies, antigens, and RNA that are being tested for specific to HIV and HIV alone?

HIV Antigen-Antibody Tests

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA, enzyme immunoassay or EIA, is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.
  • The western blot (alternatively, protein immunoblot) is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
    • The HIV test patent, which is still in use today claims:
  1. A method for the detection of antibodies which specifically bind to antigenic sites of the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-III (HTLV-III) virion in samples of the body fluids of patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or risk of AIDS (pre-AIDS) which comprises contacting HTLV-III or fractions thereof said sample with antibodies from human sera taken from AIDS patients and measuring the formation of antigen-antibody complexes by strip radioimmunoassay based on Western Blot technique or ELISA (an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or indirect immunofluorescent assay.
  2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the HTLV-III is used in the presence of HT neoplastic aneuploid T-cells.
  3. The method according to claim 1 wherein a 41,000 m.w. fraction of HTLV-III is utilized.
  4. A method of testing for antibodies to HTLV-III in AIDS and pre-AIDS in sera of human patients according to claim 1 wherein said patients are specially selected being in the pre-AIDS stage or initial stage of the illness.
  5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the method of measuring the formation of antigen-antibody complexes is ELISA.
  6. The method of claim 5 wherein HTLV-III was concentrated by ultracentrifugation from virus culture supernatants; lipids were removed by centrifugation through 20% (W/W) sucrose in TNE buffer and the resulting gradient was divided into fractions and virus bands were located by assaying aliquots of each fraction for HTLV-III-specific reverse transcriptase activity.
  7. A diagnostic test kit for detection of AIDS specific antibodies comprising a compartmented enclosure containing multiwell plates which are coated with HTLV-III and ELISA materials for enzyme detection consisting of normal goat serum and peroxidase, labeled goat antihuman IgG and a color change indicator consisting of orthophenylene diamine and hydrogen peroxide in phosphate citrate buffer.
  8. The kit according to claim 7 wherein the HTLV-III is present in the form of a lysate of the virions.
  9. A diagnostic AIDS specific test kit for detecting AIDS specific antibodies using the Western Blot technique comprising a container, a cover, and therein containing a nitrocellulose sheet and a polyacrylamide slab gel and sodium dodecylsulfate, and additionally surfactants as well as pH modifiers and bovine serum albumin and the Fab fragment of normal human IgG, and Western Blot analysis container which contains a supply of dilute normal goat serum and I.sup.125 labeled goat antihuman immonoglobulin and a source of HTLV-III.
  10. An AIDS specific test kit for detecting antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence assay comprising a compartmental container, human test serum containing HTLV-III, phosphate buffered saline, and fluorescein-conjugated goat antiserum IgG.

This patent itself raised a number of questions, some of which have yet to be conclusively answered. It was later discovered that Gallo had obtained LAV from Luc Montagnier and renamed it HTLV-III.

  • Roberto Giraldo, MD has this to say about the ELISA specific to HIV testing.
"To run this test, an individual’s serum has to be diluted to a ratio of 1:400 with a special specimen diluent. According to the test kit manufacturer this diluent contains:"
  • 0. 1% triton X- 100
  • Bovine and Goat Sera (minimum concentration of 5%)
  • Human T-Lymphocyte Lysate (minimum titer 1:7500)
  • Preservative: 0.1% Sodium Azide.
"This extraordinarily high dilution of the persons serum took me by surprise. Most serologic tests that look for the presence of antibodies against germs uses neat serum . For example, the tests that look for antibodies to hepatitis A and B viruses, rubella virus, syphilis, hystoplasma and cryptococus, to mention a few of them, use straight serum . However, to try to prevent false positive reactions some serologic tests use diluted serum; for example this is the case with tests that look for antibodies to measles, varicelia and mumps viruses which use a dilution of 1:16, to cytomegalovirus 1:20 and to Epstein-Barr Virus 1:10."
"The obvious questions are: What makes HIV so unique that the test serum needs to be diluted 400 times? And what would happen if the individual’s serum is not diluted?"

Giraldo found that when any HIV- patients serum, including his own, was run through the test undiluted, they tested HIV+. These results indicated to Giraldo that "Since all undiluted blood specimens react positive on the ELISA test, a test that supposedly tests for antibodies to HIV, the results presented here suggest that every single human being has HIV antibodies. And this suggests that everybody has been exposed to HIV antigens." It stands to reason that if an HIV test is testing for "antibodies to HTLV-III (HIV) in AIDS and pre-AIDS in sera of human patients" as the patent states, that there are two possible explanations for Giraldo's results:

  1. Everyone has been exposed to HIV
  2. HIV antigens-antibodies are not specific to HIV

Furthermore, the dilution requirements seem to indicate that this was known by Gallo when the test was developed, and was used to indicate levels of antigen-antibody response as opposed to detection itself.

FACTORS KNOWN TO CAUSE FALSE POSITIVE HIV ANTIBODY TEST RESULTS (Originally compiled by Christine Johnson)
  • Anti-carbohydrate antibodies
  • Naturally-occurring antibodies
  • Passive immunization: receipt of gamma globulin or immune globulin (as prophylaxis against infection which contains antibodies)
  • Leprosy
  • Tuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium avium

HIV=AIDS

HIV Conspiracy Theory

There are those who believe that HIV was created by the government, while others say that pharmaceutical companies created it. There are also those who claim that HIV does not exist at all, and that the HIV myth is propagated by pharmaceutical companies and allowed to endure because high ranking members of various governments have stock in these multinational pharmaceutical companies.

  • To date, there have been no documented sources to confirm this information. Therefore, it is being referenced merely for anecdotal purposes.

See AIDS denialism

See also

References

  1. "Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) --United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1982-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  2. F Barre-Sinoussi, JC Chermann, F Rey, MT Nugeyre, S Chamaret, J Gruest, C Dauguet, C Axler-Blin, F Vezinet-Brun, C Rouzioux, W Rozenbaum, and L Montagnier (1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220: 868–870. doi:10.1126/science.6601823.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. RC Gallo, PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert-Guroff, E Richardson, VS Kalyanaraman, D Mann, GD Sidhu, RE Stahl, S Zolla-Pazner, J Leibowitch, and M Popovic (1983). "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220: 865–867. doi:10.1126/science.6189183.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Djamel Tahi (1997). "INTERVIEW LUC MONTAGNIER - Did Luc Montagnier Discover HIV?". Continuum. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Sinoussi, F., Mendiola, L., Chermann, J.C.; et al. (1973). "Purification and partial differentiation of the particles of murine sarcoma virus (M. MSV) according to their sedimentation rates in sucrose density gradients". Spectra. 4: 237–243. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. I. Toplin and P. Sottong (1971). "Large-Volume Purification of Tumor Viruses by Use of Zonal Centrifuges". Appl Environ Microbiol. 23 (5): 1010–1014. PMID 4113253. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. J. W. Beard (1957). "Physical Methods for the Analysis of Cells". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 69 (4 - Immunology and Cancer): 530–544. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1957.tb49693.x. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  8. "MISSING VIRUS". Continuum. The Perth Group.
  9. Serological detection of antibodies to HTLV-III in sera of patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS conditions, April 23 1984 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |issue-date=, |inventorlink2=, and |inventorlink= (help); Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |description= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Giraldo, Roberto. "EVERYBODY REACTS POSITIVE ON THE ELISA TEST FOR HIV". Retrieved November 1 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. {Cite press release | title = Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. HIVAB HIV-1 EIA - 66-8805/R5 | publisher = ABBOTT LABORATORIES | date = January 1997 | accessdate = }}
  12. H W Snyder, Jr and E Fleissner (1980). "Specificity of human antibodies to oncovirus glycoproteins; Recognition of antigen by natural antibodies directed against carbohydrate structures". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77 (3): 1622–1626. PMID 6246496. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ HEALEY D. S. ; BOLTON W. V. (1993). "Apparent HIV-1 glycoprotein reactivity on Western blot in uninfected blood donors". AIDS. 7 (5): 655–658. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 8318173. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Cordes RJ, Ryan ME. (1995). "Pitfalls in HIV testing. Application and limitations of current tests". Postgrad Med. 98 (5): 177–80, 185–6, 189. PMID 7479453. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. M Barbacid, D Bolognesi, and S A Aaronson (1980). "Humans have antibodies capable of recognizing oncoviral glycoproteins: demonstration that these antibodies are formed in response to cellular modification of glycoproteins rather than as consequence of exposure to virus". Proc Natl Acad Sci. 77 (3): 1617–1621. PMID 6154936. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. M J Gill, A Rachlis, and C Anand (1991). "Five cases of erroneously diagnosed HIV infection". CMAJ. 145 (12): 1593–1595. PMID 1742696. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. Lai-Goldman M, McBride JH, Howanitz PJ, Rodgerson DO, Miles JA, Peter JB (1987). "Presence of HTLV-III antibodies in immune serum globulin preparations". Am J Clin Pathol. 87 (5): 635–9. PMID 3554975. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. Wood CC, Williams AE, McNamara JG, Annunziata JA, Feorino PM, Conway CO (1986). "Antibody Against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Commercial Intravenous Gammaglobulin Preparations". 105 (4): 536–538. PMID 2428274. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  20. Jackson GG, Perkins JT, Rubenis M, Paul DA, Knigge M, Despotes JC, Spencer P. (1988). "Passive immunoneutralization of human immunodeficiency virus in patients with advanced AIDS". Lancet. 17 (2): 647–52. PMID 2901518. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. Dennis Piszkiewicz, PhD (1987). "HTLV-III Antibodies After Immune Globulin". JAMA. 257 (3): 316. PMID 3467073. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. Proffitt MR, Yen-Lieberman B. (1993). "Laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 7 (2): 203–19. PMID 8345166. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. Andrade VL, Avelleira JC, Marques A, Vianna FR, Schechter M. (1991). "Leprosy as cause of false-positive results in serological assays for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1". Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 59 (1): 125–6. PMID 2030312. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links