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In particle and nuclear physics, the neutron drip line is a line on a graph of Z (atomic number or number of protons) versus N (neutron number defining the maximum number of neutrons a nuclei of a given Z can contain. Adding a neutron to nuclei beyond the neutron drip line is not possible. If a proton in the nucleus is converted to a neutron in inverse beta decay it will leak out of the nucleus. The neutron drip line serves as the neutron-rich boundary in the table of nuclides. The proton drip line, in contrast, serves as the opposite boundary of nuclear stability.

Description

We can see how the neutron drip line originates by considering the energy levels in a nucleus. The energy of a neutron in a nucleus is its rest mass energy minus a binding energy. In addition to this, however, there is an energy due to degeneracy: for instance a neutron with energy E₁ will be forced to a higher energy E₂ if all the lower energy states are filled. This is because neutrons are fermions and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. The work done in putting this neutron to a higher energy level results in a pressure which is the degeneracy pressure. So we can view the energy of a neutron in a nucleus as its rest mass energy minus an effective binding energy which decreases as we go to higher energy levels. Eventually this effective binding energy has become zero so that the highest occupied energy level, the Fermi energy, is equal to the rest mass of a neutron. At this point adding a neutron to the nucleus is not possible as the new neutron would have a negative effective binding energy — i.e it is more energetically favourable (system will have lowest overall energy) for the neutron to be created outside the nucleus. This is the neutron drip point.

In astrophysics, the neutron drip line is important in discussions of nucleosynthesis and neutron star interiors. In neutron stars, neutron heavy nuclei are found as relativistic electrons penetrate the nuclei and we get inverse beta decay, wherein the electron combines with a proton in the nucleus to make a neutron and an electron-neutrino:

p

+

e

→

n

+

ν e

As more and more neutrons are created in nuclei the energy levels for neutrons get filled up to an energy level equal to the rest mass of a neutron. At this point any electron penetrating a nucleus will create a neutron which will "drip" out of the nucleus. At this point we have:

${\displaystyle E_{F}^{n}=m_{n}c^{2}\,}$

And from this point onwards the equation

${\displaystyle E_{F}^{n}={\sqrt {(p_{F}^{n})^{2}c^{2}+m_{n}^{2}c^{4}}}\,}$

applies, where p_F is the Fermi momentum of the neutron. As we go deeper into the neutron star the free neutron density increases, and as the Fermi momentum increases with increasing density, the Fermi energy increases, so that energy levels lower than the top level reach neutron drip and more and more neutrons drip out of nuclei so that we get nuclei in a neutron fluid. Eventually all the neutrons drip out of nuclei and we have reached the neutron fluid interior of the neutron star.

Known values

The values of the neutron drip line are only known for the first eight elements, hydrogen to oxygen. For Z = 8, the maximal number of neutrons is 16, resulting in O-24 as the heaviest possible oxygen isotope.

See also

• Proton drip line
• Table of nuclides
• Radioactive decay
• Neutron star

References

1. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071024130508.htm
2. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913170108.htm

• Nuclear physics
• Nucleosynthesis