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For the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom, see Assyria.

Assyrians are the indigenous people of north Iraq - members of the Assyrian Church of the East (Nestorian), the Chaldean Church of Babylon, and the Syriac Orthodox Church - who read and write Aramaic, a Semitic language which is used in their religious observances. The Assyrians descend from the Assyrian nation that conquered ancient Syria, Israel and Mesopotamia in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE ( Assyrian Identity) and have maintained a their separate identity (Genetic Differentiation In Iranian Christian Communities).

In Iraq, a few churches dating back to the 5th century still dot the northern countryside. Turkish nationalists in the "Young Turk" (or C.U.P.) ministry in control of the collapsing Ottoman Empire began their systematic elimination of Christian minorities began with the deportation of Greeks from eastern Thrace in January 1914, and as early as December 1914, the Assyrians were being forced from their homes. By the middle of 1915 the deportations and killings are in full swing. About 750,000 Assyrians, or about two thirds of the entire Assyrian population, were killed during "The Year of the Sword" (Shato do Sayfo), bitterly recalled by minorities today.

At the turn of the century the Christian population in Ottoman regions had numbered about five million. When the massacres finally ended in 1923, about 200,000 Greeks, 100,000 Armenians, and 200,000 Assyrians remained. The Assyrian diaspora includes a community in Chicago that numbers as much as 80,000, more than in any other American city.

In 1915 the Assyrian Christians tried to throw off this new pan-Turkish Ottoman rule, by throwing themselves into the protection of the British, who were active in Syria, and this was publicized in Istanbul as confirmation of Christian treachery that justified the butchery. Revealing telegrams that passed between Istanbul and the slightly uneasy ministry in Berlin, Turkey's ally, were only revealed with the opening of the German archives. Thousands fled into exile. In 1918 Britain resettled 20,000 Assyrians in northern Iraq around Zakhu and Dahuk, after Turkey violently quelled a British-inspired Assyrian rebellion. As a result, approximately three-fourths of the Assyrians who had sided with the British during World War I found themselves living in Kurdish areas of Iraq, which was a dangerous situation. Thousands of Assyrian men had seen service in the 'Iraqi Levies', a force under British officers separate from the regular Iraqi army. Pro-British, they had been apprehensive of Iraqi independence.

Unlike the Kurds, the Assyrians scarcely expected a nation-state of their own after World War I, but their pressure for some temporal authority in the north of Iraq for the Assyrian patriarch, the Mar Shamun, was flatly refused by British and Iraqis alike. The Assyrians refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the Baghdad government under the British mandate.

In 1933, the Iraqi government held the patriarch under house arrest. During July about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back. While King Faisal had briefly left the country for medical reasons, the Minister of Interior, Hikmat Sulayman, adopted a policy aimed at a final solution of the Assyrian "problem". This policy was implemented by a Kurd, General Bakr Sidqi, who, after engaging in several clashes with the Assyrians, permitted his men to kill about 300 Assyrians, including women and children, at the Assyrian villages of Simel/Simele (Sumayyil) and later at Suryia.

The Assyrian clash marked the entrance into Iraqi politics of the military, offered an excuse for enlarging conscription, and the hugely popular Assyrian massacre also set the stage for the increased prominence of Bakr Sidqi.In October 1936 Bakr Sidqi staged the first military coup in the modern Arab world

In modern times, the group, which today numbers about 1.25 to 1.5 million, has been doubly mistreated; first by their Kurdish landlords, then by Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime, which forbade them to teach Aramaic. Assyrians were deprived of their cultural and national rights. There were only two nationalities in Saddam Hussein's Iraq: Arab and Kurdish.The Assyrians were not recognized in Iraqi censuses.

After Saddam's fall, the Assyrian Democratic Party was one of the smaller emergent political parties in the social chaos of the occupation. While members of the Assyrian Democratic Party, its officials make an effort to publicize, also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future.

Assyrians are not Arabs racially, ethnically, or culturally. Historically, they have contributed to the rise of the Arabic civilization during the Abbasid period and many scientists and scholars were in fact Assyrian (or Syriac). They have their own rich history which is distinct from the Arabs (in fact, the Assyrians were the first manufactureres of a sophisticated civilization in ancient times and prior to the Islamic expansion they made several breakthroughs in the fields of astronomy, philosophy and medicine) and were builders of the first known world-empire in antiquity under Sargon I that encompassed the western borders of modern-day Iran, all of Syria and Mesopotamia (Iraq), Palestine, southeast Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, Egypt and Sudan.

As recently as December 2000, a Syriac Orthodox priest, Yusuf Akbulut, stood before the Turkish public security court in Diyarbakir to answer for a newspaper interview in which he positively expressed himself about the genocide of the Armenians in Turkey, which was being discussed in the United States Congress. Additionally he said that in this "year of the sword" (1915), Assyrians/Syriacs were murdered. The incident provoked a request in Swedish parliament for an investigation, Turkey being an applicant for membership in the European Union.

Many Assyrians currently have an apocalyptic belief in the future of their nation, based on the following passage from the Bible:

At that time there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will visit Egypt, and the Egyptians will visit Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. At that time Israel will be the third member of the group, along with Egypt and Assyria, and will be a recipient of blessing in the earth. The Lord who leads armies will pronounce a blessing over the earth, saying, "Blessed be my people, Egypt, and the work of my hands, Assyria, and my special possession, Israel!"(Isaiah 19:23-25)

External links

• Assyrian International News Agency
• Assyrian Democratic Movement
• Iraq - Country Study & Guide
• Assyrian massacres from the perspective of the Assyria Liberation Party, a manifesto: folk tradition still attributes the massacres to the Sultan.
• Swedish Parliament transcript
• Beth Suryoyo Assyrian (Othuroyo)