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Development criticism refers to criticisms of modern technology, industrialization, critique of capitalism and to criticisms of globalization . A closely related, overlapping concept is anti-modernism. Development critics see modernization as harmful for both humans and the environment. Development-critical movements represent a wide range of critiques, including appeals to tradition, religion, spirituality, environmentalism, aesthetics, pacifism, agrarian and anti-agrarian virtues.
Common beliefs / ideas
Modern societies, according to development critics, do not help individuals reach happiness despite their goal-oriented complexity, perhaps because of the amount of labour time. In their view, happiness may be harder to reach in modern society than in primitive ones.
Often development critics criticize concepts used in modern societies, such as poverty and other welfare-related conceptualizations such as the human development index and gross national product. They say such concepts make the life of primitive or alternative societies look misleadingly dull to modern people. Modern societies apply subjective standards for welfare universally and (mis)judge other societies by them, for example, greater longevity is seen as an objectively good thing. Development critics often regard attempts to develop non-developed societies as a cause of misery and trouble, and thus recommend that development projects should be cancelled. Some even see the word "development" as negative and think that it represents conceptual imperialism.
Some development critics are politically left-leaning favoring ideas such as pacifism and local-level democracy;
Notable development critics
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See also
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References
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Development-critical literature
- Arturo Escobar: Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press 1995, ISBN 0691001022
- Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, Expanded Edition, London: Zed Books, 2003, ISBN 1842771817
- The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, ed. by Wolfgang Sachs, London: Zed Books, 1992, ISBN 1856490440
- Oren Ginzburg: There You Go! ISBN 974-92863-0-8
- Mohandas Gandhi: Hind Swaraj (1909)
- Ivan Illich: Tools for Conviviality (1973)
- Post-Development Reader (Zed Books, ed. Majid Rahnema, 1997), ISBN 1856494748
- No Place of Grace: antimodernism and the transformation of American culture 1880-1920, 1994, ISBN 0226469700
- Henry Thoreau: Walden (1854)
- Theodore Kaczynski: Industrial Society and Its Future (1995)
External links
- Compost modernity
- Dr. Wolfgang Sachs / Sustainable Globalisation
- Stafford Beer World in Torment
- Antimodernism by Arthur Versluis