USS Maine (1889) - Misplaced Pages

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Revision as of 09:52, 8 April 2010 by Yoenit (talk | contribs) (→Design)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) This article is about the ship sunk in Havana, 1898. For other ships of the same name, see USS Maine. "The Maine" redirects here. For the band, see The Maine (band).

This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (March 2010)

History
USS Maine entering Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898, where the ship would explode three weeks later
US
Name	USS Maine
Namesake	Maine
Ordered	3 August 1886
Builder	New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York
Cost	$4,677,788.75
Laid down	17 October 1888
Launched	18 November 1890
Sponsored by	Alice Tracy Wilmerding
Commissioned	17 September 1895
Fate	Sunk by mysterious explosion in Havana Harbor, Havana, Cuba, 15 February 1898
Status	Remains scuttled in the Strait of Florida, 16 March 1912
General characteristics
Type	Pre-dreadnought battleship
Displacement	6,682 long tons (6,789 t)
Length	324 ft 4 in (98.86 m)
Beam	57 ft (17 m)
Draft	22 ft 6 in (6.86 m)
Installed power	9,293 ihp (6,930 kW)
Propulsion	list error: <br /> list (help) 2 × vertical triple expansion steam engines 8 × boilers 2 × screws
Speed	16.45 kn (18.93 mph; 30.47 km/h)
Capacity	896 short tons (813 t) of coal
Complement	374 officers and men
Armament	list error: <br /> list (help) 4 × 10 in (250 mm) guns (2x2) 6 × 6 in (150 mm) guns 7 × Driggs-Schroeder 6-pounder (57 mm (2.2 in)) guns 4 × 1-pounder (37 mm (1.5 in)) Hotchkiss guns 4 × Driggs-Schroeder 1-pounder (37 mm (1.5 in)) guns 4 × 14 in (360 mm) torpedo tubes
Armor	Belt: 12 in (30 cm) Deck: 2–3 in (5.1–7.6 cm) Turrets: 8 in (20 cm) Conning Tower: 10 in (25 cm) Bulkheads: 6 in (15 cm)

USS Maine (ACR-1), was the United States Navy's second "modern" pre-dreadnought battleship. She is best known for her catastrophic loss in Havana harbor. Maine had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain. On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew. Though then, as now, the etiology and responsibility for her sinking were unclear, popular opinion in the U.S. blamed Spain, and the sinking (popularized in the phrase Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!) was one of the precipitating events of the Spanish–American War. Her sinking remains the subject of speculation, with various authors proposing that she sank due to the results of an undetected fire in one of her coal bunkers, that she was the victim of a naval mine, and that she was deliberately sunk for the purposes of driving the U.S. into a war with Spain. The cause of the explosion that sank the ship remains a mystery.

Design

Background

The delivery of the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo in 1883 and the acquisition of other armored warships by Brazil, Argentina and Chile shortly afterwards alarmed the United States government as the Brazilian Navy was now the most powerful in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. Navy was now felt only capable of defending its own ports. The Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee, Congressman Hilary A. Herbert characterized the situation thusly: "if all this old navy of ours were drawn up in battle array in mid-ocean and confronted by the Riachuelo it is doubtful whether a single vessel bearing the American flag would get into port."

The Navy Advisory Board, confronted with the possibility of hostile ironclads operating off the American coast, began planning for a pair of ships to protect that coast in 1884. The ships would have to fit within existing docks and had to have a shallow draft to enable them to use all the major American ports and bases. They had to have a minimum speed of 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h) and were to displace about 6,000 long tons (6,100 t). Both ships were optimized for end-on fire and had their gun turrets sponsoned out over the sides of the ship and echeloned to allow them to fire across the deck, much like the Brazilian battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã. The first ship laid down was intended for the traditional cruiser missions of commerce raiding and scouting for the battlefleet; she became Maine. The other — armed with heavy 12 in (300 mm) guns — became Texas.

The Navy Department conducted an international design competition for Maine's design, and the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair was the winner. They designed Maine with her forward turret on the starboard side and her aft turret to port. The need for cross-deck fire caused the superstructure to be separated into three structures to allow for each gun to fire between the sections of the superstructure. This significantly limited the gun's ability to fire to the opposite beam as the superstructure still restricted each gun's arc of fire.

General characteristics

Maine was 324 ft 4 in (98.86 m) long overall. She had a beam of 57 ft (17 m) and a maximum draft of 22 ft 6 in (6.86 m). She displaced 6,682 long tons (6,789 t). A centerline longitudinal watertight bulkhead separated the engines. Her double bottom only covered the hull from the foremast to the aft end of the armored citadel. She had a metacentric height of 3.45 ft (1.05 m) as designed and was fitted with a ram bow.

Propulsion

Maine's machinery was built by the N.F. Palmer Jr. & Company's Quintard Iron Works, of New York. She had two inverted vertical triple expansion steam engines with a total designed output of 9,293 ihp (6,930 kW). Eight single-ended Scotch marine boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 135 psi (930 kPa; 9.5 kgf/cm). On trials, she reached a speed of 16.45 kn (18.93 mph; 30.47 km/h), failing to meet her contract speed of 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h). She carried a maximum load of 896 short tons (813 t) of coal. She carried two small dynamos to power her searchlights and provide interior lighting.

Armament

Maine's main armament consisted of four 10 in (250 mm)/35 cal Mark II guns mounted in twin hydraulically-powered turrets. These guns had a maximum elevation of 15° and could depress to −3°. 90 rounds per gun were carried. They fired a 520 lb (240 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,000 ft/s (610 m/s) to a range of 20,000 yd (18,000 m) at maximum elevation.

The six 6 in (150 mm) guns were mounted in casemates in the hull, two each at the bow and stern respectively and the last two amidships. Data is lacking, but they could probably depress to −7° and elevate to +12°. They fired shells that weighed 105 lb (48 kg) with a muzzle velocity of about 1,950 ft/s (590 m/s). They had a maximum range less than 9,000 yd (8,200 m) at maximum elevation.

The anti-torpedo boat armament consisted of seven 57 mm (2.2 in) Driggs-Schroeder six-pounder guns mounted on the superstructure deck. They fired a shell weighing about 6 lb (2.7 kg) at a muzzle velocity of about 1,765 ft/s (538 m/s) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of less than 8,700 yd (8,000 m). The lighter armament comprised four each 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder one-pounder guns. Four of these were mounted on the superstructure deck, two were mounted in small casemates at the extreme stern and one was mounted in each fighting top. They fired a shell weighing about 1.1 lb (0.50 kg) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,000 ft/s (610 m/s) at a rate of 30 rounds per minute to a range about 3,500 yd (3,200 m).

Maine had four 14 in (360 mm) above-water torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. In addition, she was designed to carry two 14.8 long tons (15.0 t) steam-powered torpedo boats, each with a single 14 in (360 mm) torpedo tube and a one-pounder gun. Only one was built, but it had a top speed of only a little over 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h) so it was transferred to the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island as a training craft.

Armor

The main waterline belt, made of nickel-steel, had a maximum thickness of 12 in (30 cm) and tapered to 7 in (18 cm) at its lower edge. It was 180 ft (55 m) long and covered the machinery spaces and the 10 in (25 cm) magazines. It was 7 ft (2.1 m) high, of which 3 ft (0.91 m) was above the design waterline. It angled inwards for 17 ft (5.2 m) at each end, thinning to 8 in (20 cm), to provide protection against raking fire. A 6 in (15 cm) transverse bulkhead closed off the forward end of the armored citadel. The forward portion of the 2 in (5.1 cm) thick protective deck ran from the bulkhead all the way to the bow and served to stiffen the ram. The deck sloped downwards to the sides, but its thickness increased to 3 in (7.6 cm). The rear portion of the protective deck sloped downwards towards the stern, below the waterline to protect the propeller shafts and steering gear. The sides of the circular turrets were 8 in (20 cm) thick. The barbettes were 12 in (30 cm) thick with their lower portions reduced to 10 in (25 cm). The conning tower had 10 in (25 cm) walls. Its voicepipes and electrical leads were protected by an armored tube 4.5 in (11 cm) thick.

Construction

Maine, the first US Navy ship to be named for the state of Maine, was a 6,682 long tons (6,789 t) second-class pre-dreadnought battleship originally designated as Armored Cruiser #1. Maine and Texas (built at the same time) were unusual in that their armament was mounted en échelon, projected off to either side (Maine's forward turret was off to starboard and her aft turret to port; the arrangement was reversed on Texas), following a similar design of the Brazilian battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã. This severely limited their ability to fire on a broadside. Maine was inferior in every way to the later Indiana-class coastal battleships and subsequent ships.

Congress authorized her construction on 3 August 1886, and her keel was laid down on 17 October 1888, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. She was launched on 18 November 1889, sponsored by Ms. Alice Tracey Wilmerding (granddaughter of Navy Secretary Benjamin F. Tracy), and commissioned on 17 September 1895, under the command of Captain Arent S. Crowninshield.

Sinking

Maine spent her active career operating along the East Coast of the United States and the Caribbean. In January 1898, Maine was sent from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba, to protect U.S. interests during a time of local insurrection and civil disturbances. Three weeks later, at 21:40 on 15 February, an explosion on board Maine occurred in the Havana Harbor. Later investigations revealed that more than 5 long tons (5.1 t) of powder charges for the vessel's 6 and 10 in (150 and 250 mm) guns had detonated, obliterating the forward third of the ship. The remaining wreckage rapidly settled to the bottom of the harbor. Most of Maine's crew were sleeping or resting in the enlisted quarters in the forward part of the ship when the explosion occurred. 266 men lost their lives as a result of the explosion or shortly thereafter, and eight more died later from injuries. Captain Charles Sigsbee and most of the officers survived because their quarters were in the aft portion of the ship. Altogether, there were only 89 survivors, 18 of whom were officers. On 21 March, the US Naval Court of Inquiry in Key West declared that a naval mine caused the explosion.

The explosion was a precipitating cause of the Spanish-American War that began in April 1898. Advocates of the war used the rallying cry, "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!" The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba but was not cited by the William McKinley administration as a casus belli, though it was cited by some who were already inclined to go to war with Spain over their perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba

The investigations

In addition to the inquiry commissioned by the Spanish Government to naval officers Del Peral and De Salas, two Naval Courts of Inquiry were ordered: The Sampson board in 1898 and the Vreeland board in 1911. In 1976 Admiral Hyman G. Rickover commissioned a private investigation into the explosion and the National Geographic Society did an investigation in 1999 using computer simulations. All investigations agreed that an explosion of the forward magazines caused of the destruction of the ship, but different conclusions were reached how the magazines could explode.

1898 Del Peral and De Salas Inquiry

The Spanish inquiry, conducted by Del Peral and De Salas, collected evidence from officers of naval artillery who had examined the remains of Maine. Del Peral and De Salas identified the spontaneous combustion of the coal bunker that was located adjacent to the munition stores in the Maine as the likely cause of the explosion. Additional observations included that:

had a mine been the cause of the explosion a column of water would have been observed
the wind and the waters were calm on that date and hence a mine could not have been detonated by contact but using electricity, but no cables had been found
no dead fish were found in the harbour as would be expected following an explosion in the water
the munition stores usually do not explode when mines sink ships.

The conclusions of the report were not reported at that time by the American press.

1898 Sampson Board's Court of Inquiry

In order to find the cause of the explosion a naval inquiry was ordered by the United States shortly after the incident, headed by Captain William T. Sampson. Ramón Blanco y Erenas, Spanish governor of Cuba, had proposed instead a joint Spanish-American investigation of the sinking. Captain Sigsbee had written that "many Spanish officers, including representatives of General Blanco, now with us to express sympathy." In a cable, the Spanish Minister of Colonies, Segismundo Moret, had advised Blanco “to gather every fact you can to prove the Maine catastrophe cannot be attributed to us.”

The Board arrived on 21 February and took testimonies of survivors, witnesses and divers (who were send down to investigate the wreck). The Sampson Board concluded that Maine had been blown up by a mine, which in turn caused the explosion of her forward magazines. They reached this conclusion based on the fact that the majority of witnesses had heard two explosions and that part of the keel was bent inwards. The official report from the board, which was presented to the Navy Department in Washington on 21 March, specifically stated the following:

At frame 18 the vertical keel is broken in two and the flat keel is bent at an angle similar to the angle formed by the outside bottom plating. In the opinion of the court, this effect could have been produced only by the explosion of a mine situated under the bottom of the ship at about frame 18, and somewhat on the port side of the ship." (part of the court's 5th finding)
"In the opinion of the court, the MAINE was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines." (the court's 7th finding) and
"The court has been unable to obtain evidence fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons." (the court's 8th finding).

1911 Vreeman Board's Court of Inquiry

In 1910 the decision was made to do a second Court of Inquiry. The reasons for this were the recovery of the bodies of the victims so they could be buried in the United States and a desire for a more thorough investigation. The fact that the Cuban goverment wanted the wreck removed from the harbour of Havana might also have played a role. Begun in December 1910, a cofferdam was built around the wreck and water was pumped out, exposing the wreck by late 1911. From 20 November-2 December 1911, a court of inquiry headed by Rear Admiral Charles E. Vreeland visited the wreck. They concluded that an external explosion had triggered the explosion of the magazines, however this explosion was further aft and lower powered then concluded by the Sampson Board. The Vreeman Board also found that the bending of frame 18 was caused by the explosion of the magazines, not by the external explosion. After the investigation, the newly-located dead were buried in Arlington National Cemetery and the hollow, intact portion of the hull of Maine was refloated and ceremoniously scuttled at sea on 16 March 1912.

1974 Rickover investigation

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover became intrigued with the disaster and began a private investigation in 1974. Using information from the two official inquiries, newspapers, personal papers and information on the construction and ammunition of Maine it was concluded that the the explosion was not caused by a mine. Instead spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker next to magazine was speculated to be the most likely cause. The Admiral published a book about this investigation, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed in 1976.

1998 National Geographic investigation

In 1998, National Geographic Magazine commissioned an analysis by Advanced Marine Enterprises. This investigation, done to commemorate the centennial of the sinking of Maine, was based on computer modeling, a technique unavailable for previous investigations. The conclusions reached were "while a spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker can create ignition-level temperatures in adjacent magazines, this is not likely to have occurred on the Maine, because the bottom plating identified as Section 1 would have blown outward, not inward." and "The sum of these findings is not definitive in proving that a mine was the cause of sinking of the Maine, but it does strengthen the case in favor of a mine as the cause." Some experts, including Admiral Rickover’s team and several analysts at AME, do not agree with the conclusion,

False flag conspiracy hypothesis

It has been suggested by some that the sinking was a false flag operation conducted by the U.S.

Mikhail Khazin, a Russian economist who once ran the cultural section at Komsomolskaya Pravda, speaking in a 2008 Pravda interview of the need in troubled times to change the psychology of society, to unite it, said that "the Americans blew up their own battleship Maine."
Richard Williamson, bishop of the Society of St. Pius X, thinks that "There is serious reason to believe – that in 1898, it was not the Spaniards who sank the 'USS Maine'; that in 1917, it was not the Germans who set up the 'Lusitania' as a target; that in 1941 it was not the Japanese who set up Pearl Harbor for attack; that in 1963 it was not Lee Harvey Oswald who killed President Kennedy".
Eliades Acosta, a prominent Cuban historian, head of the Cuban Communist Party's Committee on Culture and former director of the Jose Marti National Library in Habana, offered the standard Cuban interpretation of the sinking of the Maine: that the United States itself probably did it, in an interview to The New York Times. But Dr. Acosta adds that "Americans died for the freedom of Cuba, and that should be recognized".
Cuban officials argue that the U.S. may have deliberately sunk the ship to create a pretext for military action against Spain. The wording on the monument describes Maine's sailors as "victims sacrificed to the imperialist greed in its fervour to seize control of Cuba", which "alludes to the theory that U.S. agents deliberately blew up their own ship to create a pretext for declaring war on Spain". (The United States occupied Cuba between 1898 and 1902 and, as promised in the Teller Amendment, did not attempt to annex the island.)

Memorials

In February 1898, the recovered bodies of sailors who died on Maine were interred in the Colon Cemetery, Havana. Some injured sailors were sent to hospitals in Havana and Key West, Florida. Those who died in hospitals were buried in Key West. In December 1899, the bodies in Havana were disinterred and brought back to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery where there is a memorial to those who died and which includes the ship's main mast. 165 were buried at Arlington—although remains of one sailor were exhumed for his home town; of the rest only 62 were known. Some bodies were never recovered and the crewmen buried in Key West Cemetery remain there under a statue of a U.S. sailor holding an oar — 27 are buried in the US Navy Plot.

There is also a memorial, consisting of the shield and scrollwork from the bow of the ship, in Bangor, Maine. The base of Maine's conning tower is currently on display at Westbrook Veterans' Memorial Park in Canton, Ohio, hometown of President McKinley. Shells from the main battery were placed along with small plaques as memorials at the Soldier's Home in Marion, Indiana (now a VA Hospital and national cemetery), at the St. Joseph County Courthouse lawn in South Bend, Indiana, and at the Old Soldiers' Home in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A shell from the main battery is located just inside of the Pine St. entrance of city hall in Lewiston, Maine. There is a monument for Maine with a portion of a bronze engine room ventilator shaft in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey. The capstan of the ship was secured for Charleston, South Carolina where it was displayed on the Battery until 2006; it is currently awaiting reinstallation.

Monument to victims of *Maine* in Havana, Cuba, c. 1930

The explosion-bent fore mast of Maine is located at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, causing a traditional in-joke among midshipmen that Maine, with its main mast in Arlington National Cemetery (Northern Virginia) and its fore mast in Annapolis, is the longest ship in the Navy.

On 9 May 1910, Congress authorized the raising of Maine to remove it as a navigation hazard in Havana Harbor and for the proper interment of the bodies of the crew in Arlington National Cemetery. The Army Corps of Engineers built a cofferdam around her wreck and the water was pumped out from inside the cofferdam. By 30 June 1911, her main deck was exposed and it was revealed that the ship forward of Frame 41 was entirely destroyed. At the very bow all that was left was a twisted mass of steel that was out line with the rest of the hull and retained no resemblance to a ship. A watertight bulkhead was built across the front of the after section of the ship, which was in surprisingly good shape, to allow the ship to be refloated. On 10 February 1912, water was let back into the interior of the cofferdam and she broke free from the mud. The cofferdam was full by 13 February and she was towed out of the cofferdam on 15 March by the tug Osceola. The bodies of her crew were then removed to the armored cruiser North Carolina for repatriation. The following morning she was towed out past the three mile limit by Osceola, escorted by North Carolina and the light cruiser Birmingham. Her sea cocks were opened and she sank in 600 fathoms (3,600 ft; 1,100 m) of water to the salutes of Birmingham and North Carolina. During the salvage remains of 66 more were found of whom only one (an engineering officer) was identified and returned to his home town; the rest were reburied at Arlington Cemetery making a total of 229 buried there.

In 1913, a USS Maine Monument was completed and dedicated in New York City. Located at the SW corner of Central Park at the Merchant's Gate entrance to the park. On the park side of the monument is fixed a memorial plaque that was cast in metal salvaged from the ship.

In 1914, one of Maine's six anchors was taken from the Washington Navy Yard to City Park in Reading, Pennsylvania, and dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was then assistant secretary of the navy. The ceremony commemorated those who died in the explosion.

In 1926, the Cuban government also erected a memorial to the victims of Maine on the Malecon in Havana, near the Hotel Nacional in commemoration of the assistance of the United States in acquiring Cuba's independence from Spain. The memorial was damaged by crowds following the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961 and the eagle on top was broken and removed. The Communist government then added its own inscription blaming "imperialist voracity in its eagerness to seize the island of Cuba" for the Maine disaster.

Notes

Sources are contradictory about the size of the torpedoes carried by Maine. Reilly & Scheina specify 18 in (460 mm) Whitehead torpedoes, but Gardiner, p. 139, and "Maine". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 12 March 2010. say 14-inch.

Footnotes

"U.S. NAVY SHIPS – Listed by Hull Number: BB – Battleships" Naval History & Heritage Command. retrieved Feb 15, 2010
"Sinking of USS Maine, 15 February 1898" Naval History & Heritage Command. retrieved Feb 15, 2010
^ "The Destruction of USS Maine" Naval History & Heritage Command. retrieved Feb 15, 2010
^ The Spanish-American War (1898), State of Maine: Secretary of State: Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions, retrieved 11 February 2008
Reilly & Scheina, p. 21
Reilly & Scheina, pp. 21, 33, 35
Reilly & Scheina, p. 22, 24
^ Reilly & Scheina, p. 32
^ Reilly & Scheina, p. 28
^ Reilly & Scheina, p. 33
^ Reilly & Scheina, p. 26
"United States of America 10"/31 (25.4 cm) Mark 1 Mod 0 and Mod 1 10"/35 (25.4 cm) Mark 1 Mod 2 10"/30 (25.4 cm) Mark 2". Navweaps.com. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
"United States of America 6"/30, 6"/35 and 6"/40 (15.2 cm) Marks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7". Navweps.com. 25 December 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
"United States of America 6-pdr (2.72 kg) [2.244" (57 mm)] Marks 1 through 13". 6 April 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
"United States of America 1-pdr (0.45 kg) [1.46" (37 mm)] Marks 1 through 15". Navweps.com. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
Reilly & Scheina, pp. 28, 30
Reilly & Scheina, pp. 26–28
"USS ''Maine'' (Navy Historical Center)". History.navy.mil. 17 November 1998. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
Friedman, 21.
Michael J. Crawford; Mark L. Hayes; Michael D. Sessions, The Spanish-American War : Historical Overview and Select Bibliography, Naval historical center, U.S. Department of the Navy, retrieved 15 February 2010
"Naval Historical Center". History.navy.mil. 6 February 1998. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
A FEW SPANIARDS FLEE; Not Many Accept Free Transportation from Here to Havana on the Panama. CROWDS SEE THEM DEPART Shouts of Derision Follow the Vessel, Which Is Rumored to Have Munitions of War Aboard – The Seneca Also Sails, The New York Times, 21 April 1898, retrieved 5 April 2008
Robert B. Edgerton (2005), Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain, Edwin Mellen Press, ISBN 077346266X, retrieved 15 February 2010
O. P. Jons, Remember the MAINE, Transactions of the Wessex Institute, doi:10.2495/MH050131, retrieved 11 February 2008
Remember the "MAINE", U.S. Department of Transportation: National Transportation Library, retrieved 11 February 2008
^ Edward P. McMorrow, What Destroyed the USS MAINE - An opinion, spanamwar.com, retrieved 7 April 2010
^ Louis Fisher, Destruction of the Maine (1898) (PDF), The law library of Congress, retrieved 8 April 2010
Hugh Thomas, Memoria del 98 (1997 edition), chapter 7 ("La explosión del Maine"), page 104 Template:Es icon
"G.J.A. O’Toole, The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1984), 128.
O’Toole, The Spanish War, 11.
O’Toole, The Spanish War, 125.
Official Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the loss of the Battleship MAINE (Sampson Board), spanamwar.com, 22 March 1898, retrieved 22 January 2008
Maine (2nd Class Battleship), NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive
The destruction of USS Maine, Naval historical center, 13 August 2003, retrieved 7 April 2010
Mikhail Khazin, "In 3 years, most of our oligarchs will go bankrupt", an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, October 29, 2008 Template:Ru icon
Bishop Richard Williamson, "The Society of St. Pius X: mired in anti-Semitism", Anti-Defamation League, January 26, 2009
Remember the Maine? Cubans See an American Plot Continuing to This Day, The New York Times, February 14, 1998
Remembering the Maine, CNN, February 15, 1998
Conner Gorry and David Stanley, "Cuba travel guide", ISBN 1740591208, 3rd edition, 2004, p. 82
Patrick McSherry. "The First Funeral of the Crew of the Battleship MAINE". Spanamwar.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
^ {http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/visitor_information/USS_Maine.html The USS Maine Mast Memorial], Arlington Cemetery website
U.S. Navy Plot, Key West Cemetery website
"USS Battleship Maine". Borough of Pompton Lakes, N.J. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
"Maine Relics Are Here", The Evening Post (Charleston, SC), 11 September 1913
Allen, Francis J. (1998). "Honoring the Heroes: The Raising of the Wreck of the U.S. Battleship Maine". Warship International. XXXV (4). Toldeo, OH: International Naval Record Organization: 386–405. ISSN 0043-0374.
"MONUMENT TO MAINE HEROES READY FOR UNVEILING". The New York Times. 1913. Distinguished Guests and Imposing Ceremonies at the Dedication on Memorial Day—Fleet of Seventeen Ships and 5,000 Bluejackets Will Participate. Published: May 25, 1913
^ Baker, Christopher P., "Moon Cuba", Avalon Travel Publishing; 4th edition (October 9, 2006),ISBN 1566918022
The Rough Guide to Cuba ISBN 978 1 84353 811 0 p.159

References

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Alden, John D. (1989). American Steel Navy: A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870212486.
Allen, Francis J. (1993). ""Old Hoodoo": The Story of the U.S.S. Texas". Warship International. XXX (3). Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization: 226–256. ISSN 0043-0374.
Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870217151.
Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Reilly, John C. (1980). American Battleships 1896–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870215248. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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