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Demographics of {{{place}}}
1715-2008
Population	10,013,000 (2010)
Growth rate	-0.18% (2009)
Birth rate	9.6 births/1,000 population (2009)
Death rate	13 deaths/1,000 population (2009)
Life expectancy	73.44 years (2009 est.)
• male	69.27 years
• female	77.87 years
Fertility rate	1.33 children born/woman (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate	5.1 / 1000 births (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.97 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.57 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic	Magyars
Language
Spoken	Hungarian

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Historical

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe of pagan Kipchaks who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection. In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era.

The Iranian Jassic people probably came to the Kingdom of Hungary together with the Cumans in the 13th century after they were defeated by the Mongols. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.

900–1910

The population of Hungary, even excluding Croatia, had never been purely Magyar, but the pre-Magyar inhabitants of the plains and the newcomers to them (outside the towns) had quickly become Magyarized; and, while this was not true of the peripheral areas, their populations were relatively sparse

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.

Ethnic structure of the territory of contemporary Hungary (1495-1910)

1920 – today

Fertility (1900–2008)

Year Total Fertility Rate 1900–1901 5.28 1910–1911 4.67 1920–1921 3.84 1930–1931 2.84 1940–1941 2.48 1948–1949 2.56 1950–1955 2.73 1955–1960 2.21 1960–1965 1.82 1965–1970 1.98

Year Total Fertility Rate 1970–1975 2.09 1974–1977 2.28 1975–1980 2.12 1980–1985 1.81 1985–1990 1.82 1990–1995 1.73 1995–2000 1.38 2000 1.33 2004 1.28 2008 1.34

Present

The census of 2001 recognized Hungarians along with sixteen other ethnic groups. The ethnic composition according to the 2001 census was as follows: (based on self-determination)

• Hungarians: 9,627,057 or 94.40%
• Roma: 205,720 or 2.02%
• Germans: 120,344 or 1.18%
• Slovaks: 39,266 or 0.38%
• Croats: 25,730 or 0.25%
• Romanians: 8,482 or 0.1%
• Ukrainians: 7,393 or 0.07%
• Serbs: 7,350 or 0.07%
• Greeks: 6,619 or 0.06%
• Poles: 5,144 or 0.05%
• Russians: 5,144 or 0.05%
• Slovenes: 4,832 or 0.04%
• Chinese: 2,915 or 0.03%
• Arabs: 2,367 or 0.02%
• Bulgarians: 2,316 or 0.02%
• Rusyns: 2,079 or 0.02%
• Armenians: 1,165 or 0.01%
• Africans: 321 or 0.00%
• Turks: unknown, but formed a small community.

According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God.

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

The Roma minority

The real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 205,720 people (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary. Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority. Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050.

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

• Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.
• Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.
• Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
• Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.

Largest cities

Name	Population (1949)	Top population	Population (2009)	Agglomeration	Status
Budapest	1,590,316	2,059,226 (1980)	1,712,210	2,475,740 (2008)	Capital city
Debrecen	115,399	212,235 (1990)	206,225	237,888 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc	109,841	208,103 (1980)	170,234	216,470 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged	104,867	169,930 (1990)	169,030	201,307 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs	89,470	170,039 (1990)	156,974	179,215 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr	69,583	130,476 (2009)	130,476	182,776 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza	56,334	118,795 (2001)	117,597	-	County seat, urban county
Kecskemét	61,730	111,428 (2009)	111,428	-	County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár	42,260	108,958(1990)	102,035	-	Regional centre, county seat, urban county

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.

Population: 9,905,596 (Only Hungarian citizens, 2009 est.)

Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.25% (2006 est.)

Birth rate: 9.90 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate: Total: 7.86 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 7.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.44 years
male: 69.27 years
female: 77.87 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 94.4%, Roma 2.02%, German 1.18%, Slovak 0.38%, Croats 0.25%, Romanian 0.14%, Ukrainian 0.07%, Serbs 0.07%, Greeks 0.07%, Poles 0.05%, Slovenes 0.05%.

Religion: According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in a God.

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

See also : Hungary

Notes

1. Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2010
2. Natural decline: -0.34% (2009)
3. Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
4. National and historical symbols of Hungary
5. ^ Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
6. Honfoglalás
7. ^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
8. A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+datas+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)
9. The 1941 data refer to the Kingdom of Hungary after the territorial changes regarding North-Transylvania and other territories, all of which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920.
10. Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
13. Population by nationalities, 2001 census (English)
14. Population by religions, 2001 census (English)
15. World Walues Survey
16. http://www.demos.hu/Audit
17. Hungary acknowledges the need for progress regarding its population of 500,000 to 1 million Roma, or Gypsies
18. Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center
19. The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary’s population
20. The christian science monitor: " the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
21. "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."
22. "A CEMI kalkulációja szerint a romák száma a mai 700 ezerről 2050-re 1,2 millióra nőhet. Ezen idő alatt a nem roma népesség száma 9,5 millióról 7,6 millióra csökken. Így a romák mai mintegy 7 százalékos aránya megduplázódhat és elérheti a 14-15 százalékot."
23. "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."
24. Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában
25. ^ Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate — 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.

• Demographics of Hungary
• Hungarian society